Acid Ash Research Articles

Fate of Ca2+ and metal impurities of a typical coal fly ash in amino acid mediated CO2 mineralization and simultaneous CaCO3 recovery

CO2 mineralization is a promising technology to achieve a waste-to-resource chain by integrating CO2 sequestration and alkaline solid waste utilization. Amino acids as a multifunctional reagent was proposed to avoid the extensive consumption of acid and alkaline reagents in traditional processes. However, the detailed interaction between Ca-bearing minerals and amino acids are still not fully understood, as well as migration pathways of metal impurities. To fill these gaps, this paper investigated the leaching and carbonation behaviors of Ca2+ and metal impurities of a typical coal fly ash (CFA) at various reagent types, reagent concentrations and leaching temperatures, thereby exploring the fate of these metal impurities. Results showed that the leaching and carbonation of Ca2+ was influenced by various aspects such as initial pH, reagent pKa, complexation, and pH buffering. The CaCO3 products obtained from glycine (Gly) and alanine (Ala) were vaterite due to the stabilizing effect of these amino acids on vaterite preventing it from converting to calcite. The optimal reaction conditions were 1.0 M Gly and leaching temperature of 35 °C with 26.63 % leaching efficiency, 56.08 % carbonation efficiency, and 42.6 g/kg vaterite yield. In addition, Ala induced an unexpected high leaching efficiency of Cd (75.79 %), Pb (76.08 %), and Zn (41.62 %), respectively, indicating promising mitigation of the environment risk of leached residue and valuable metal recovery from CFA. Although Gly displayed limited metal leaching efficiency at 1.0 M and 25 °C, increasing leaching temperature induced a remarkable enhancement of Cd and Pb leaching, which were 88.54 % and near 100 % at 35 °C, indicating promising mitigation of the environment risk of leached CFA. However, the high binding affinity of amino acids to impurity metals led to the low purity of CaCO3 product. This study derives the migration pathways of various metal ions during the mineralization and utilization of CFA, making it of great significance for the resource management and utilization of solid wastes.

Isolation, Identification and Determination of Effective Substances of Three plants, Yarrow, False Chamomile and Fennel

This research was conducted in order to determine the amount of effective substances of yarrow, false chamomile and fennel in Hamadan region. First, the alcoholic extract of the three above-mentioned plants was obtained by maceration method. In this way, the body of the desired plant is dried and crushed and immersed in 70% alcohol and left in the same state for 14 days, and then the mixture is filtered and the dried extract was weighed and the ratio of the weight of the liquid extract to the weight of the dry plant was obtained. Also, the numerical amount of total ash and ash insoluble in acid was determined to determine the amount of solutes. Also, the amount of protein, calcium and phosphorus was obtained in three plants. By performing TLC chromatography (paper method), the type of active substances in three plants was determined and the pH of each of the manufactured products was also determined, and the results are as follows: The amount of insoluble ash in fennel acid was 1.6%, yarrow 2.8% and false chamomile 6.8%, and the amount of total ash was 12.9%, 13.7% and 7.4%, respectively. The percentage of calcium and phosphorus in fennel is 0.4% and 0.13%, in yarrow 0.98% and 0.5%, and in false chamomile is 0.74% and 0.39%. The amount of protein in fennel was 4.8%, in yarrow 24.5% and in false chamomile 19.2%. The pH of the products was as follows: the product prepared from fennel is 85/6, yarrow 80/4 and false chamomile 80/5. The results of paper chromatography of three plant samples are as follows: In fennel, in the vicinity of solvent 1 (Rf = 0.6 and 0.51), which is related to antole, and in the vicinity of solvent 2 (Rf = 0.84 and 0.76), which is related to fanchon. In yarrow plant, Rf = 0.86 is related to betapinene, Rf = 0.72 is related to sineon, and finally Rf = 0.1 is related to Borneon's special substance. In the false chamomile plant, Rf = 0.21 is related to gamma element, Rf = 0.30 to beta element, and Rf = 0.39 to the effective substance transmatricaria ester. By performing these steps and comparing the results obtained from previous researches on these plants, a step was taken towards the realization of the aforementioned goals, which is to determine the amount and type of effective substances of these three plants in Hamadan region.

Antibacterial activity of tekelan leaf ethanol extract (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King and H. Rob) against of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria

Background: Indonesia is a tropical country, so the prevalence of infectious diseases caused by bacteria still remains high. On the other hand, the intense use of antibacterial agent in Indonesia causes a tendency for bacterial resistance to existing antibacterial drugs. One of the herbal plants that is widely used by some people is tekelan leaves. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of an ethanol extract of tekelan leaves on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Methods: Simplisia of tekelan leaves was tested for secondary metabolites and simplisa characterization testing. Antibacterial activity testing is carried out by the disc paper method, where the disc paper is immersed in the test solution with a comparison of the test concentration. Results: The results of phytochemical screening show that the secondary metabolites of tekelan leaves are alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids/triterpenoids, tannins, and glycosides. The results of the characterization of simplisia moisture content are 7.99%, water-soluble juice content is 13.29%, ethanol-soluble juice content is 12.18%, total ash content is 7.45%, and insoluble acid ash content is 0.92%. The observation of the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of tekelan leaves was carried out by the disc diffusion method. The test results showed that the ethanol extract of tekelan leaves was categorized as moderate at concentrations of 1% and 2% and as strong at concentrations of 4%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The conclusion of this study is that ethanol extract had activity to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and the MIC value obtained 0.7%. Conclusions: The conclusion of this study is that ethanol extract had activity to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

Influence of anthropogenic waste of different genesis on properties of fine-grained concrete

Introduction. The growing amount of stored waste from TPPs has a negative impact on the environmental and economic situation in Russia. The content of ash dumps leads to pollution of nearby areas and increase in energy prices. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use TPP waste as a component of solutions. Materials and methods. The equipment on which the experiment was performed is listed. For the test of compressive strength, the press TP-1-350 Universal was used. For the test of flexural strength, MII-100 machine was used. Specific surface area of TPP waste was determined on PSKh-12 device. The samples gained the strength in the chamber of normal hardening. The chemical composition of TPP waste was determined by the X-ray fluorescent method. Results. The experimental data on the strength of specimens with the replacement of part of the cement by waste thermal power plants of different genesis are presented. The part of the samples were cured under normal conditions, and part was subjected to heat and humidity treatment. Specific cement consumption per unit of compressive and flexural strength was calculated. Compressive strength of mortars with replacement of 20% of cement by Kuznetsky TPP ash makes it possible to obtain samples with strength by 8% less than the control sample under normal curing conditions. The use of acid ash from Omsk TPP and Kuznetsky TPP under heat and moisture treatment makes it possible to obtain the samples with compressive strength higher than the control sample up to 13%. The introduction of 30 % of the basic ash from Novosibirsk TPP instead of cement allows to obtain samples with compressive strength up to 46,55 MPa. The calculation of specific consumption of cement per unit strength showed that the use of the proposed compositions is more cost-effective than the control ashless sample up to 30%. Discussion and conclusions. It has been proved that replacement of up to 30% of cement by TPP wastes makes it possible to obtain mortars with strength not lower than that of the control cement sample. Depending on curing conditions and the type of used TPP waste it is possible to receive samples with compressive strength up to 46,55 MPa and bending strength up to 9,31 MPa. It was found that the use of heat and moisture treatment for the samples using basic ash does not give an increase in strength, compared to acidic ash.

Analysis of reaction degree and factors of alkali-activated fly ash/slag

The dissolution rates of alkali-activated fly ash (FA) and alkali-activated slag in hydrochloric acid (HCl) with various pH values were investigated. The geopolymerisation reaction degree of alkali-activated FA/slag (AAFS) can be determined based on the content of hydrochloric-acid-insoluble matter, so X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy were used to analyse the hydrochloric-acid-insoluble matter of the alkali-activated FA and alkali-activated slag. Acid dissolution tests on the AAFS showed that the addition of slag increased the geopolymerisation degree of FA in most cases. For a certain slag content, the reaction degree of FA decreased with an increase in the modulus of the activator and increased with an increase in the liquid/solid ratio. An increase in activator concentration had a greater effect when the slag content was low. At low activator concentrations, the reaction degree of FA increased with an increase in slag content. The slag content corresponding to the highest reaction degree of the FA gradually reduced with an increase in activator concentration.

A conceptual review of Viruddha Ahara in relation to the mode of action according to Ayurveda and Modern Science.

ABSTRACT: In Ayurveda, incompatible or antagonistic food is referred to as Viruddha Ahara. This Viruddha Ahara (incompatible food) concept is quite different and unique from the modern view of a diet. Viruddha Anna, or incompatible diet, includes food combinations, food processing, food storage methods, proportion of different food intake, time incompatibility, consumption at the wrong time, wrong dose, and so on. Every food has its own taste (rasa), a heating or cooling energy (virya), and a post-digestive effect (vipaka), according to Ayurveda. Some have an unexplained effect (prabhava). However, such incompatible combinations can cause indigestion, fermentation, putrefaction, and gas formation, toxic product formation, adverse effects on the digestive, endocrine, and nervous systems, immune system, and growth hormone. If consumption is prolonged, it can lead to various ailments. Ayurveda clearly states that certain diets and their combinations that interrupt tissue metabolism, inhibit tissue formation, and have the opposite property to the tissue are referred to as Viruddha Anna or incompatible diet. The root cause of all disease, according to nutrition science, is the consumption of acid ash producing foods (sugar, fats, and colas), acid residuals in the body, and improper digestion. Similarly, Ayurveda claims that improper food combinations cause a variety of diseases.

Standardization And Analytical Evaluation Of Siddha Herbal Formulation Aavarai Kirutham In The Treatment Of Madhumega Avathai Vii: Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Aavaarai kirutham is a Siddha herbal confection which literarily recommended for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (Mathumega Avathaigal) in the authentic Siddha textbook " Sigicha rathina deepam". There are no standards for this antidiabetic herbal preparation. Standardization of the individual ingredients helps to prepare a quality test drug which responsible for the desired pharmacological effect. So, the present study has been performed to standardize unique ingredients and the herbal formulation 'Aavaarai kirutham' as a preliminary study by using three groups of test drug samples. The parameters used to standardize the preparation are organoleptic characters, Biochemical analysis, Physicochemical properties,HPTLC fingerprint analysis, Heavy metal analysis by ASS, Test for specific pathogens, Sterility test by pour plate method, Aflotoxin analysis, Pesticide residue analysis,and Thin layer chromatography. The organoleptic characteristics such as color, taste, odor, smell, and consistency of the ingredients and the test drug were evaluated. Physico-chemical parameters were determined as per WHO guidelines and reported as total ash, insoluble acid ash, water soluble extractive, ethanol soluble extractive, total sugar, reducing sugar content, fat content, and loss on drying. Thin layer chromatography developed for different solvent systems and detection of TLC fingerprint profiles were carried out under UV light at the wavelength of 366nm and also viewed after spraying with anisaldehyde sulfuric acid spray reagent. Colors and Rf Values of major spots were noted.

Antibacterial activity test of solid soap with torch ginger's (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.sm.) flower extract

Ethanol extract of torch ginger’s flower (Etlingera elatior) is rich in active compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, steroids. Flavonoids are bioactive compounds that serve as antioxidants and antibacterials. This study aims to find the antibacterial activity of solid soap with torch ginger’s flower extract against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. This study includes the preparation of simplicia, extracts, moisture content, total ash levels, insoluble acid ash levels, water soluble extract levels. The first evaluation includes organoleptic test, pH, irritation, and stability. The formulation of the tested soap preparations was 5%, 7.5%, 10%. The data analysis was performed with ANOVA. The results of this study revealed that its ethanolic extract had a moderate category of bacterial resistance against S.aureus where in FI (5%) has a clear zone with 7 mm in diameter, FII (7.5%) 8.3 mm and FIII (10%) 10.4 mm.Furthermore,for P.aeruginosa, it has a moderate clear zone with diameter in FI (5%) is 8.86 mm, FII (7.5%) is 9.73 mm, and FIII is 10.6 mm. Torch ginger’s flower ethanolic extract had anantibacterial activity against S.aureus and P.aeruginosa with the widestclear zone is in the FIII (10%, v/v) in the number of 10.4 mm against S.aureus and 10.6 mm against P.aeruginosa with moderate resistance category.

Pharmacognostic standardization and qualitative analysis of Gymnosporia senegalensis

This study aims to evaluate the pharmacognostic parameters of different parts of Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes. These parameters play a vital role in the traditional medicine system for administering the drug and their therapeutic effects on various ailments. Standardization parameters include sequential extract preparation, physicochemical studies (ash value, moisture content, pH, fluorescence analysis), and phytochemical screening of the three parts of G. senegalensis. Various macro and microelements (in ppm) were estimated by using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Total ash content (3.04±0.02), water-soluble ash (2.63±0.01), and insoluble acid ash (0.72±0.01) were found to be the highest in the leaf. Foreign organic matter was observed higher in stem (0.07±0.04) followed by bark and leaf. The moisture content was found lowest in bark (2.02±0.01), preventing microbial growth. The pH of the crude drug of plant parts is weakly acidic, ranging from pH 5.33 to 5.96 at 1 % and 4.93 to 6.03 at 10 %. Fluorescence results were also helpful in detecting the substituents and adulterants and assessing the crude drugs qualitatively. The present study revealed the presence of various primary and secondary metabolites (terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponin) in high and moderate amounts in the extracts of different parts of the plant. The stem and bark also showed a reasonable presence of macro and microelements (As, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn, and Cu). The complete analysis provides valuable information for the quality assurance of G. senegalensis as a crude drug for preparing formulations of herbal medications.

Behavior of Basalt Fibers in an Alkaline Environment

The article presents experimental studies of the composite binders modification with basalt fibers waste. The introductory part provides studies overview of basalt fibers resistance in various aggressive environments. It was revealed that the most aggressive environment in relation to basalt fibers and other products based on them is alkaline. Also, it is promising to use their production waste as a modifying additive for building compositions. But in this case, the problems associated with leaching are equally relevant for each of the reinforcing components. The components characteristics and the test procedure are described and illustrated in the next section. The following are the results of determining the strength characteristics of samples obtained on a composite binder modified with basalt fibers and acid ash productions waste. Finally, a brief analysis and conclusions are presented to confirm the effectiveness of reducing the environment aggressiveness in relation to the basalt fibers production waste adding acidic ash to the composition.

A Comparative Study on the Degradation of Alkali-Activated Slag/Fly Ash and Cement-Based Mortars in Phosphoric Acid

This study compares the degradation behavior of the alkali-activated slag/fly ash (AASF) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) mortars exposed to phosphoric acid with different pH values. The experimental results show that AASF mortars exhibit better resistance than OPC mortars against surface damage, although both systems get white deposits on the surface in phosphoric acid with a relatively high pH level. AASF mortars obtained lower mass loss than OPC mortars in phosphoric acid with pH at 2 and 3. The strength reduction in AASF mortars after immersion in phosphoric acid is more significant than that in OPC mortars. However, total degradation depth of AASF was smaller than that of OPC regardless of the pH of the acid solutions. Based on the experimental data, linear relationships were identified between the slope of degradation depth–mass loss curves and the Al/Si and Ca/Si ratios of the binders. This may indicate a new way to assess the degradation behavior of AASF and OPC based on their chemical compositions.

Dietary addition of fermented sorghum distiller’s dried grains with soluble improves carcass traits and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs

The fermented sorghum distiller's dried grain with soluble (FS-DDGS) contains numerous nutrients, yet its nutritional effects on growing-finishing pigs remain unclear. The present study evaluated the effects of dietary FS-DDGS addition on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 48 healthy male crossbred (Large White × Landrace × Duroc) barrows with initial body weight (BW) of 39.95 ± 2.15 kg were allocated to one of four dietary treatments (12 pigs per treatment). The dietary treatments were as follows: basal diet without (FS-DDGS0 group) or with 50 g/kg (FS-DDGS50 group), 100 g/kg (FS-DDGS100 group), or 150 g/kg (FS-DDGS150 group) FS-DDGS, respectively. Results showed that there were no significant differences in the final BW, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed to gain ratio among these four groups. However, dietary FS-DDGS addition increased (linear, P < 0.05) the pH24h value, contents of ash, crude protein, and proline in Longissimus dorsi muscle, and alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, serine, and tyrosine in Biceps femoris (BF) muscle, when compared with the control group. In addition, dietary FS-DDGS addition decreased (linear, P < 0.05) the drip loss, yellowness (b*) value, and lightness (L*) value, while quadratically improved (P < 0.05) the total bone percentage and glycine and proline contents in BF muscle compared with the control group. Collectively, these findings suggested that dietary FS-DDGS addition could improve the carcass traits and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs although further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Properties of a Composite Cement Binder Using Fuel Ashes

The paper provides a comparative assessment of using four types of fuel ashes from different types of coal combustion as additives to replace part of the cement in producing a composite binder. The authors assessed the effectiveness of the additives by cement dough properties (water-binder ratio, normal density, initial setting) and the strength of the binder at 1, 3, 7 and 28 days of hardening. The ashes are ranked according to their efficiency in the structure of composite binder in the following sequence: acid ash from Reftinskaya power plant → acid ash from Novotroitskaya power plant → basic ash from Nazarovskaya power plant → acid ash from Troitskaya power plant. The research revealed that the most effective mineral additives were basic ash from the Nazarovskaya power plant and acid ash from the Troitskaya power plant. Their use reduced the amount of cement by 15% and 25% respectively, while reducing the strength by no more than 3%.

Effect of Fouling Layer (Acid–Ash Reaction) on Low-Temperature Corrosion Covering Heating Surface in Coal-Fired Flue Gas

Improving the efficiency of coal-fired boiler is beneficial for greenhouse gas control, mainly for carbon dioxide (CO2). The low-temperature corrosion covering heating surfaces is a frequent threat for coal-fired thermal equipment. The corrosion is induced by a fouling layer, where the ash deposition and condensed acid in coal-fired flue gas react mutually. The corrosion experiments were designed to investigate the reactions of representative acid solution between basic oxides, non-basic oxides, and fly ash particles covering metal surfaces. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the reaction particles and metal samples collected from experiments. The corrosion rates of 316L steel, 20# steel, Corten steel and ND (09CrCuSb) steel by the sulfuric solution of different concentrations with and without particles were obtained. The results showed that corrosion rate could be reduced by reacted particles, followed as: basic oxides particles &gt; fly ash particles &gt; non-basic oxides particles. Meanwhile, the deposited ash particles with smaller sizes contribute to a deeper acid–ash reactions due to more alkaline oxides accumulated. Thus, the metal surfaces will be covered by denser attachments, playing a function of corrosion resistance. The effect of fouling layer on low-temperature corrosion was obtained, guiding a safe and efficient operation of heat equipment in coal-fired flue gas.

Optimization of cupcake formulation by replacement of wheat flour with different levels of eggplant fiber using response surface methodology

This study aimed to design and produce optimal formula of cupcakes containing eggplant fiber by surface response methodology (RSM). The wheat flour replaced with eggplant fiber in five levels, 0-40%, whole-egg and sugar were set at the same time, 55-75% and 70-90% based on (wheat-flour + eggplant-fiber) weight, respectively. Considering the most important textural properties (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness), density, weight, and also by mean comparisons with Duncan's test at the level of 5% significance, optimal formulas include: formula (a) (12% eggplant-fiber, 71% whole-egg, 70% sugar) and formula (b): (8% eggplant-fiber, 57% whole-egg, 70% sugar) were appropriately suggested. Chemical properties of the optimal formulas including, protein, fat, carbohydrate, moisture, insoluble ash in acid and calorie were calculated and compared with the blank. Using of the eggplant-fiber in cupcake formulation caused calorie reduction and increased its nutritional value. Formula (b), in terms of many factors, demonstrated similarity to the blank. The eggplant-fiber had an impact on all of the textural properties except springiness. The impacts of whole-egg content on springiness, chewiness and density are also remarkable. Sugar content will be shown in weight differences and is expressed as one of the most effective variables on sample weight.

Effect of Different Acids on Rice Husk Calcination and Extraction of Bio-Silica

Silica is an essential material which has many applications in various fields such as construction, catalyst, optical fibers and raw material of metallurgical industry. This work observed the recent trends in silica extraction from agro and natural wastes for high-tech applications. Hence, this work approached in new way for the bio-silica extraction from waste rice husk using HCl, H2SO4 and CH3COOH for the calcination. The results revealed that the effect of pH on ash nature and silica purity. The purity of silica was differed based on metal ions, rice husk ash color and non-combusted carbon. The results were compared with treatment in absence of acid ash using FT-IR, SEM, EDAX and XRD analysis to measure the effect of pH on the bio-silica purity. This work observed the lower carbon content in acid treated ash when compare to water washed rice husk.

Inorganic Elements of Mangium Stem (Acacia mangium Willd) from Different Provenanc

This study aimed to investigate the ash content and concentrations of inorganic elements present in the stem of Acacia mangium. The tree samples (24 years) were collected from five different provenances (Sidei, West of Morehead, Daintree, Ellerbeck, and El Arish). Meanwhile, the disc samples were obtained from the trunk of each tree on the lower parts. The samples were collected from four radial positions (bark, sapwood, outer heartwood, inner heartwood), and the ash and insoluble acid contents were determined. Furthermore, the concentration of 5 elements (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, K, and Na) was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The interaction of provenance and radial position factors affected ash and potassium contents. Also, acid insoluble ash and calcium contents showed a provenance factor effect. The barks obtained from the tree samples contained the highest concentrations of ash content and most of the elements. The wood and bark of El-Arish provenance showed the lowest (0.50~0.72%) and highest levels (4.75%) of ash content respectively. Furthermore, the highest amount of insoluble acid ash (3075 ppm) and calcium (4513 ppm) content was also measured in samples of El-Arish provenance, and radial position factor was a significant source of variation for Ca, Mg, Na, and Mn concentrations. Except Mg, the inner and outer portions of the heartwood mostly showed no significant difference in unprecedented element concentrations. Ash content was positively correlated with Ca in sapwood (r=0.39) and Mn in bark (r=0.54). In addition, moderate correlations were observed between Mg and Ca in heartwood (r=0.63) and bark (r=0.54) tissues. For ash and silica content, the comparatively low concentration on samples from El-Arish provenance are good options to improve wood quality for breeding programs.

Nutrient content and fatty acid profile of fermented shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) sausage

Cardiovascular disease affects the heart or blood vessels and is preventable by feeding on functional food containing unsaturated fatty acids, such as shrimp. Fermentation increases the functional food value, such as shrimp, by breaking down complex compounds in carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, with enzymes and microorganisms. Hence, this research was aimed to determine the differences in the fatty acid and nutritional profiles of shrimp sausages in different fermentation duration. This was an experimental research with a randomized design in the form of three levels of fermentation duration, consisting of 24, 48, and 72 hrs, and without fermentation as a control, with three repetitions. The fermentation was carried out spontaneously using a salt concentration of 1.2%, at 50°C for 3 hrs, and then reduced to 35°C. Parameters measured were the fatty acid profile, moisture, ash, fat, protein, and carbohydrate. The fatty acid profile was presented descriptively, while the statistical analysis of nutritional values used the One-Way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, and continued with the post hoc examination. There are fifteen types of fatty acids in fermented shrimp sausage, and their values change during the fermentation process. The highest fatty acid group in the fermented shrimp sausage was polyunsaturated (36.28% w/w). There was a significant difference in the mean water and fat content with diverse duration (p≤0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the ash, protein, and carbohydrate content with different duration (p≥0.05). The duration of the fermentation process affects the fatty acids level and nutritional value of fermented shrimp sausage. The longer the fermentation process duration, the higher the fatty acid levels and the lower the water content, ash, and protein.

Effect Of The Application Of Different Cooking Periods On The Physicochemical Properties And Microbial Safety Of Hot Pepper Sauce

Hot pepper sauce is a frequently used product in most Ghanaian homes, schools, and restaurants, which occasionally serves as condiments. The cooking period during the production process of hot pepper sauce results in physicochemical changes, which affect the quality and safety of the sauce. The study seeks to determine the effect of the application of different cooking times on the physicochemical properties and microbial safety of hot pepper sauce. The cooking periods were 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, and 1 hour for samples A, B, C, and D. Standard physicochemical and microbiological techniques were employed in the various analysis. Sample D (1 hour cooked) recorded the least moisture and ash content, insoluble acid ash, and a statistically significant acid value (P<0.5) to the other samples (A, B, and C). The total viable count assay indicated anaerobic microorganisms in all the samples assessed, with sample D exhibiting very few microbial populations compared to the others. Staphylococcus species were detected in samples A and B only but undetected in samples C and D. Also, total coliform and Clostridium perfringens were unobserved in any of the samples. Generally, sample D had the best overall acceptability rate, with sample A having the least. This study, therefore, supports the patronization of the hour-cooked hot pepper sauce (sample D) with greater quality, longer shelf-life, and safety.

Effective building mixtures based on hemihydrate plaster and highly dispersed mineral fillers

The work was aimed at developing a gypsum dry construction mixture with highly dispersed fillers based on industrial waste for interior decoration. The problem of creating effective gypsum materials was solved by improving the structural, physical and mechanical properties of gypsum stone by modifying it with highly dispersed fillers. The effect was achieved by creating a multicomponent composition based on hemihydrate plaster. The proposed work is aimed at developing a gypsum dry construction mixture with highly dispersed fillers for interior decoration of buildings. Dry construction mixes based on gypsum binder are one of the most relevant materials on the building supplies market. They meet the most important aspects from the standpoint of efficiency and safety - environmental, fire and others. However, the problem of ensuring high performance properties requires a solution. In this work, the problem is solved by improving the structural, physical and mechanical properties of gypsum stone by modifying it with highly dispersed fillers. The effect was achieved by creating a multicomponent composition based on plaster. Additionally, the problem of environmental protection is being solved, since secondary products were used as fillers - waste from the production of basalt products and thermal power plants. They differ in the required grain and chemical composition. Acid ash was used. Basalt and acid ash particles have a mechanical effect on the structure of the gypsum stone and influence the processes of structure formation of the gypsum stone. They change the morphology of gypsum crystals. This improves the mechanical strength, the average density of the modified gypsum stone and other physical and mechanical characteristics.