Acid Hydrolyzed Ether Extract Research Articles

Determination of optimal energy system and level for growing pigs.

This study mainly evaluated the responses in growth performance of growing pigs to different energy systems and energy levels in diets. Subsequently, we compared the nutrient digestibility and digestible nutrient concentrations of each energy level diet. In experiment 1, a total of 144 growing pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of 26.69 ± 7.39 kg were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments (four pigs/pen; six replicates/treatment) according to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement resulting from two energy systems (metabolizable energy [ME] and net energy [NE]) and three energy levels (low [LE], recommended [C], and high energy [HE]). Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks and were allowed free access to feed and water during the experimental period. In experiment 2, 12 growing pigs with an average initial BW of 27.0 ± 1.8 kg were randomly allotted to individual metabolism crates and fed the six diets in a replicated 6 × 6 Latin square design. The six dietary treatments were identical to those used in the growth trial. Pigs were fed their respective diets at 2.5 times the estimated energy requirement for maintenance per day, and this was divided into two equal meals provided twice per day during the experimental period. Differences in energy systems and energy levels had no significant effect on the growth performance or nutrient digestibility (except acid-hydrolyzed ether extract [AEE]) of growing pigs in the current study. However, the digestible concentrations of ether extract, AEE, and acid detergent fiber (g/kg dry matter [DM]) in diets significantly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing energy levels. Additionally, there was a tendency (p = 0.09) for an increase in the digestible crude protein content (g/kg DM) as the energy content of the diet increased. Consequently, differences in energy systems and levels did not affect the BW, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake of growing pigs. This implies that a higher variation in dietary energy levels may be required to significantly affect growth performance and nutrient digestibility when considering digestible nutrient concentrations.

Pelleting and particle size reduction of corn increase net energy and digestibility of fiber, protein, and fat in corn-soybean meal diets fed to group-housed pigs

BackgroundReduction of the particle size of corn increases energy digestibility and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy. Pelleting may also reduce particle size of grain, but it is not known if there are interactions between particle size reduction and pelleting. The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that particle size reduction and pelleting, separately or in combination, increase N balance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of fiber and fat, and net energy (NE) in corn-soybean meal diets fed to group-housed pigs.MethodsSix corn-soybean meal-based diets were used in a 3 × 2 factorial design with 3 particle sizes of corn (i.e., 700, 500, or 300 μm) and 2 diet forms (i.e., meal or pelleted). Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water. Twenty-four castrated male pigs (initial weight: 29.52 kg; standard diviation: 1.40) were allotted to the 6 diets using a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 calorimeter chambers (i.e., 4 pigs/chamber) and 6 periods. Oxygen consumption and CO2 and CH4 productions were measured during fed and fasting states and fecal and urine samples were collected.ResultsRegardless of particle size of corn, the ATTD of gross energy (GE), N, and acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and the concentration of NE were greater (P < 0.05) in pelleted diets than in meal diets. Regardless of diet form, the ATTD of GE, N, and AEE, and the concentration of NE were increased (linear; P < 0.05) by reducing the particle size of corn, but the increase was greater in meal diets than in pelleted diets (interaction; P < 0.05).ConclusionsBoth pelleting and reduction of corn particle size increased nutrient digestibility and NE, but increases were greater in meal diets than in pelleted diets.

302 Interactive Effects of Pelleting and Particle Size Reduction of Corn on net Energy and Digestibility of Nutrients in Corn-Soybean Meal Diets Fed to Group-Housed Pigs

Abstract The objective was to determine the interactive effects of reducing particle size of corn and pelleting on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), fiber, fat, calcium, and phosphorus, N balance, and net energy (NE) in corn-soybean meal diets fed to pigs. Six corn-soybean meal-based diets were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial with 3 particle sizes of corn (i.e., 700, 500, or 300 μm) and 2 diet forms (i.e., meal or pelleted). Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water. Pigs (n = 24; initial body weight = 29.52 kg; SD = 1.40) were housed in indirect calorimetry chambers and allotted to the 6 diets using a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 chambers (i.e., 4 pigs/chamber) and six 15-day periods. Fecal and urine samples were quantitatively collected during a 6-day period following 7 days of adaptation and O2 consumption and CO2 and CH4 productions were measured during fed and fasting states. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and chamber and period as random effects. Contrast coefficients were used to determine effects of diet form, linear effects of particle size, and the interaction. Results indicated that reducing the particle size of corn increased the ATTD of GE and of acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) in meal diets, but not in pelleted diets (interaction, P &amp;lt; 0.001; Table 1). The ATTD of Ca was reduced in diets containing 500 μm corn by pelleting to a greater extent than in diets containing 300 or 700 μm corn by pelleting (interaction, P = 0.004), but regardless of corn particle size, the ATTD of P was less (P = 0.037) in pelleted diets compared with meal diets. The ATTD of N increased to a greater extent in meal diets than in pelleted diets as particle size was reduced (interaction, P = 0.021). The NE of diets increased as particle size of corn was reduced from 500 to 300 μm in meal diets and from 700 to 500 μm in pelleted diets (interaction, P = 0.004). The ATTD of GE, N, and AEE, and the NE of diet were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in pelleted than in meal diets, but the ATTD of Ca and P was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in meal diets than in pelleted diets. The ATTD of total dietary fiber and N retention were not affected by diet form or particle size of corn. In conclusion, reducing the particle size of corn from 700 to 300 μm increases the NE of a corn-soybean meal diet due to increased ATTD of GE, N, and AEE, but the increment in NE or the ATTD of nutrients depends on diet forms.

PSII-18 Chemical Composition of Cassava-Based Feed Ingredients from South-East Asia

Abstract Diet formulation in animal production has traditionally relied on a limited number of feed ingredients. Cassava is a starchy tuber crop grown in tropical and subtropical areas that can be used as an alternative ingredient in animal diets due to increasing cereal grain prices and their impact on feed costs. Therefore, information about the chemical composition of cassava-based feed ingredients is needed to formulate diets. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition of cassava-based feed ingredients and test the hypothesis that there is variation in chemical composition among cassava products originating from different South-East Asian countries. Sources of dried peeled cassava roots, unpeeled cassava roots, cassava chips, cassava meal, high ash cassava meal, and cassava residue were used. All ingredients were analyzed for dry matter, gross energy, N, amino acids (AA), acid hydrolyzed ether extract, ash, minerals, starch, insoluble dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber, and total dietary fiber. Peeled cassava roots, unpeeled cassava roots, cassava chips, and cassava meal were also analyzed for sugars. Data were analyzed by ANOVA to test statistical differences among all cassava-based ingredients, and an alpha value of 0.05 was used to assess significance among means. Results indicated that high ash cassava meal had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) dry matter and ash, but less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) starch and gross energy than all other cassava products (Table 1). Peeled cassava roots, unpeeled cassava roots, and cassava chips had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) starch than the other cassava ingredients. Cassava residue had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) Lys, insoluble, soluble, and total dietary fiber concentrations compared with the other cassava products, but Trp and Glu were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in peeled cassava roots, cassava chips, and cassava meal samples compared with the other ingredients. The concentration of most minerals was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in high ash cassava meal than in the other cassava products. In conclusion, cassava-based ingredients sold as peeled roots, unpeeled roots, chips, or meal have chemical compositions that are not different, and peeling seems to have little impact on chemical composition. High ash cassava meal has less nutritional quality compared with other cassava products due to low starch and gross energy. The high fiber content in cassava residue makes this ingredient more suitable for ruminants and sows than for younger pigs or poultry.

Chemical composition of barley and co-products from barley, corn, and wheat produced in South-East Asia or Australia.

A study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of barley and co-products from barley, corn, and wheat produced in South-East Asia or Australia, and to test the hypothesis that production area or production methods can impact the chemical composition of wheat co-products. Samples included seven barley grains, two malt barley rootlets, one corn gluten feed, one corn gluten meal, one corn bran, eight wheat brans, one wheat mill mix, and four wheat pollards. All samples were analyzed for dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen, amino acids (AA), acid hydrolyzed ether extract, ash, minerals, starch, and insoluble dietary fiber and soluble dietary fiber. Malt barley rootlets and wheat co-products were also analyzed for sugars. Chemical composition of barley, malt barley rootlets, and corn co-products were in general similar across countries. Wheat pollard had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of tryptophan, magnesium, and potassium compared with wheat bran, whereas wheat bran had greater (p<0.05) concentration of copper than wheat pollard. There were no differences in chemical composition between wheat bran produced in Australia and wheat bran produced in Thailand. Intact barley contains more starch, but fewer AA, than grain co-products. There were only few differences in the composition of wheat bran and wheat pollard, indicating that the two ingredients are similar, but with different names. However, corn gluten meal contains more protein and less fiber than corn bran.

Chemical composition of banana meal and rice bran from Australia or South-East Asia.

A study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of banana meal and rice bran from Australia or South-East Asia and test the hypothesis that there are no differences in rice bran produced in different countries, but there are differences between full-fat and defatted rice bran. Two sources of banana meal and 22 sources of rice bran (full-fat or defatted) from Australia or South-East Asia were used. All samples were analyzed for dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen, amino acids (AA), acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), ash, minerals, total starch, insoluble dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber. Banana meal was also analyzed for sugars including glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, stachyose, and raffinose. Chemical analysis demonstrated that banana meal from the Philippines is primarily composed of starch. Full-fat rice bran from Australia had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of AEE, lysine, and glycine than samples from the Philippines and Vietnam. Full-fat rice bran from Australia and Thailand had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of gross energy and most AA than rice bran from Vietnam. Full-fat rice bran from Australia had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of tryptophan and manganese than all other sources, but full-fat rice bran from the Philippines contained less (p<0.05) zinc than all other sources of rice bran. Gross energy, AEE, and copper were greater (p<0.05) in full-fat rice bran compared with defatted rice bran, but defatted rice bran contained more (p<0.05) crude protein, ash, insoluble dietary fiber, total dietary fiber, AA, and some minerals than full-fat rice bran. Banana meal is a high-energy source that can be used as an alternative ingredient in livestock diets. Full-fat rice bran from Australia and Thailand contained more concentrations of AEE and AA than samples from the Philippines or Vietnam. Full-fat rice bran had more gross energy and AEE than defatted rice bran, whereas defatted rice bran contained more crude protein, ash, and total dietary fiber.

Metabolizable energy and apparent total tract digestibility of energy and nutrients differ among samples of sunflower meal and sunflower expellers fed to growing pigs.

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that there are no differences among samples of sunflower coproducts in apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), and acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), total dietary fiber (TDF), insoluble dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber (SDF), or in metabolizable energy (ME) regardless of where the ingredient was produced. Six samples of sunflower meal (SFM) were obtained from the United States (two samples), Ukraine (two samples), Hungary, and Italy. A sample of sunflower expellers (SFE) from the United States was also used. A corn-based control diet and 7 diets containing corn and each sample of sunflower coproducts were formulated. Sixty-four barrows (initial weight = 31.5 ± 3.2 kg) were allotted to 8 diets using a randomized complete block design with four blocks of pigs from four different weaning groups. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feed was provided at three times energy requirement for maintenance. Feces and urine were collected for four days after seven days of adaptation to diets. Results indicated that the ATTD of GE and CP in SFE was less (P < 0.05) than in SFM, but ATTD of AEE in SFE was greater (P < 0.05) compared with SFM. No difference in ME between SFM and SFE was observed. The ATTD of GE and TDF in SFM from Ukraine and Hungary was greater (P < 0.05) than in SFM from the United States or Italy. The ATTD of AEE did not differ among SFM samples with the exception that ATTD of AEE in the U.S. 2 sample was greater (P < 0.05) than in the other samples. The ATTD of SDF was less (P < 0.05) in the U.S. 1 sample and the sample from Italy than in the other samples. The ATTD of TDF was greater in the Ukraine 2 sample of SFM (P < 0.05) than in the two U.S. samples. The ME in the SFM samples from Ukraine and in the SFM from Hungary was greater (P < 0.05) than in the U.S. 1 sample and the SFM from Italy. In conclusion, ATTD of GE and nutrients differed between SFM and SFE, but the ATTD of TDF and the ME in SFM was not different from value for SFE. Among SFM samples, relatively small variations in ATTD of GE, AEE, and CP were observed, but ME and digestibility of TDF varied.

Effects of isoquinoline alkaloids on apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids, crude protein, starch, and acid hydrolyzed ether extract and apparent total tract digestibility of energy and crude protein by growing and finishing pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that a preparation of isoquinoline alkaloids (IQ) obtained from Macleaya cordata included in corn-soybean meal (SBM) diets increases apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients, increases apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) and increases plasma amino acids (AA) and protein when fed to growing or finishing pigs. Experiment 1 utilized 12 barrows (body weight: 27.1 ± 2.10 kg) equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum, which were allotted to 4 treatments and 4 periods for 12 replicates per treatment. Treatments included a corn-SBM basal diet and three diets formulated by adding 40, 80, or 160 mg/kg of IQ to the basal diet. In experiment 2, twelve T-cannulated barrows (BW: 77.2 ± 6.23 kg) were allotted to the same treatments as in experiment 1, but diets were fed for 3 periods for a total of 9 replicate pigs per treatment. Each period had a 10-day adaptation period, followed by fecal sample collection on day 11 and 12, and ileal digesta collection on day 13 and 14. Results indicated that AID of some AA increased when IQ was included at 40 or 160 mg/kg in experiment 1, but a reduction (P < 0.05) in the AID of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) and starch was observed at 80 mg/kg IQ. Including 80 mg/kg IQ to diets in experiment 2 increased the AID of CP, whereas 40 mg/kg IQ resulted in an increased (P < 0.05) AID of His, Met, and Pro, and a tendency (P < 0.10) for an increase in AID of Ile, Leu, Lys, Cys, Gly, and Tyr. The ATTD of CP was also increased (P < 0.05) if the diet containing 80 mg/kg IQ was fed in experiment 2. Albumin was reduced (P < 0.05) in plasma of finishing pigs fed 40 mg/kg IQ in experiment 2. Including 80 mg/kg IQ in a diet for growing pigs increased (P < 0.05) plasma Lys, and adding 80 or 160 mg/kg increased (P < 0.05) plasma Asp, but a reduction (P < 0.05) in some plasma AA as 160 mg/kg IQ was added to diets for finishing pigs was observed. In conclusion, IQ may be added to diets for growing and finishing pigs to increase the AID of AA and CP, with optimal results observed at inclusion levels of between 40 and 80 mg/kg IQ.

Chemical composition of copra, palm kernel, and cashew co-products from South-East Asia and almond hulls from Australia.

Oilseeds and nut co-products can be used as alternative feed ingredients in animal diets because they may have a lower cost than traditional ingredients. A study was, therefore, conducted to determine the chemical composition of copra, palm kernel, and nut coproducts from South-East Asia or Australia. The hypothesis that country of production influences nutritional composition was tested. Oilseed meals included 2 copra expellers, 3 copra meals, and 12 palm kernel expellers. One source of almond hulls and cashew nut meal were also used. Samples were obtained from suppliers located in South-East Asia or Australia. All samples were analyzed for dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen, amino acids (AA), acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), ash, minerals, insoluble dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber. Copra and nut coproducts were also analyzed for total starch and sugars. Copra expellers had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of dry matter and AEE compared with copra meal. However, copra meal had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of total dietary fiber (soluble and insoluble) and copper than copra expellers. Palm kernel expellers from Indonesia had greater (p<0.05) concentration of histidine and tyrosine compared with palm kernel expellers from Vietnam. Almond hulls was high in dietary fiber, but also contained free glucose and fructose, whereas cashew nut meal was high in AEE, but low in all free sugars. Copra expellers have greater concentration of AEE, but less concentration of total dietary fiber when compared with copra meal, and except for a few AA, no differences in nutrient composition of palm kernel expellers produced in Indonesia or Vietnam were detected. According to the chemical composition of nut co-products, cashew nut meal may be more suitable for non-ruminant diets than almond hulls.

Chemical composition of cassava-based feed ingredients from South-East Asia.

Information about the chemical composition of cassava-based feed ingredients is needed to accurately formulate animal diets. A study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of cassava-based feed ingredients and to test the hypothesis that there is variation in chemical composition among cassava products originating from different South-East Asian countries. Sources of dried peeled and unpeeled cassava roots, cassava chips, cassava meal, high-ash cassava meal, and cassava residue were used. All samples were analyzed for dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen, amino acids (AA), acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), ash, minerals, total starch, insoluble dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber. Samples of peeled and unpeeled cassava roots, cassava chips, and cassava meal were also analyzed for sugars. High-ash cassava meal had greater (p<0.05) dry matter and ash, but lower (p<0.05) total starch and gross energy than all other cassava products. Peeled cassava roots, unpeeled cassava roots, and cassava chips had greater (p<0.05) total starch than the other cassava-based ingredients. Cassava residue had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of lysine, insoluble dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber compared with the other cassava products, but tryptophan and glutamic acid were greater (p<0.05) in peeled cassava roots, cassava chips, and cassava meal samples compared with the other ingredients. Concentration of most minerals was greater (p<0.05) in high-ash cassava meal than in the other cassava products. Cassava-based ingredients sold as peeled roots, unpeeled roots, chips, or meal have chemical compositions that are not different from each other, and peeling has little impact on chemical composition. High-ash cassava meal has lower nutritional quality compared with other cassava products due to low starch and gross energy. The high fiber content in cassava residue makes this ingredient more suitable for ruminants and sows than for younger pigs or poultry.

Digestibility of energy and concentrations of metabolizable energy and net energy varies among sources of bakery meal when fed to growing pigs.

The null hypothesis that there are no differences in concentrations of digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy (NE) among different sources of bakery meal was tested in a regional experiment involving 5 of the universities on the North Central Coordinating Committee-42 on Swine Nutrition. Eleven sources of bakery meal were procured from the swine producing areas in the United States and included in one diet as the only energy containing ingredient, and each diet was then divided into 5 batches that were used at the University of Illinois, Purdue University, University of Kentucky, University of Nebraska, and North Carolina State University. At each university, diets were fed to 22 growing pigs (2 pigs per diet) that were placed in metabolism crates, and feces and urine were collected for 5 d after a 7-d adaptation period. Diets and collected samples of feces and urine were dried and analyzed for gross energy. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM) and gross energy and concentrations of DE, ME, and NE were calculated. Results indicated that there were considerable variation in the nutritional composition among the different sources of bakery meal with relatively large coefficients of variation for crude protein, starch, and acid hydrolyzed ether extract, but it was possible to analyze all sources of bakery meal to account for 100% of the ingredients. The average DE, ME, and NE in the 11 sources of bakery meal was 3,827, 3,678, and 2,799 kcal/kg DM, respectively. However, in contrast to the hypothesis, differences (P < 0.05) among sources of bakery meal in concentrations of DE (3,827 ± 201 kcal/kg DM), ME 3,678 ± 200 kcal/kg DM), and NE (2,799 ± 156 kcal/kg DM) were observed, but the variation among the 11 sources of bakery meal was not greater than what is usually observed among different sources of other ingredients. The differences observed are likely a consequence of the different product streams and production procedures used to produce the bakery meal. In conclusion, the average DE, ME, and NE in 11 sources of bakery meal is close to values previously reported, but there is some variation among sources depending on origin.

High-protein dried distillers grains in dog diets: diet digestibility and palatability, intestinal fermentation products, and fecal microbiota.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of high-protein dried distillers grains (HPDDG) on palatability and metabolizable energy (ME) of the diet, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy, intestinal fermentation products, and fecal microbiota in dogs. Four diets containing 0, 70, 140, and 210 g/kg of HPDDG were manufactured. To evaluate the ME and the ATTD of macronutrients of HPDDG itself, an additional test diet was manufactured containing 70% of the control diet formula (0 g/kg) and 300 g/kg of HPDDG. Fifteen adult Beagle dogs were distributed in a randomized block design, with two periods of 15 d each (n = 6). The HPDDG digestibility was obtained using the Matterson substitution method. For the palatability test, 16 adult dogs were used, comparing the diets: 0 vs. 70 g/kg of HPDDG and 0 vs. 210 g/kg of HPDDG. The ATTD of HPDDG were: dry matter = 85.5%, crude protein = 91.2%, and acid-hydrolyzed ether extract = 84.6% and the ME content was 5,041.8 kcal/kg. The ATTD of macronutrients and ME of the diets and the fecal dry matter, score, pH, and ammonia of the dogs did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). There was a linear increase in the fecal concentrations of valeric acid with the inclusion of HPDDG in the diet (P < 0.05). Streptococcus and Megamonas genera reduced linearly (P < 0.05), and Blautia, Lachnospira, Clostridiales, and Prevotella genera showed a quadratic response to the inclusion of HPDDG in the diet (P < 0.05). Alpha-diversity results showed an increase (P < 0.05) in the number of operational taxonomic units and Shannon index and a trend (P = 0.065) for a linear increase in the Chao-1 index with the dietary inclusion of HPDDG. Dogs preferred the 210 g/kg diet over the 0 g/kg HPDDG diet (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that the HPDDG evaluated does not affect the utilization of nutrients in the diet, but it may modulate the fecal microbiome of dogs. In addition, HPDDG may contribute to diet palatability for dogs.

Diet digestibility and palatability and intestinal fermentative products in dogs fed yeast extract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of yeast extract on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, metabolisable energy (ME), and palatability of diet, and on intestinal fermentative products in dogs. In addition, we also evaluated the ATTD and ME of yeast extract in dogs. Four diets containing 0, 40, 80, and 120 g/kg of yeast extract were evaluated. Diet digestibility, faecal characteristics, and intestinal fermentative products were evaluated in 12 adult Beagle dogs distributed in a randomised block design, with two periods of 10 days each. Yeast extract digestibility was obtained by regression analysis. Sixteen adult dogs were used for the palatability test to compare the diets: 0 vs. 40 g/kg yeast extract. The yeast extract presented ATTD of dry matter = 77.3%, crude protein (CP) = 55.7%, acid-hydrolysed ether extract (AHEE) = 73.8%, and ME = 4947.3 kcal/kg. There was a linear reduction in ATTD of CP and AHEE in the diets with yeast extract inclusion (p <.05). There was a linear increase in faecal concentration of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and a linear reduction in faecal pH with the dietary inclusion of yeast extract (p <.05). Dogs preferred the 40 g/kg over the 0 g/kg yeast extract diet (p <.001). The dietary inclusion of up to 120 g/kg yeast extract led to lower ATTD of CP and AHEE, and higher faecal concentration of SCFA. Furthermore, a diet with yeast extract was more palatable to dogs. HIGHLIGHTS The apparent digestibility of crude protein of the yeast extract was 55.7% in dogs; Yeast extract had beneficial effects on intestinal functionality in dogs; Palatability for dogs was higher for the diet with yeast extract.

PSV-B-21 Evaluation of whole soybeans as an ingredient in dog diets: Apparent total tract digestibility and stool quality of extruded diets with graded levels of dehulled whole soybeans by dogs

Abstract Increasing the amount of liquid fat to the ration during extrusion can negatively affect product density and product expansion. Ingredients, like whole soybeans (WSB), which are high in fat may aid increased energy density while avoiding production issues. In a preliminary extrusion project, the effects on the process of foods were evaluated, followed by animal evaluation. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dehulled WSB on nutrient digestibility and stool quality by dogs. Experimental diets were extruded with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% WSB (WSB0, WSB10, WSB20, and WSB30, respectively). Seven castrated male and three spayed female Beagles of similar age (6.25 ± 0.452 years) were individually housed and fed the experimental diets. The study was designed as replicated 4 × 4 Latin square where dogs were allowed 9-d adaptation followed by 5-d total fecal collection for each period. Titanium dioxide was added to all diets (0.4%) to serve as an indigestible dietary marker to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). Least-square means of fecal parameters and ATTD were analyzed with a single degree of freedom contrasts and significance at α = 0.05. There was no difference among treatments for food intake or fecal scores. However, there were linear increases (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in DM fecal output, as is fecal output, fecal moisture, and defecation frequency stools/day as WSB increased in the diets. Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, acid hydrolyzed ether extract, and gross energy decreased linearly as dogs were fed increasing levels of WSB in the diets (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion, additional thermal processing before extrusion may improve nutrient digestibility, although stool quality was not affected by the inclusion of WSB.

Potential of Grape Extract in Comparison with Therapeutic Dosage of Antibiotics in Weaning Piglets: Effects on Performance, Digestibility and Microbial Metabolites of the Ileum and Colon.

Simple SummaryDiarrhea as a symptom of different enteric infections leads to poor animal health and performance at weaning, followed by economic losses. Phytogenic feed additives, e.g., grape extracts, have shown antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties and these might have beneficial effects on growth trends of weaning piglets and, thereby, potentially reduce the need for antibiotic treatments following weaning. An 8-week feeding trial investigated the potential effects of grape extract (GE) in a model with a negative control (NC) and positive control (PC; antibiotic treatment). Despite no changes in animal performance, dietary GE improved the digestibility of selected nutrients at the same, or even at higher level, as PC. Additionally, there was no clear effect of dietary intervention on the microbial metabolites from the ileum and colon at the end of the trial. These results indicated beneficial effects of GE compared to antibiotic treatment, as often applied at weaning.Enteric diseases in piglets, such as post-weaning diarrhea (PWD), often require antibiotic treatment of the entire litter. Grape polyphenols may help overcome PWD and thereby reduce the need for antibiotics. The potential of a grape extract (GE; continuous in-feed supplementation) on performance of weaning piglets, compared with both negative (NC; corn-based diet) and positive control (PC; NC + in-feed antibiotic (amoxicillin) in a therapeutic dosage for day 1–day 5 post weaning) was assessed. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and microbial metabolites were also evaluated on two sampling points (day 27/28 and day 55/56). We assigned 180 weaning piglets (6.9 ± 0.1 kg body weight (BW)) to 6 male and 6 female pens per treatment with 5 piglets each. Animals from PC showed higher BW on day 13 compared with NC and GE, and a tendency for higher BW on day 56 (p = 0.080) compared to NC. Furthermore, PC increased the average daily feed intake in the starter phase (day 1–day 13), and the average daily gain in the early grower phase (day 14–day 24). Overall, GE improved the ATTD at the same level as PC (ash, acid-hydrolyzed ether extract), or at a higher level than PC (dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, crude protein, P). There were no effects on microbial metabolites apart from minor trends for lactic acid and ammonia. Dietary inclusion of GE may have beneficial effects compared to therapeutic antibiotics, as frequently used at weaning.

Sunflower expellers have greater ileal digestibility of amino acids than sunflower meal, but there are only minor variations among different sources of sunflower meal when fed to growing pigs.

The objective was to test the hypothesis that there is no effect of origin or processing procedure on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and crude protein (CP) in sunflower coproducts. Six sources of sunflower meal (SFM) and one source of sunflower expellers (SFE) were obtained from Ukraine, Italy, Hungary, and the United States. Each source of SFM or SFE was the only source of CP and AA in one diet, and an N-free diet was also used for a total of eight diets. Eight barrows (body weight: 28.5 ± 2.4 kg) had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum and were allotted to one of the eight diets using an 8 × 8 Latin square design with eight periods. The Lys:CP ratio in the six sources of SFM ranged from 3.10% to 3.96% with CP concentrations ranging from 27.34% to 36.75%. CP in SFE was 26.87% and the Lys:CP ratio was 3.51%. Concentrations of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract in the six sources of SFM ranged from 0.60% to 3.11%, but SFE contained 8.77%. Results indicated that the SID of CP was lower (P < 0.05) in SFM from Hungary compared with all other sources of SFM except for one of the sources from Ukraine. There were no differences in the SID of Lys, Met, and Trp among sources of SFM, but for most of the remaining indispensable AA, the SFM from Hungary had less (P < 0.05) SID than the other sources. However, only a few differences in the SID of indispensable AA were observed among the other sources of SFM, but the SID of CP and all AA except Trp was greater (P < 0.05) in SFE compared with SFM. In conclusion, there were only a few differences in the SID of the first-limiting AA among SFM obtained from Ukraine, Hungary, Italy, and the United States, but the SID of CP and AA was greater in SFE than in SFM indicating that processing of sunflower seeds influence the nutritional value.

Effect of feeding corn distillers dried grains with solubles naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol on growth performance, meat quality, intestinal permeability, and utilization of energy and nutrients in broiler chickens

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of feeding corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON) on growth performance, meat quality, intestinal permeability, and utilization of energy and nutrients in broiler chickens. Two trials (growth and metabolism trials) were conducted. In the growth trial, a total of four hundred 7-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 8 replicates in a completely randomized design. The diets were formulated to contain 5 inclusion levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% DON-contaminated DDGS in diets and were fed to birds for 21 d. Results indicated that increasing inclusion levels of DON-contaminated DDGS decreased (linear, P < 0.01) BW gain and feed efficiency of broiler chickens. The relative organ weights of the liver and breast were decreased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) by increasing inclusion levels of DON-contaminated DDGS in diets. The transepithelial electrical resistance values as a measure of intestinal permeability were decreased (linear, P < 0.05) by increasing inclusion levels of DON-contaminated DDGS in diets. In the metabolism trial, a total of twenty four 22-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments consisting of 0, 10, or 20% inclusion of DON-contaminated DDGS in diets. Each treatment had 8 replicates. Increasing inclusion levels of DON-contaminated DDGS in diets decreased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) MEn (AMEn and TMEn) and apparent total tract retention of nitrogen and acid-hydrolyzed ether extract in diets. In conclusion, feeding diets containing more than 10% DON-contaminated DDGS to broiler chickens has negative effects on growth performance, intestinal permeability, and utilization of energy and nutrients in diets. Therefore, it is suggested that if DDGS is contaminated with DON, inclusion level of DDGS should be limited, possibly at less than 5.0% in broiler diets.

Estimation of endogenous intestinal losses of acid hydrolyzed ether extract in growing and finishing pigs using the linear regression method.

The approach of this experiment was to apply the regression method for the estimation of endogenous intestinal losses of ether extract (EEE) when pigs are fed complete diets ad libitum and using dietary levels of fat typical of those employed in commercial situations. A total of 40 gilts (PIC 337 sires × C22 or C29) were allotted to individual pens and randomly assigned to diets (8 pigs per treatment) with 5 different levels of acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE). The dietary treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal diet with no added fat (L1); a corn-soy diet with 6% each of corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn germ meal, and wheat middlings (L2); the L2 diet but with 12% each of corn DDGS, corn germ meal, and wheat middlings (L3); the L2 diet plus soybean oil to equalize the NE concentration of the L2 diet with L1 (L4); and the L3 diet plus soybean oil to equalize the NE concentration of the L3 diet with L1 (L5). Pigs received feed and water ad libitum for the growing period (initial BW = 38.5 ± 1.2 kg) and the finishing period (initial BW = 73.82 ± 2.9 kg). A quadratic broken-line model was employed to estimate the response of apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of AEE to dietary AEE level. The average true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of AEE and endogenous losses of AEE were estimated using regression analysis of dietary AEE intake (g/kg of DM) against apparent digested AEE (g/kg of DMI). The ATTD of AEE increased in curvilinear fashion as dietary AEE level increased in growing and in finishing pigs (P < 0.001). This suggests an influence of EEE on the ATTD of AEE estimates. The linear regression of apparent digested AEE against dietary AEE intake (L1–L5; P < 0.001, R2 = 0.99 for growing pigs and P < 0.001, R2 = 0.99 for finishing pigs) estimated greater EEE (P < 0.05) and TTTD of AEE (P < 0.05) for growing than finishing pigs. Estimated EEE from growing pigs ranged between 18.1 and 20.2 g/kg of DMI, while TTTD of AEE ranged between 96.40% and 100.70%. In finishing pigs, EEE ranged between 21.6 and 23.8 g/kg of DMI and TTTD of AEE ranged between 91.30% and 95.25%. In conclusion, EEE under practical conditions is estimated to be 19.2 g/kg of DMI in growing and 22.7 g/kg of DMI in finishing pigs.

Copper hydroxychloride improves gain to feed ratio in pigs, but this is not due to improved true total tract digestibility of acid hydrolyzed ether extract

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that copper (Cu) from Cu hydroxychloride improves gain to feed ratio (G:F) when fed to pigs by increasing apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of fat. In experiment 1, 144 pigs (15.40 ± 2.39 kg) were allotted to 6 treatments with 2 pigs per pen and 12 replicate pens per diet. Pigs were fed diets with increasing concentrations of extracted fat by adding 20, 40, or 60 g/kg choice white grease (CWG) to a diet based on corn, soybean meal (SBM), and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), which contained no CWG. Two additional diets were formulated by adding 150 mg/kg of Cu from Cu hydroxychloride to the diet without added CWG and to the diet with 20 g/kg added CWG. Diets were fed for 4 weeks. Results indicated that supplementation of diets with either CWG or Cu hydroxychloride improved (P < 0.05) G:F of pigs, and the improvement obtained by Cu hydroxychloride supplementation was similar to the improvement in G:F obtained by adding 28–38 g/kg CWG to the diets. In experiment 2, 64 pigs (18.22 ± 1.80 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to 8 diets with 8 replicate pigs per diet. Two basal diets based on corn, SBM, corn bran, cornstarch, and casein were formulated. The only difference between the 2 diets was that one diet contained no Cu hydroxychloride, whereas the other diet contained 150 mg/kg of Cu from Cu hydroxychloride. Six additional diets were formulated by adding 150, 300, or 450 g/kg DDGS to both basal diets at the expense of cornstarch and corn bran. Feces were collected using the marker-to-marker approach with 5-day adaptation and 4-day collection periods. Supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved (P < 0.05) the ATTD of acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), but did not affect ATTD of dry matter or gross energy (GE). Supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets also reduced (P < 0.05) total tract endogenous loss of fat, but did not affect true total tract digestibility of AEE. This indicates that the increased G:F of pigs that was observed in experiment 1 as a result of Cu supplementation to diets was not due to improved ATTD of GE, but may be a result of Cu influencing post absorptive lipid metabolism. In conclusion, supplementation of Cu from Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved G:F in pigs, which may be due to effects of Cu on post-absorptive metabolism of energy and fat.

Effect of dietary inclusion of dried apple pomace on faecal butyrate concentration and modulation of gut microbiota in dogs

ABSTRACT This research aimed to evaluate the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, metabolisable energy (ME) and palatability of the diet, as well as products of intestinal fermentation and faecal microbiota of dogs fed with dried apple. For this purpose, three experiments were performed. In Experiment I, digestibility and ME of four diets containing 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% dried apple were evaluated, in addition to the faecal characteristics of the dogs. The diets were offered to eight adult dogs, distributed in double Latin square (4 × 4), totalling eight repetitions per treatment. In Experiment II, products of intestinal fermentation and faecal microbiota from 16 adult dogs fed diets containing 0% and 9% dried apple for 30 d (n = 8) were evaluated. Finally, Experiment III compared the dietary preference of 0 vs. 9% dried apple using 15 adult dogs. The inclusion of dried apple in the diet (p < 0.05) showed a linear reduction in the ATTD of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and acid hydrolysed ether extract (EEA), and a linear increase in the ATTD of total dietary fibre (TDF). Consumption of 9% of dried apple increased faecal butyrate and reduced propionate and ammonia (p < 0.05). With this diet, there was also an increase (p < 0.05) in the faecal concentration of Faecalibacterium, Erysipelatoclostridium, Blautia, and Bacteroides. No differences were found in the palatability of the diets. The inclusion of up to 9% of dried apple in the diet reduces the digestibility of nutrients and does not influence the dogs’ food preference; however, it improves some indicators of dogs’ intestinal functionality.