Acharya Nagarjuna University Research Articles

A Study on Information Literacy among the Postgraduate Students and Research Scholars of Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

Information literacy encompasses a range of abilities that enable individuals to recognize the necessity for information, effectively locate and evaluate it, and utilize it efficiently. It is competency that equips individuals with the necessary understanding of information, its characteristics, and the various formats in which it is available. This includes the skills to discern relevant information from irrelevant sources and an ethical approach to consuming and disseminating information. In this study, the information literacy skills of postgraduate students and research scholars at Nagarjuna University were evaluated using a standardized questionnaire. The findings revealed that these groups encounter challenges when attempting to access required information. Additionally, it highlighted the need for them to enhance their proficiency in utilizing electronic resources effectively.

Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Quantitative Estimation of Tofacitinib in Tofacitinib Tablets Dosage Form

Aim: The main intention of the research work is to develop an effective, sensitive, economical and uncomplicated reverse phase HPLC technique for the estimation of Tofacitinib in Tofacitinib tablets dosage form.
 Study Design: HPLC based quantification studies.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, between August 2022 and November 2022.
 Methodology: Estimation of Tofacitinib in Tofacitinib tablets dosage form. The separation was achieved by using a stationary phase Kromasil C18 (150 x 4.6 mm, 5µ) and the mobile phase consisted of pH 4.0 phosphate buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio of (80:20 volume/volume). The flow rate was 1.5 mL/min. Tofacitinib was detected using UV detector at the wavelength of 215 nm. Column temperature 25°C and sample temperature 25°C and injection volume 20µL, run time was 20 minutes.
 Results: As there is no meddling between blank and placebo at the retention time of Tofacitinib. Degradation study results were shown significant degradation was observed in alkali (base) stress condition. Hence it can be concluded that Tofacitinib is sensitive to alkali. To obtain system exactitude, a study was conducted with six replicate injections. %RSD was estimated from the peak areas of Tofacitinib found to be 0.16% respectively. The relative standard deviation for method exactitude was found to be 5 mg and 10 mg is 0.26% and 0.75%. The proposed HPLC technique was linear over the range of 24.88-74.64 µg/mL, the correlation coefficient was found to be 1.0000. The accuracy studies were shown as % recovery for Tofacitinib 50% to150% level. The limit of % recovered shown is in the range of 98 and 102% and the results obtained were found to be within the limits. Hence the method was found to be accurate. The solution stability of the standard and samples are stable upto 48 hrs on a bench top and refrigerator (2-8°C). The technique is robust for changes like flow rate, column oven temperature, pH variation and the organic phase of the mobile phase. Performed the filter validation for sample solution 0.45 µm PVDF filterers are suitable for filtration.
 The technique has authenticated as per ICH instructions and all the validation parameters are satisfy the ICH Q2 specification acceptance limits.
 Conclusion: The urbanized technique was validated for various parameters as per ICH guidelines like accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity, system suitability, solution stability and robustness. The results obtained were within the acceptance criteria. So, it can be concluded that the developed method is simple, precise, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and safe and can be successfully employed for the routine analysis of Tofacitinib in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Determination of Genotoxic Impurities N-nitrosamine's in Efavirenz Drug Substance Using Rp-Hplc Technique

Aim: The main purpose of the research is to develop a effective, sensitive, economical and simple reverse phase HPLC method for the determination of genotoxic N-Nitrosamine's impurities in Efavirenz drug substance.
 Study Design: HPLC based quantification studies
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh between April 2022 and August 2022.
 Methodology: Determination of genotoxic N-Nitrosamine's in Efavirenz drug substance. N-Nitrosamine's impurities were determined by RP-HPLC method using Zorbax SB C18 (150x4.6mm, 3.5µ) column as stationary phase. Column temperature maintained 25°C, injection volume 20 µL, flow rate 1.0 mL/min and sample cooler temperature 5°C and run time was 15 minutes. The mixture of 0.1% formic acid buffer and methanol in the ratio of 50:950 (v/v) was used as mobile phase. wavelength 240 nm. respectively.
 Results: There is no interference of blank at N-Nitrosamine's impurities peaks. The elution order and the retention times of impurities and Efavirenz obtained from individual standard preparations and mixed standard preparations are comparable.
 The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for NDMA 0.03 & 0.09 µg/mL, NDEA 0.02 & 0.06 µg/mL and NDIPA 0.03 & 0.09 µg/mL respectively.
 The linearity results for N-Nitrosamine's impurities in the specified concentration range are found satisfactory, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99.Calibration curve was plotted and correlation co-efficient for impurities found to be 1.000, 1.000 and 1.000 respectively.
 The accuracy studies were shown as %recovery for N-Nitrosamine's impurities at specification level. The limit of % recovered shown is in the range of 80 and 120% and the results obtained were found to be within the limits. Hence the method was found to be accurate.
 The technique has been validated in accordance with ICH rules, and all validation parameters meet the acceptance criteria of the ICH Q2 specification.
 Conclusion: According to ICH guidelines, an RP-HPLC method that can assess genotoxic Nitrosoamines in Efavirenz at trace level concentration has been established. The method's specificity, precision, linearity, and accuracy ensured its efficacy. As a result, the technique is appropriate for the goals it was designed to achieve and can be successfully used for release testing of efavirenz into the market.

Comprehensive study of heavy metal pollution in surface water of Guntur region of Andra Pradesh

The Water pollution is known of as the apperence of undesirable elements that are introduced into a natural water supply by human activity, changing its physical, chemical, or biological properties. The present study was conducted in the Guntur region of Andra Pradesh. The surface water samples were assembled from ten sample stations and analyzed for their heavy metal content by atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). The acquired values were also compared to permissible limits. Magnesium and lead were detected in the surface water collected from all 10 sample stations. However, June 2019 surface water collection showed significantly (p<0.001) amount of magnesium as compared to other seasons collections. Sample stations 2, 6, 7 and 8 showed maximum concentration (>0.2ppm) of lead during December 17, June 18, June 19 and June 18, respectively. Selenium was detected in the surface water collected during four intervals from all sample stations except sample station 7. Arsenic was detected in the surface water collected from sample stations 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9. However, maximum concentration of both the elements was detected in the surface water collected from sample station 3 as compared to remaining sample stations. The Bandarupalle sample station showed presence of copper, nickel, chromium, iron, manganese, cadmium, mercury and molybdenum. The Tadikonda sample station showed copper, nickel, chromium, zinc, iron, and mercury. Mangalagiri and Mutluru sample station showed copper, cobalt, nickel, chromium, zinc, iron, manganese, cadmium, mercury and molybdenum in surface water which were found to be maximum polluted stations. The Chebrolu showed presence of all above elements except manganese. The Rompicherla and Guntur sample station surface water showed presence of all the above mentioned elements except copper and cadmium. Pedda Vadlapudi surface water detected nickel, chromium, zinc, iron, manganese, cadmium, and mercury. The Macherla showed presence of nickel, chromium, iron, cadmium, mercury and molybdenum. Acharya Nagarjuna University showed cobalt, nickel, chromium, iron, manganese, cadmium, and molybdenum in the surface water. Lead, arsenic, selenium, chromium and mercury were found to be above permissible limits in the surface water.

Development &amp; Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Quantitative Estimation of Dasatinib and its Impurities in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

Aim: The primary objective of the research work is to develop a effective, sensitive, economical and simple reverse phase HPLC method for the separation and quantification of Dasatinib and its impurities are described in tablet formulations.&#x0D; Study Design: HPLC based quantification studies.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh between April 2021 and August 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: Separation and quantification of Dasatinib and its impurities are done by using an Inertsil ODS-3V, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5µm and the mobile phase consists of two Channels A and B. Channel-A: pH 5.80 phosphate buffer : acetonitrile (90:10 v/v) and Channel-B: acetonitrile : water (90:10 v/v). The flow rate is 1.0 ml/min. The column temperature was maintained at 25°C and sample temperature was maintained at 25°C, injection volume 10 µL and wavelength fixed at 320nm UV-detection.&#x0D; Results: There is no interference of diluent and placebo at Dasatinib and impurities peaks. The elution order and the retention times of impurities and Dasatinib obtained from individual standard preparations and mixed standard preparations are comparable.&#x0D; The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for Dasatinib standard 0.147&amp;0.048 µg/mL, impurity-A 0.334&amp;0.110 µg/mL, impurity-C 0.184&amp;0.061 µg/mL, impurity-D 0.136&amp;0.045 µg/mL, impurity-E 0.089&amp;0.029 µg/mL and impurity-F 0.222 &amp; 0.073 µg/mL respectively.&#x0D; The linearity results for Dasatinib and all the impurities in the specified concentration range are found satisfactory, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99.Calibration curve was plotted and correlation co-efficient for Dasatinib and its impurities found to be 1.000, 0.9999, 0.9912, 1.000, 0.9932 and 0.9922 respectively.&#x0D; The accuracy studies were shown as % recovery for Dasatinib and its impurities at specification level. The limit of % recovered shown is in the range of 80 and 120% and the results obtained were found to be within the limits. Hence the method was found to be accurate.&#x0D; The method has validated as per ICH guidelines and all the validation parameters are satisfy the ICH Q2 specification acceptance limits&#x0D; Conclusion: The developed LC method was validated with respect to specificity, precision, linearity, ruggedness and robustness. Therefore this method has high probability to adopt in pharmaceutical industry for regular analysis of Dasatinib tablet formulations.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles from Stem Bark Extract of Cordia dichotoma G. Forst and Evaluation of their Antioxidant and Antibacterial activities Articles

Pharmacognosy Research,2021,13,3,158-164.DOI:10.5530/pres.13.3.8Published:June 2021Type:Original ArticleAuthors:Gone Swapna, and Bhattiprolu Kesava Rao Author(s) affiliations:Gone Swapna, Bhattiprolu Kesava Rao* Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA Abstract:Background: There is a lack of scientific evidence for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using stem bark extract of medicinal plant Cordia dichotoma and its potential therapeutic applications. Objectives: In our present study we contemplated using Cordia dichotoma extract for fabricating AgNPs and to analyze their potential applications as antioxidant and biocidal agents. Materials and Methods: AgNPs were fabricated by bio reduction of silver nitrate solution with bark extract of Cordia dichotoma. The fabricated AgNPs were characterized using U.V visible, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDAX, particle size analyzer, and zeta potential. Further, evaluated for their potential antioxidant activity and compared with the crude extract of Cordia dichotoma and with standard ascorbic acid. The antibacterial activity was performed against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Results: The AgNPs were synthesized and UV spectra showed maximum absorbance at 430nm, which is the characteristic feature of AgNPs. The XRD peaks at (111), (220), and (311) indicate the existence of silver with a crystalline structure. The FT-IR spectra in the range of 1516 to 1634 cm−1 reflected the presence of phenol groups which acted as the capping agents for synthesized AgNPs. The SEM images confirmed the spherical structure of AgNPs that formed aggregates with phytochemicals and appeared as composites. The average size of AgNPs is 39.8nm and exhibited good stability as evident from the zeta potential value of -33. Conclusion: Phytomediated eco-friendly synthesized and structurally characterized AgNPs can act as antioxidants and exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) pathogenic bacteria. Keywords:Antibacterials, Antioxidants, Cordia dichotoma, Silver nanoparticlesView:PDF (1.18 MB)

GC-MS Analysis and Wound Healing Efficiency of Ethanolic Leaves Extract of Cassia occidentalis and Pithecellobium dulce in Wistar Albino Rats: Comparative Study

Aim: To identify and compare the bioactive compounds in the ethanolic leaves extracts of Cassia occidentalis and Pithecellobium dulce and to evaluate the wound healing efficiency in Wistar Albino rats.&#x0D; Study Design: The leaves ethanolic extracts was analysed by GC-MS and the extract was prepared in the form of a cream by ethanolic leaves extracts of C. occidentalis and P. dulce at 5% (w/v), 10% (w/v), and also in combination, a simple ointment base was developed with a composition of (1:1) Topical application of 5% (w/v) and 10% (w/v) was utilised in excision wound models. For excision wound models, the treatment duration was ten days. The day on which the wound was inflicted was designated as day '0'. Wound healing Activity: Excision wound Model: The animals were randomly separated into eight groups of six rats each: Group I: Control.; Group II: Standard group, treated with Framycetin sulfate cream (Soframycin, Aventis);. Group III: Treated with ethanolic extract of C. occidentalis (ELCO) (5% w/v); Group IV: Treated with ethanolic extract of C. occidentalis (ELCO) (10% w/v);Group V: Treated with ethanolic extract of P. dulce (ELPD)(5% w/v); Group VI: Treated with ethanolic extract of P. dulce (ELPD) (10 % w/v);Group VII: Treated with ethanolic extract of C. occidentalis and P. dulce (ELCO &amp; ELPD 1:1) (5% w/v); Group VIII: Treated with ethanolic extract of C. occidentalis and P. dulce (ELCO &amp; ELPD 1:1) (10 % w/v) till complete epithelization. Next dead space wound model and histology was studied.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The GC-MS was carried out at Lab in Chennai. The extraction procedures were done at Department of Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur and treatment of wound healing activities were conducted at Ratnam Institute of Pharmacy in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India, and housed in the Department of Pharmacology between October to January 2016.&#x0D; Methodology: To study bioactive compounds, GC-MS was adopted, for wound healing activity: Excision wound Model, Dead space wound model and histology procedures was applied.&#x0D; Results: In the current study, ethanol leaves extract (EL) of Cassia occidentalis and Pithecellobium dulce were compared using GC-MS and their wound healing efficacy in wistar rats was examined. The GC-MS analysis of EL from both plants revealed 14-16 distinct bioactive phytochemical components with varying molecular weights and retention duration (RT). Excision and dead space wound models were utilised to assess the wound healing activities of EL extracts on rats. Wound concentration, full epithelialzation time, granulation, tissue weight, and hydroxyproline content were used to measure healing. In the excision wound model, the standard group (Framycetin sulphate cream) and group-VII (10% w/v; 1:1) combination EL treatment exhibited 98.5 ± 0.54 % and 98.4 ± 0.46 % wound healing activity, respectively. When compared to the control, the granulation tissue weight and hydroxyproline content in the dead space wound rose considerably. Histological examination revealed fewer inflammatory cells and more collagen, indicating a role in accelerating wound healing activity.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of our investigation indicate unequivocally that ethanolic leaf extracts of these plant species are effective at encouraging wound healing. The 10% (ELCO+ELPD) tropical treatment drastically reduced the wound as compared to standard and also increased granulation and hydroxyproline content. However, it requires more clinical examination before being considered for wound therapy.

RP-HPLC Method for Quantification of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate Drug Substance and Tablet Dosage Form

Aim: The primary objective of the research work is to develop a effective, sensitive, economical and simple reverse phase HPLC method to estimate Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate in its pure and binary mixture of tablets.&#x0D; Study Design: HPLC based Quantification Studies.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: 1Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University,Guntur, Andhra Pradesh between April 2019 and August 2020.&#x0D; Methodology: Separation of the analytes were done by using Eclipse XDB-Phenyl (250 x 4.6mm, 5µ,100 A0) column and a mobile phase ratio of 30:10:70 percentage of 0.1% trifluoro acetic acid: acetonitile: methanol at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The injected standard and sample solutions were detected 260nm wavelength.&#x0D; Results: The retention time of Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate were found at 2.3min and 2.8 min respectively. The method has good linearity range about 50 to 150µg/ml of Emtricitabine and 6.5 to 19.5 µg/ml of tenofovir alafenamide fumarate. The method has validated as per ICH guidelines and all the validation parameterwere satisfy the ICH Q2 specification acceptance limits&#x0D; Conclusion: The developed method said to be highly sensitive, accurate, specific and robust, therefore this method has high probability to adopt in pharmaceutical industry for regular analysis of Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide.

Retraction Note: Antimalarial efficacy of Pongamia pinnata (L) Pierre against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain) and Plasmodium berghei (ANKA)

The objective of the current study was to assess the in vitro antiplasmodial activities of leaf, bark, flower, and the root of Pongamia pinnata against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain), cytotoxicity against Brine shrimp larvae and THP-1 cell line. For in vivo study, the plant extract which has shown potent in vitro antimalarial activity was tested against Plasmodium berghei (ANKA strain). The plant Pongamia pinnata was collected from the herbal garden of Acharya Nagarjuna University of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Sequentially crude extracts of methanol (polar), chloroform (non-polar), hexane (non-polar), ethyl acetate (non-polar) and aqueous (polar) of dried leaves, bark, flowers and roots of Pongamia pinnata were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were screened for in vitro antimalarial activity against P. falciparum 3D7 strain. The cytotoxicity studies of crude extracts were conducted against Brine shrimp larvae and THP-1 cell line. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts was carried out by following the standard methods. The chemical injury to erythrocytes due to the plant extracts was checked. The in vivo study was conducted on P. berghei (ANKA) infected BALB/c albino mice by following 4-Day Suppressive, Repository, and Curative tests. Out of all the tested extracts, the methanol extract of the bark of Pongamia pinnata had shown an IC50 value of 11.67 μg/mL with potent in vitro antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that this extract was not toxic against Brine shrimp and THP-1 cells. The injury to erythrocytes analysis had not shown any morphological alterations and damage to the erythrocytes after 48 h of incubation. Because methanolic bark extract of Pongamia pinnata has shown good antimalarial activity in vitro, it was also tested in vivo. So the extract had exhibited an excellent activity against P. berghei malaria parasite while decrement of parasite counts was moderately low and dose-dependent (P < 0.05) when compared to the control groups, which shown a daily increase of parasitemia, unlike the CQ-treated groups. The highest concentration of the extract (1000 mg/kg b.wt./day) had shown 83.90, 87.47 and 94.67% of chemo-suppression during Suppressive, Repository, and Curative tests respectively which is almost nearer to the standard drug Chloroquine (5 mg/kg b.wt./day). Thus, the study has revealed that the methanolic bark extract had shown promisingly high ((P < 0.05) and dose-dependent chemo-suppression. The phytochemical screening of the crude extracts had shown the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, tannins, carbohydrates, phenols, coumarins, saponins, phlobatannins and steroids. The present study is useful to develop new antimalarial drugs in the scenario of the growing resistance to the existing antimalarials. Thus, additional research is needed to characterize the bioactive molecules of the extracts of Pongamia pinnata that are responsible for inhibition of malaria parasite.

Developing Communication Skills Through Motivation Among Acharya Nagarjuna University Students

The present study analyses and determines various orientations of Acharya Nagarjuna University students for learning English. The descriptive and correlational approaches were used to investigate the participants’ motivations. The researcher adapted questionnaires available from the literature to quantitatively collect data. The results show that university students are highly motivated to learn English and therefore, it suggests that motivation is an important variable that shapes learners' idea about English language learning. The results also show that students of different gender and majors had different perspectives about English learning. The conclusions and recommendations of the present study provide platform for future investigations into EFL learners’ motivation in other areas of India with regional medium students or in similar settings in ESL speaking countries to find out differences in students' orientations.

Analysis of Aerobic Power and Swing Characteristics in Young Male Race Walkers

Economical walking is defined by the steady state of oxygen consumption with top speed and technique in competition is one of the most important factors to achieve higher performance for Pedestrians. The technique of race walking which is defined by World Athletics race walking competitions rules 230.54.2 not a naturally obtained human skill as normal walking and running of childhood. The purpose of the study was to analyze the association and relation of race velocity with aerobic capacity and kinematic properties. Top 10 race walkers of 10000m race walk discipline (Men- U 20), from 33^rd National Junior Athletic Championships, Nov, 2017 held at Acharya Nagarjuna University, Vijaywada, A. P. India were digitized as the subject. For kinematic analysis, athletes were recorded as they passed through halfway 4.55 KM at back straight on the 400 m track by using two standard digital HD camcorders (Nikon B700, 60Hz) mounted on rigid tripods 90° angle 4 m away from the track inside & outside where reference volume was 5 m long and 1.5 m high. Whereas to measure Vo₂ Max athletes’ performance were taken as they passed through 1.5 miles or 2414.02 m on the track. The video data were analyzed by using motion analysis software (KINOVEA). Descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficient (<i>p</i><0.05) were employed for statistical calculation. The tabulation of data was done by using the IBM SPSS software. The result of the study showed that the correlation between race performance and VO₂ max was quite high, r (8df) = 0.726. A Strong relationship was found between step length and RW performance, i.e. r (8df) = 0.689. Whereas variables like, flight time, linearity, maximum knee and foot height of swing leg were positively correlated with the walking performance. A high degree positive association was located in the torso and pelvic displacement r = 0.768 & 0.804 respectively. In toe off phase “r” value of knee angle with performance was 0.742 that showed a high degree coefficient of correlation. Whereas at heel contact and mid stance phase a low degree negative correlation found (r = -0.489& -0.406). Most of the calculated “r” values were significant as the critical value of 8 df at 0.05 level is 0.631. Due to the direct association of race walking velocity (Mean = 3.427 m/s & SD = 0.235) with VO₂ max, step length, knee angle, torso & pelvic displacement may be this type of result found indifferent phases. Race walking performance was positively associated with the race walking economy (kinematic and physiologic variables), which implies that the fastest race walkers were more economical than the lesser performers. In relation to RW technique and forward propulsion, displacement of torso and pelvic region observed a significant role.

Kinematic Analysis of Support Phase Characteristics in Women Race Walking

Race walking requires a great deal of effort to compete successfully which includes a unique combination of technique, extreme physical exertion and mental focus. Unlike running, race walking is composed by support phase (heel strike, mid-stance and toe off) and swing phase. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between different kinematic characteristics of support phase during race walking and walking velocity. The rules of race walking demand that no visible flight time should occur and the stance leg must be straightened from initial contact to midstance. Previous research has not examined whether these rules also have an effect on walking performance and what consequences might arise. Top ten (U-20 Girls) finishers of 10000m race walk discipline, 33^rd National Junior Athletic Championships, 2017 held at Acharya Nagarjuna University, Vijaywada, A. P. India were recorded by using two Nikon digital 4K camcorders (60 Hz) mounted on rigid tripods were placed alongside of the course at approximately 90° to the plane of motion. The junior athletes were analyzed by using motion analysis software (KINOVEA 0.8.27). Descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficient (p<0.05) were employed for statistical calculation. The tabulation of data was done by using the IBM SPSS 25 software. The result of the study revealed that, women athlete’s performance were affected by the long contact phase duration (Mean=0.33 s (±) 0.05). This factor relativity creates hindrances in propulsive phase. A negative association (r= -0.49) found between contact time and average speed. As expected, due to the technical rules of this discipline knee angel at heel contact is significantly correlated with velocity as the calculated r value was 0.709* (Critical value at 8 df r = 0.632). Whereas, at mid stance phase a negative correlation found between knee angle and walking performance that sketch a hyper extended knee. However, a positive linear relationship found in variables like, hip angle, elbow angle at heel contact and mid stance phase with walking velocity. But, a less economical technique observed in toe off phase for almost every variable as those were negatively associated with mean speed, and so a balance between those fundamental techniques of support phase variables is advisable. The race walkers had shorter swing times, longer contact times, and smaller maximum knee flexion angles (152° ± 7.32) than the distance runners. The smaller knee flexion angles in race walkers meant they experienced greater swing leg moment of inertia than the distance runners.

Health Problems in University Students - A Case Study

Health problems are common among male and female students. The present study was aimed to examine the seasonal, allergy, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and other health problems among the Arts and Science students of Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. The study found that a high percent of Science students have health problems compared to Arts students. 13.71 % of Science students have seasonal health problems, 5.65% have allergy, 6.05 % have IBS and 9.27% have other than these problems. In the case of Arts students the percentages are 3.75, 1.50, 1.22 and 1.50 respectively. It is also observed that seasonal problems are high among the university students compared to remaining problems. The study concluded that the health problems are high in female than male students.

Use of E-Sources by the Students of Acharya Nagarjuna University Engineering College: A Survey

The present study aims to examine the use of e-resources by the students of Acharya Nagarjuna University Engineering College. Data was collected from a random sample of 500 students of Acharya Nagarjuna University Engineering College out of 1200 students. Among them, 298 were male students and 202 are female students. A questionnaire tool was used for collecting data. SPSS was used to analyze the data. Data was analysed with regard to the purpose of visiting the library, Internet facility, types of e-sources used, problems faced in using e-sources, satisfaction with photocopying facility, and orientation programme about e-sources. The majority of the students (98.2%) know that their engineering college has a digital library. A few significant differences were found between the responses of male and female students with regard to the various aspects of electronic sources. Finally, recommendations have been made to improve electronic sources in College Library.

A Study on Engineering College Libraries in Digital Environment in Acharya Nagarjuna University Area of Andhra Pradesh

A Study on Engineering College Libraries in Digital Environment in Acharya Nagarjuna University Area of Andhra Pradesh

CULTURAL CONDITIONS DURING IKSHVAKUS OF VIJAYAPURI.

10Oct 2018 CULTURAL CONDITIONS DURING IKSHVAKUS OF VIJAYAPURI. Balusupati Hari Krishna. Research Scholar Department of History and Archaeology Acharya Nagarjuna University.

IMPACT OF RACISM ON IDENTITY AND SOCIAL IN RICHARD WRIGHT’s NATIVE SON AND BLACK BOY.

10Sep 2017 IMPACT OF RACISM ON IDENTITY AND SOCIAL IN RICHARD WRIGHT?s NATIVE SON AND BLACK BOY. Mutaz Tarik Shakir And G.Chenna Reddy Research Scholar (PhD),Department of English, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, AP, India. Assistant Professor and Research Director, Department of English, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, AP, India.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Antimalarial efficacy of Pongamia pinnata (L) Pierre against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain) and Plasmodium berghei (ANKA)

BackgroundThe objective of the current study was to assess the in vitro antiplasmodial activities of leaf, bark, flower, and the root of Pongamia pinnata against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain), cytotoxicity against Brine shrimp larvae and THP-1 cell line. For in vivo study, the plant extract which has shown potent in vitro antimalarial activity was tested against Plasmodium berghei (ANKA strain).MethodsThe plant Pongamia pinnata was collected from the herbal garden of Acharya Nagarjuna University of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Sequentially crude extracts of methanol (polar), chloroform (non-polar), hexane (non-polar), ethyl acetate (non-polar) and aqueous (polar) of dried leaves, bark, flowers and roots of Pongamia pinnata were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were screened for in vitro antimalarial activity against P. falciparum 3D7 strain. The cytotoxicity studies of crude extracts were conducted against Brine shrimp larvae and THP-1 cell line. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts was carried out by following the standard methods. The chemical injury to erythrocytes due to the plant extracts was checked. The in vivo study was conducted on P. berghei (ANKA) infected BALB/c albino mice by following 4-Day Suppressive, Repository, and Curative tests.ResultsOut of all the tested extracts, the methanol extract of the bark of Pongamia pinnata had shown an IC50 value of 11.67 μg/mL with potent in vitro antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that this extract was not toxic against Brine shrimp and THP-1 cells. The injury to erythrocytes analysis had not shown any morphological alterations and damage to the erythrocytes after 48 h of incubation. Because methanolic bark extract of Pongamia pinnata has shown good antimalarial activity in vitro, it was also tested in vivo. So the extract had exhibited an excellent activity against P. berghei malaria parasite while decrement of parasite counts was moderately low and dose-dependent (P < 0.05) when compared to the control groups, which shown a daily increase of parasitemia, unlike the CQ-treated groups. The highest concentration of the extract (1000 mg/kg b.wt./day) had shown 83.90, 87.47 and 94.67% of chemo-suppression during Suppressive, Repository, and Curative tests respectively which is almost nearer to the standard drug Chloroquine (5 mg/kg b.wt./day). Thus, the study has revealed that the methanolic bark extract had shown promisingly high ((P < 0.05) and dose-dependent chemo-suppression. The phytochemical screening of the crude extracts had shown the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, tannins, carbohydrates, phenols, coumarins, saponins, phlobatannins and steroids.ConclusionsThe present study is useful to develop new antimalarial drugs in the scenario of the growing resistance to the existing antimalarials. Thus, additional research is needed to characterize the bioactive molecules of the extracts of Pongamia pinnata that are responsible for inhibition of malaria parasite.

A Study on Electronic Sources in Selected Engineering College Libraries in Acharya Nagarjuna University Area, Andhra Pradesh

Analysis of data collected from the librarians of seven selected engineering college librarians in Acharya Nagarjuna University area, Andhra Pradesh and 1300 users of the above librarians selected by random method using questionnaire reveals many findings with regard to adequacy of e-sources their utilization, their maintenance, the satisfaction of users with them, use of Internet facility and problems in using electronic sources. A few significant differences were found between the responses of students and faculty members of engineering colleges with regard to the various aspects of electronic sources. Finally a number of recommendations have been made to improve electronic sources in engineering college libraries.

Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Atazanavir and Cobicistat in Tablets

Aim: The aim of this study was to develop a stability indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous quantitative analysis of atazanavir and cobicistat in tablets. Place and Duration of Study: At Rainbow Pharma Training Lab, Kukatapally, Hyderabad, India and Department of chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, India in between October 2015 and February 2016. Methodology: Atazanavir and cobicistat was eluted on the Inertsil C8, 150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm analytical column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1 M ammonium acetate and methanol (50:50 v/v), pumped at 1.2 mL/min flow rate. The column was maintained at 30°C and 10 μl of the solutions were injected. UV detection was performed at 234 nm. According to ICH guidelines, the method was validated. Results: Under the optimized chromatographic conditions the retention times of atazanavir and cobicistat were 2.559 min and 3.576 min, respectively. Linearity was observed in the concentration range of 45-135 μg/mL for atazanavir and 22.5-67.5 μg/mL for cobicistat. The percent recovery and percent relative standard deviation for both the drugs were in the range of 99.311-100.342% and 0.290-0.401%, respectively. The results of forced degradation studies demonstrated the stability-indicating power of the method. Conclusion: The proposed method was found to be appropriate for the quality control of atazanavir and cobicistat hydrochloride simultaneously in a bulk drug as well as in a pharmaceutical dosage forms.