Acid Chloride Research Articles

Sustainable Twist – Towards Highly Atom Efficient Grignard Processes

AbstractCopper salts, which are widely applied in chemical processes, are highly toxic for aquatic life with devastating and long‐lasting effects. The most sustainable measure to prevent negative impact on surface water bodies is the elimination of copper from chemical processes. In Grignard reactions, acyl chlorides are widely used in combination with copper(I) chloride to introduce acyl substituents to aromatic compounds. We demonstrate that carboxylic acid anhydrides are a competent and highly selective alternative to acyl chlorides when used in the absence of copper(I) catalysts. An integrated value stream cycle allows for recycling of the carboxylate salt byproducts by reaction with ketene, thereby reducing the waste output to almost zero. This proposed process can therefore contribute to minimizing both chemical waste and heavy metal input into water bodies.

Direct Synthesis of Monofluoromethylthioesters from Acyl Chlorides with Elemental Sulfur and Fluoroiodomethane

AbstractWe report an unprecedented Ni‐catalyzed direct monofluoromethylthiolation of acyl chlorides, in situ generated from carboxylic acids, with elemental sulfur (S8) as the S source and fluoroiodomethane (ICH2F) as the CH2F radical source to produce a series of monofluoromethylthioesters in moderate to good yields. This approach features excellent functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope. Additionally, the late‐stage monofluoromethylthiolation of complex bioactive molecules can also be accomplished using this method.

Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular docking, Antibacterial Activity, Antioxidant and Anticancer of New 1,2,4-Triazole Derivative

A novel 1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol derivative was designed through a series of reactions. Firstly, Azo derivative 1 was synthesized by a general method with two steps, a diazotization reaction in an acidic medium, and a coupling reaction in basic conditions. Secondly, Azo-carboxylic acid 1 reacted with SOCl2 to produce acid chloride derivative 2. Then carbothiamide derivative 3 was synthesized through substitution reaction by reacting 2 with 4-phenyl thiosemicarbazide in pyridine. In the next step, carbothiamide 3 was reacted with sodium hydroxide solution to afford target triazole derivative 4. The structures of all synthesized derivatives were confirmed by techniques (1H, 13C NMR, IR). Moreover, the triazole derivative 4 was evaluated for its biological activity as an anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial. The results presented that compound 4 has moderate antibacterial activity and a high free radical scavenging effect (IC50 30.2 μg/mL) compared to vitamin C (IC50 21 μg/mL). The anticancer activity results presented that compound 4 has a toxic effect on a colon cancer cell line CaCo-2. The potential effect of compound 4 on the 5lqf protein was examined in silico studies.

Development of Predictive Modeling for Removal of Multispecies Biofilms of Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni from Poultry Slaughterhouse Surfaces.

Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni are among the most common foodborne pathogens worldwide, and poultry products are strongly associated with foodborne pathogen outbreaks. These pathogens are capable of producing biofilms on several surfaces used in the food processing industry, including polyethylene and stainless steel. However, studies on multi-species biofilms are rare. Therefore, this study aimed to develop predictive mathematical models to simulate the adhesion and removal of multispecies biofilms. All combinations of microorganisms resulted in biofilm formation with differences in bacterial counts. E. coli showed the greatest ability to adhere to both surfaces, followed by S. Enteritidis and C. jejuni. The incubation time and temperature did not influence adhesion. Biofilm removal was effective with citric acid and benzalkonium chloride but not with rhamnolipid. Among the generated models, 46 presented a significant coefficient of determination (R2), with the highest R2 being 0.88. These results provide support for the poultry industry in creating biofilm control and eradication programs to avoid the risk of contamination of poultry meat.

Multi-omic integration reveals alterations in nasal mucosal biology that mediate air pollutant effects on allergic rhinitis.

Allergic rhinitis is a common inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosa that imposes a considerable health burden. Air pollution has been observed to increase the risk of developing allergic rhinitis. We addressed the hypotheses that early life exposure to air toxics is associated with developing allergic rhinitis, and that these effects are mediated by DNA methylation and gene expression in the nasal mucosa. In a case-control cohort of 505 participants, we geocoded participants' early life exposure to air toxics using data from the US Environmental Protection Agency, assessed physician diagnosis of allergic rhinitis by questionnaire, and collected nasal brushings for whole-genome DNA methylation and transcriptome profiling. We then performed a series of analyses including differential expression, Mendelian randomization, and causal mediation analyses to characterize relationships between early life air toxics, nasal DNA methylation, nasal gene expression, and allergic rhinitis. Among the 505 participants, 275 had allergic rhinitis. The mean age of the participants was 16.4 years (standard deviation = 9.5 years). Early life exposure to air toxics such as acrylic acid, phosphine, antimony compounds, and benzyl chloride was associated with developing allergic rhinitis. These air toxics exerted their effects by altering the nasal DNA methylation and nasal gene expression levels of genes involved in respiratory ciliary function, mast cell activation, pro-inflammatory TGF-β1 signaling, and the regulation of myeloid immune cell function. Our results expand the range of air pollutants implicated in allergic rhinitis and shed light on their underlying biological mechanisms in nasal mucosa.

Simple One-Pot Preparation of Some Highly Electrophilic Haloacetylenes

Preparation of some bis(trialkylstannyl)acetylenes from the corresponding trialkylstannyl chlorides was improved. The tin reagents interact with reactive acid chlorides and bromides to afford intermediate 1-acyl-2-trialkylstannylacetylenes in quantitative yields. The subsequent halogenation performed as a one-pot procedure gives the target 1-acyl-2-haloacetylenes in high yields and provides an effective recycling of the expensive starting trialkylstannyl chlorides.

17β-estradiol induces hyperresponsiveness in guinea pig airway smooth muscle by inhibiting the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase

High serum estrogen concentrations are associated with asthma development and severity, suggesting a link between estradiol and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). 17β-estradiol (E2) has non-genomic effects via Ca2+ regulatory mechanisms; however, its effect on the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPases (PMCA1 and 4) and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) is unknown. Hence, in the present study, we aim to demonstrate if E2 favors AHR by increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in guinea pig airway smooth muscle (ASM) through a mechanism involving Ca2+-ATPases.In guinea pig ASM, Ca2+ microfluorometry, muscle contraction, and Western blot were evaluated. Then, we performed molecular docking analysis between the estrogens and Ca2+ ATPases.In tracheal rings, E2 produced AHR to carbachol. In guinea pig myocytes, acute exposure to physiological levels of E2 modified the transient Ca2+ peak induced by caffeine to a Ca2+ plateau. The incubation with PMCA inhibitors (lanthanum and carboxyeosin, CE) partially reversed the E2-induced sustained plateau in the caffeine response. In contrast, cyclopiazonic acid (SERCA inhibitor), U-0126 (an inhibitor of ERK 1/2), and choline chloride did not modify the Ca2+ plateau produced by E2. The mitochondrial uniporter activity and the capacitative Ca2+ entry were unaffected by E2. In guinea pig ASM, Western blot analysis demonstrated PMCA1 and PMCA4 expression. The results from the docking modeling demonstrate that E2 binds to both plasma membrane ATPases. In guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, inhibiting the PMCA with CE, induced hyperresponsiveness to carbachol. 17β-estradiol produces hyperresponsiveness by inhibiting the PMCA in the ASM and could be one of the mechanisms responsible for the increase in asthmatic crisis in women.

Selective cross-metathesis of cellobiose derivatives with amido-functionalized olefinic structures: A model study for synthesis of cellulosic diblock copolymers

This work describes a model study for synthesis of cellulose-based block copolymers, investigating selective coupling of peracetyl β-d-cellobiose and perethyl β-d-cellobiose at their reducing-ends by olefin cross-metathesis (CM). Herein we explore suitable pairs of ω-alkenamides that permit selective, quantitative coupling by CM. Condensation reactions of hepta-O-acetyl-β-d-cellobiosylamine or hepta-O-ethyl-β-d-cellobiosylamine with acyl chlorides afforded the corresponding N-(β-d-cellobiosyl)-ω-alkenamide derivatives with an aromatic olefin or linear olefinic structures. Among the introduced olefinic structures, CM of the undec-10-enamide (Type I olefin) and the acrylamide (Type II olefin) gave the hetero-block tetramers, N-(hepta-O-ethyl-β-d-cellobiosyl)-N′-(hepta-O-acetyl-β-d-cellobiosyl)-alkene-α,ω-diamides, with >98 % selectivity. Moreover, selectivity was not influenced by the cellobiose substituents when a Type I olefin with a long alkyl tether was used. Although the amide carbonyl group could chelate the ruthenium atom and reduce CM selectivity, the results indicated that such chelation is suppressed by sterically hindered pyranose rings or the long alkyl chain between the amido group and the double bond. Based on this model study, selective end-to-end coupling of tri-O-ethyl cellulose and acetylated cellobiose was accomplished, proving the concept that this model study with cellobiose derivatives is a useful signpost for selective synthesis of polysaccharide-based block copolymers.

Positively charged nanofiltration membranes with gradient structures for enhancing separation properties

Creating a gradient structure in a separation layer is an effective approach for enhancing separation performance of thin film composite membranes. Here we present the preparation of a positively charged nanofiltration membrane with a gradient structure. An inner layer consisting of a loose polyester separation layer with large pores was formed through the interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction between triethanolamine (TEA) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). And a dense and thin top layer composed of a polyamide separation layer was obtained by secondary interfacial polymerization (SIP) reaction using polyethyleneimine (PEI) along with unreacted TMC and residual acyl chloride groups of IP reaction. The influences of TEA concentration, PEI concentration and SIP time on the physicochemical properties and separation performances of the membrane were systematically analyzed. Our results show that the presence of the gradient structure optimized mass transfer pathways and reduced mass transfer resistance, resulting in significantly improved permeability of 13.0 ± 0.5 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 (over 3 times compared with control-PEI), high MgCl2 rejection of 91.7 ± 0.6 %, and an excellent stability and anti-fouling performance. Our work provides valuable insights and guidance for developing high-performance positively charged NF membrane with gradient structures.

Dual functionalization of polyamide reverse osmosis thin film composite membrane for improving chlorine resistance

Contemporary high-efficiency polyamide (PA) membranes are constructed using aliphatic or aromatic amines combined with acyl chlorides. Nevertheless, the aromatic rings attached to the N–H group within the amide linkages are vulnerable to degradation by chlorine. The surface of a PA reverse osmosis (RO) membrane was altered in this work through the dual functionalization of tannic acid (TA) and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to improve separation performance, chlorine resistance, and anti-bacterial capabilities of membranes. This study provides an insight in the role and synergistic effects of TA and Ag NPs for enhancing the chlorine resistance of the modified TFC membranes. The outcome indicated that the RO-TA/Ag modified membrane exhibited the maximum rejection of 98.31%, slightly surpassing the pristine RO membrane, which had a rejection rate of 96.52%. The RO-TA/Ag modified membrane also shown improved chlorine tolerance against 500 ppm sodium hypochlorite solution (NaClO), as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement which revealed reduced chlorine content in contrast to pristine RO and RO-TA membrane. The RO-TA/Ag membrane exhibited the largest inhibitory zone for both Gram-positive, S. aureus and Gram-negative, E. coli bacteria. The synergistic effects of the dual functionalization of TA and Ag NPs which render the modified membrane with high anti-chlorine and anti-bacterial capabilities are discussed.

Visible-Light-Promoted Radical Cascade Cyclization of 2-Vinyl Benzimidazoles: Access to Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-b]isoquinolin- 11(6H)-ones.

A visible-light-enabled photoredox radical cascade cyclization of 2-vinyl benzimidazole derivatives is developed. This chemistry is applicable to a wide range of N-aroyl 2-vinyl benzimidazoles as acceptors, and halo compounds, including alkyl halides, acyl chlorides and sulfonyl chlorides, as radical precursors. The Langlois reagent also serves as an effective partner in this photocatalytic oxidative cascade process. This protocol provides a robust alternative for rendering highly functionalized benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-b]isoquinolin-11(6H)-ones.

Reactive extraction for the separation of glyceric acid from aqueous solutions with 2-naphthaleneboronic acid and tri-octyl methyl ammonium chloride

Reactive extraction for the separation of glyceric acid from aqueous solutions with 2-naphthaleneboronic acid and tri-octyl methyl ammonium chloride

Synthesis of N‐Acyl Indole‐3‐Carboxaldehyde Derivatives and Polyvinyl Alcohol Acetalization with 1‐Propionylindole‐3‐Carboxaldehyde

AbstractA series of seven stable amide derivatives based on indole‐3‐carboxaldehyde were synthesized with high yields using various aliphatic and aromatic acyl chlorides, triethylamine and DMAP as the catalyst at room temperature. Structural characterization was performed using FT‐IR, 1 H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR and LC–MS techniques. To develop bioactive material, acetalization of water‐soluble polyvinyl alcohol was achieved by reacting one of the N‐acyl derivatives, 1‐propionylindole‐3‐carboxaldehyde, in the presence of a p‐TSA catalyst to form polyvinyl acetal with pendant bioactive groups. The polymer was analyzed using 1 H‐NMR, FT‐IR, TGA, DSC, FE‐SEM and EDX spectroscopic techniques. The polymer was water‐insoluble with enhanced thermal stability compared to pure polyvinyl alcohol. This approach for developing N‐acyl derivatives of indole‐3‐carboxaldehyde and then reacting one of the monomers with polyvinyl alcohol to improve its thermal properties and stability in humid conditions has proven successful.

Investigation of iron dissolution mechanism in acidic solutions with and without dissolved CO2 – Part I: EIS measurements

ABSTRACT Aqueous CO2 corrosion of mild steel is one of the major problems in the oil and gas industry. While current understanding primarily focuses on cathodic reaction mechanisms, less attention has been given to the impact of aqueous CO2 on the anodic iron dissolution reaction. In contrast, the mechanism of iron dissolution in strong acidic environments has been thoroughly investigated. Among the reaction mechanisms found in the open literature, a multi-path mechanism was identified that could explain the iron dissolution in strong acidic sulfate solution; both in terms of steady state polarization sweeps and impedance data at various pH values and current densities. However, the role of aqueous CO2 in solutions containing chlorides on the mechanism of iron dissolution had remained an open question. The present study used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as the main technique, to study the mechanism of iron dissolution in strong acid chloride solution with and without the presence of CO2. Results showed that the presence of chloride ions (0.5 M) decreases the rate of iron dissolution by competing with hydroxide ions to adsorb on the metal surface, forming chloride-containing intermediate species that participate in the iron dissolution reaction. The resulting decrease in the availability of hydroxide intermediates, which are more effective at enhancing the reaction rate compared to chloride-containing intermediates, leads to an overall decrease in the rate of iron dissolution. While the presence of CO2 increases anodic current density, EIS investigation revealed that neither aqueous CO2 nor other carbonic species directly react on the bare metal surface to form adsorbed intermediates involved in the anodic reaction. EIS investigation suggested that aqueous CO2 may induce changes in the chemical composition of adsorbed species, rate constants, and surface coverage, thereby altering the kinetics of the underlying reactions.

Preparation, physicochemical analyses, and comparative evaluation studies of deep eutectic solvents (DES) from non-conventional precursor materials applied as catalytic curing agents for epoxy resin

Curing agents for epoxy resins play a significant role in initiating crosslinking reactions resulting in the hardened and durable material with enhanced properties as per end-user applications. The industrial world still lacks efficient, environmentally friendly, and cheap curing agents for epoxy resins. Here, we report the development of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on N, N’-Bis(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine (commonly known as triethylenetetramine, TETA) as hydrogen bond donor (HBD), and salicylic acid (SA) and choline chloride (CC) as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA). The formulated DESs are suggested to be relatively safe, affordable, and eco-friendly and the active groups in the DESs are capable of initiating crosslinking reactions. The physical stability of the formulated deep eutectic solvents was examined by polarizing optical microscopic (POM) analysis, which confirmed the absence of any crystals or residues. The purity was ensured by 13C nmr spectroscopy. Additionally, supportive evidence for the hydrogen bond formation between the constituents was gained from the outcomes of FTIR, 1H nmr, and mass spectrometry. Deep depression in melting points was confirmed from DSC studies, and TGA suggested better thermal stability for DESs than its constituents. Density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP6-31G* of Gaussian computational framework was applied to energetically optimize the isolated structure and determine the bond lengths in angstroms. The structural characteristics and nonbonding interactions of DESs were investigated by the same. In addition, the density and rheological characteristics were assessed for the ideal utilization of the formulated DESs as epoxy resin curing agents. The detailed comparative studies demonstrated the advantages of deep eutectic solvents over conventional curing agents. The efficacy of the formulations as a curing agent was primarily confirmed from FTIR analysis and the curing behavior was investigated by DSC studies.

Combined effect of polyelectrolyte assisted interfacial polymerization and tannic acid protective surface modification to boost organic solvent nanofiltration performance

Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) is an effective technology for separating solute with molecular weight of 200–1000 Da (Da) from organic solvents. However, as the core of this technology, most of OSN membranes exhibit a low solvent permeance. Herein, a highly permeable OSN membrane was prepared via a poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSSNa)-assisted interfacial polymerization reaction using ultra-low content of aqueous monomer solution, followed by a protective modification using tannic acid (TA) grafting onto the nascent polyamide surface, and a post chemical crosslinking treatment as well as an activation treatment. PSSNa manipulates the diffusion and distribution of the m-Phenylenediamine monomers, leading to a looser and thinner polyamide layer. TA molecules successfully reacted with the remaining acyl chloride groups on the nascent polyamide layer surface and formed ester, thus preventing the surface from subsequent crosslinking reaction and also making the selective layer looser, which is beneficial for solvent permeation. Moreover, the TA modification makes the surface more hydrophilic, thus further helps to improve the solvent permeance of OSN membrane. The optimal membrane possesses an excellent ethanol permeance of 71.5 L m−2 h−1 MPa−1, an increment of 41.6 % as compared with the baseline OSN membrane, while keeping a rejection of 98.2 % for rhodamine B (RDB). Meanwhile, the surface of optimal membrane is ultra-smooth, with an average roughness of 4.4 nm, which is much beneficial for antifouling. Moreover, the OSN membrane possesses a brilliant durability performance, with only a 1.5 % decrease of the RDB rejection after being immersed in N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) at room temperature for 115 d, and only a further 0.3 % decrease of the RDB rejection after being further immersed in DMF at 80 °C for another 11 d, indicating its superior solvent resistance, which makes it a promising candidate for treating organic solutions from pharmaceutical and textile industries.

Synergistic effect of seaweed extract and boric acid and/or calcium chloride on productivity and physico-chemical properties of Valencia orange.

Many citrus species and cultivars are grown successfully in tropical and subtropical countries, as well as in arid and semi-arid regions with low levels of organic matter and low cation exchange, resulting in lower nutrient uptake by the plant. The essential nutrients needed for citrus flowering and fruit set are limited in winter due to a reduction in transpiration rate, negatively effecting vegetative growth, flowering, yield, and fruit quality. The present investigation was carried out to assess the nutritional status, fruit yield parameters, and fruit quality of Valencia orange trees after foliar spraying of seaweed extract (SW) combined with calcium chloride and boric acid and their combinations in the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons. The treatments were arranged in a split-plot design (three levels spraying seaweed extract × four levels spraying calcium chloride and boric acid and their combinations × four replicates × one tree/replicate). The results indicated that all of the characteristics measured, including leaf chlorophyll, leaf mineral contents, fruit yield parameters, fruit physical properties, and fruit chemical properties, were significantly affected by the foliar spraying of seaweed extract (SW) combined with calcium chloride and boric acid and their combinations. Although all treatments increased the productivity and the physical and chemical properties of Valencia orange fruits compared to the control, a treatment of 10 g/L SW combined with 0.5 g/L boric acid and 1 g/L calcium chloride produced superior results. This ratio of SW, boric acid, and calcium chloride is therefore recommended to enhance productivity and improve the physico-chemical properties of Valencia orange for greater fruit yield.

Inhibition of silica scaling with functional polymers: Role of ionic strength, divalent ions, and temperature

High concentrations of dissolved silica in saline industrial wastewaters and brines cause silica scale formation, significantly hampering the efficacy of diverse engineered systems. Applying functional polymers as scale inhibitors in process feedwater is a common strategy to mitigate silica scaling. However, feedwater characteristics often vary widely, depending on the specific processes, making the inhibition of silica scaling challenging and complex. In this study, we systematically investigate the role of ionic composition, specifically ionic strength and divalent ions, and solution temperature, in inhibiting silica scaling using molecularly designed amine/amide polymers. The inhibitor demonstrates effective stabilization of silicic acid, with inhibition efficiency of 74 and 55 % in the absence and presence of 20,000 ppm NaCl, respectively. However, further increasing the ionic strength of oversaturated silicic acid solutions significantly diminishes inhibition performance, rendering it ineffective at 180,000 ppm NaCl. Divalent inorganic cations exhibit a stronger impact on reducing inhibition efficiency compared to sodium ions. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal a competition mechanism between anionic silicic acid reactants (i.e., H3SiO4−) and chlorides for binding to ammonium groups within the polymeric inhibitor. Additionally, cations form clusters with H3SiO4− ions, hindering their stabilization with polymeric inhibitor. Notably, at elevated temperatures, the inhibitor achieves near-perfect inhibition for 500 ppm silicic acid solutions. This comprehensive assessment provides important insights into the effectiveness of silica scaling inhibitors under solution conditions relevant to real-world applications, addressing the challenges posed by varying solution parameters in diverse industrial processes.

Bio-based phytic acid/amino acid complex coating for antimicrobial and flame-retardant cotton fabrics

Here, a novel multifunctional coating containing bio-based phytic acid (PA), L-glutamic acid (L-Glu), and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) is constructed by a simple soaking strategy, giving cotton fabrics excellent flame retardancy, washability, and antibacterial properties. The coating layer on the cotton surface was prepared via the electrostatic and hydrogen bonding between PA and L-Glu, accompanied by the interface polymerization between PA, L-Glu, and TMC. Among them, the limiting oxygen index value of the treated cotton fabrics (C2 and C2-TMC) was as high as 40 %. During the vertical flammability test, both C2 and C2-TMC cotton showed self-extinguished behavior with a short damaged length (≤50 mm). Remarkably, the LOI of C2-TMC sustained a high value (30 %) even after 300 laundering cycles, maintaining its self-extinguishing behavior in the vertical combustion test. Additionally, in the cone calorimetry test, peak heat release rate and total heat release of treated cotton were lower than control cotton. Surprisingly, after 30 or 60 laundering cycles, the C2-TMC cotton exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans due to the continuous exposure of PA and L-Glu. Moreover, the coating layer on the cotton surface had little impact on the mechanical properties and feel of the fabric.

Highly Active Cu@NC Catalyst Derived from Porous Organic Polymer for Solvent‐Free Coupling of Acyl Chlorides with Alkynes

AbstractCopper promoted Sonogashira coupling has recently emerged as an attractive route for synthesizing α, β‐Acetylenic ketones (ynones). In this study, a porous organic polymer based on [2,6‐Bis(1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)pyridine] (BTP) was prepared through oxidative coupling. By incorporating copper salt and subsequent pyrolysis, copper encapsulated N‐doped carbon materials were obtained. The resulting copper/carbon materials exhibited excellent catalytic performance for the coupling of acyl chlorides and alkynes due to their large surface area, abundant mesopores, and uniformly distributed metal nanoparticles. The reaction proceeded efficiently, yielding ynones with good to excellent yields at room temperature within a short reaction time (4 h) using only 0.4 mol % catalyst. Compared to previously reported copper nanocatalysts, the N‐doped carbon materials supported copper catalyst demonstrated higher catalytic activity and operated at lower reaction temperatures. Additionally, the catalyst displayed reliable recyclability without any significant loss in catalytic activity.