Reaction Of Alkynes Research Articles

Understanding the Carbyne Formation from C2H2 Complexes.

Nature chooses a high-valent tungsten center at the active site of the enzyme acetylene hydratase to facilitate acetylene hydration to acetaldehyde. However, the reactions of tungsten-coordinated acetylene are still not well understood, which prevents the development of sustainable bioinspired alkyne hydration catalysts. Here we report the reactivity of two bioinspired tungsten complexes with the acetylene ligand acting as a four-: [W(CO)(C2H2)(PymS)2] (1) and a two-electron donor: [WO(C2H2)(PymS)2] (3), with PMe3 as a nucleophile to simulate the enzyme's reactivity (PymS = 4-(trifluoromethyl)-6-methylpyrimidine-2-thiolate). In dichloromethane, compound 1 was found to react to the cationic carbyne [W≡CCH2PMe3(CO)(PMe3)2(PymS)]Cl (2-Cl) while 3 reacts to the vinyl compound [WO(CH═CHPMe3)(PMe3)3(PymS)]Cl (4-Cl). The formation of the latter follows the common rules applied to η2-alkyne complexes, whereas the carbyne formation was not expected due to the challenging 1,2-H shift. To understand these differences in behavior between seemingly similar acetylene complexes, stepwise addition of the nucleophile in various solvents was investigated by synthetic, spectroscopic, and computational approaches. In this manuscript, we describe that only a four-electron donor acetylene complex can react to the carbyne over the η1-vinyl intermediate and that 1,2-H shift can be assisted by an H-transfer reagent (in this case, the decoordinated PymS ligand). Furthermore, to favor the attack of PMe3 at W coordinated acetylene, the metal center needs to be electron-poor and crowded enough to prevent nucleophile coordination. Finally, the intricate role of the anionic PymS ligand in the vicinity of the first coordination sphere models the potential involvement of amino acid residues during acetylene transformations in AH.

Advancements in transition metal-catalyzed 1,2,3-triazole synthesis via azide–alkyne cycloaddition

Abstract 1,2,3-triazoles have emerged as important structural motifs in chemical biology, attracting increasing focus in recent years because of their wide range of uses. These compounds can be efficiently synthesized using click reactions. Its versatility makes it valuable in drug discovery and materials science. Significant advancements have been made in recent years in the process of making 1,2,3-triazoles, reflecting the growing curiosity and investment in the area of research. The catalytic performance of transition metals Cu, Ir, Rh, Ru, Ni, Pd, Au, Ag, and Zn, which were used as ligands and salts in the azide–alkyne cycloaddition method of 1,2,3-triazole synthesis, has been covered in this review. Cu-complexes and salts were found to be more effective for selective synthesis among all transition metals. Furthermore, it is determined that some azide–alkyne reactions are entirely catalytic in nature and cannot be carried out as such by switching transition metals.

Capsules for Automated Azide-Alkyne Click Reactions.

The development of an automated and reproducible process for copper-mediated click reactions of alkynes and azides into 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole products is described. This method utilizes prepacked capsules that contain all necessary reagents and materials for the reaction and purification processes. The reaction and product isolation steps are fully automated with no further user involvement, resulting in the triazole products in high purity. The effectiveness of capsule-based automated organic synthesis was further demonstrated by sequencing the automated synthesis of organic azides, followed by a second capsule for CuAAC with no intermediate purification.

Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triphospholenes, 1,2‐Diphosphetes, and Unsymmetric Phospholes by Rhodium‐catalyzed Cleavage of P−P Bonds and Addition to Alkynes

AbstractThe rhodium‐catalyzed addition reaction of cyclo‐(PPh)5 to alkynes in refluxing THF efficiently provide 1,2,3‐triphospholenes, in which the –PPh–PPh–PPh– group is transferred from cyclo‐(PPh)5 by the cleavage of P−P bonds. In refluxing chlorobenzene, the reactions are accompanied by the formation of 1,2‐diphosphetes. When the triphospholenes containing P−P bonds are reacted with reactive alkynes under rhodium‐catalyzed conditions, unsymmetric phospholes are obtained. The rhodium‐catalyzed reactions can be used to synthesize various phosphorus‐containing heterocycles with different numbers of phosphorus atoms.

Sequential Reactions of Acetylene with the Benzonitrile Radical Cation: New Insights into Structures and Rate Coefficients of the Covalent Ion Products.

Benzonitrile radical cations generated in ionizing environments such as solar nebulae and interstellar clouds can react with neutral molecules such as acetylene to form a variety of nitrogen-containing complex organics. Herein, we present results from mass-selected ion mobility experiments and coupled-cluster and DFT calculations for the sequential reactions of acetylene with the benzonitrile radical cation (C7NH5+•). The results reveal the formation of two covalently bonded adduct ions C9NH7+• and C11NH9+• with individual rate coefficients of 2.1(±0.4) × 10-11 cm3 s-1 and 1.1(±0.9) × 10-11 cm3 s-1, respectively measured at 334.5 K. The direct addition of acetylene onto the N atom of the benzonitrile cation results in the formation of a N-acetylene-benzonitrile+• radical cation with a calculated collision cross-section of 67.5 Å2 in perfect agreement with the measured cross-section of 67.5 Å2 of the C9NH7+• adduct. The measured collision cross-section of the second covalent adduct C11NH9+• (72.2 Å2) is also in excellent agreement with the calculated cross-section (71.2 Å2) of the lowest energy isomer of the C11NH9+• ion corresponding to the 2-phenylpyridine structure. The formation of the bicyclic 2-phenylpyridine radical cation is explained by the rapid conversion of the classical radical cation C11NH9+• into a distonic ion structure that can efficiently cyclize in an exothermic transformation to form the 2-phenylpyridine radical cation. This intriguing mechanism could explain the formation of N-containing complex organics in different regions of outer space. The current results are expected to have direct implications for the search for nitrogen-containing complex organics in space.

Palladium‐Catalyzed Four‐Component Carbonylation Reactions of Acetylene: Synthesis of β‐Perfluoroalkyl Acrylamides

AbstractThe simplest alkyne, acetylene, is a suitable C2 linker synthon that enables the connection of organic molecules with different functional groups. However, reactions of acetylene with advanced organic building blocks are much less explored compared to substituted alkynes. In this article, we present a straightforward palladium‐catalyzed four‐component carbonylation reaction with acetylene, CO, amines, and perfluoroalkyl halides that enables the preparation of various β‐perfluoroalkyl acrylamides in one step. This protocol also provides a new strategy for the late‐stage modification of bioactive molecules, as demonstrated by the construction of β‐perfluoroalkyl ibrutinib derivatives.

Asymmetric Büchner reaction and arene cyclopropanation via copper-catalyzed controllable cyclization of diynes

The asymmetric Büchner reaction and related arene cyclopropanations represent one type of the powerful methods for enantioselective dearomatization. However, examples of asymmetric Büchner reactions via a non-diazo approach are quite scarce, and the related arene cyclopropanation based on alkynes has not been reported. Herein, we disclose an asymmetric Büchner reaction and the related arene cyclopropanation by copper-catalyzed controllable cyclization of N-propargyl ynamides via vinyl cation intermediates, leading to chiral tricycle-fused cycloheptatrienes and benzonorcaradienes in high yields and enantioselectivities. Importantly, this protocol represents an asymmetric arene cyclopropanation reaction of alkynes and an asymmetric Büchner reaction based on vinyl cations.

Atomically precise Cu32 nanoclusters with selenide doping: Synthesis, bonding, and catalysis

AbstractCopper nanoclusters with stable compositions and precise structures have long been sought after, as they possess properties that are absent in gold and silver counterparts. However, the creation of copper nanoclusters with novel compositions, structures, and functionalities remains largely unexplored in the literature. In this study, we demonstrate that selenide doping is an effective method for fabricating stable copper nanostructures through controlled synthesis and structure determination of a copper–selenide nanocluster. The nanocluster of [Cu32Se7(BnSe)18(PPh3)6]+ (denoted as Cu32Se7, Bn is benzyl) has been prepared by reducing copper salts in the presence of organic diselenides. The atomic structure of the Cu32Se7 cluster, accurately determined through single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, reveals a core–shell arrangement of Cu20Se7@Cu12(BnSe)18(PPh3)6, where Se2− anions are well dispersed in the Cu20 framework. Notably, this cluster represents a rare example of copper–selenide semiconductor nanoclusters. Experimental and theoretical analysis shows strong interactions between Se ligands and metal atoms, resulting in high stability of the Cu32Se7 cluster. Furthermore, the cluster exhibits excellent catalytic performance in the hydroboration reaction of alkynes, producing a range of vinylboron compounds with adjustable structures and functions. Importantly, the cluster undergoes no structural or nuclearity changes during the reaction, as confirmed by extended X‐ray absorption fine structure and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies. This study not only presents a molecular cluster model highlighting the effectiveness of selenide dopants in fabricating new copper nanostructures but also paves the way for utilizing stable copper nanoclusters in diverse and exciting areas beyond catalysis.

Coumarin‐Tethered‐1,2,3‐Triazoles: Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial Evaluation, and DFT Studies

AbstractA new series of Coumarin‐tethered‐1,2,3‐triazoles (7a–i and 9a–f) were synthesized by the copper‐assisted 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of coumarin alkyne (5) with variedly substituted azides (6a–I and 8a–f). All the synthesized compounds were spectroscopically characterized and in vitro antimicrobial testing against a panel of bacterial and fungal strains was systematically carried out. The compounds bearing 3‐Cl (7b) and 2‐NO2 (7i) substituents which emerged as the most potent compounds of the series showed noticeable activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to explore the chemical reactivity and stability parameters of the compounds.

Catalytic Deprotection of Alkyne Dicobalt Hexacarbonyl Complexes using Near-Infrared Photocatalysis.

Dicobalt hexacarbonyl complexes are well-known for their applications in the Nicholas reaction or simply as a protecting group for alkynes. To recover the alkyne, demetalation is necessary, which usually involves a stoichiometric amount of an oxidizing agent or a strong ligand. This article reports a demetalation methodology based on a photocatalytic process. This approach employs a photocatalyst under aerobic conditions, and the optimal results were achieved using mild near-infrared irradiation. A mechanistic investigation is also presented to elucidate how the photocatalytic system promotes this deprotection. This tool is compatible with the one-pot reaction and orthogonal deprotection of alkynes, offering new perspectives for further applications.

Synergistic Homogeneous Asymmetric Cu Catalysis with Pd Nanoparticle Catalysis in Stereoselective Coupling of Alkynes with Aldimine Esters.

Understanding the nature of a transition-metal-catalyzed process, including catalyst evolution and the real active species, is rather challenging yet of great importance for the rational design and development of novel catalysts, and this is even more difficult for a bimetallic catalytic system. Pd(0)/carboxylic acid combined system-catalyzed allylic alkylation reaction of alkynes has been used as an atom-economical protocol for the synthesis of allylic products. However, the asymmetric version of this reaction is still rather limited, and the in-depth understanding of the nature of active Pd species is still elusive. Herein we report an enantioselective coupling between readily available aldimine esters and alkynes using a synergistic Cu/Pd catalyst system, affording a diverse set of α-quaternary allyl amino ester derivatives in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities. Mechanistic studies indicated that it is most likely a synergistic asymmetric molecular Cu catalysis with Pd nanoparticle catalysis. The Pd catalyst precursor is transformed to soluble Pd nanoparticles in situ, which are responsible for activating the alkyne to an electrophilic allylic Pd intermediate, while the chiral Cu complex of the aldimine ester enolate provides chiral induction and works in synergy with the Pd nanoparticles.

Microwave expedited Cu(I) catalyzed regioselective 1,2,3-triazoles as Mycobacterium Tuberculosis H37Rv inhibitors, in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, in silico studies

In the present study, an efficient and convenient synthesis of novel 1,2,3-triazoles (8i-t) incorporated quinoline and coumarin cores has been reported. Microwave-assisted Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azide and alkyne resulted in high yields (88–94 %) of the title compounds. Regioselective single-product formation both under conventional and microwave methods is the foremost supremacy of this work. All the molecules were subjected to in vitro antibacterial assessment wherein the compounds 8i, 8k, 8l, 8n, and 8r demonstrated very good antibacterial activity against other bacterial strains tested. Compounds 8i, 8k, 8l, 8n, 8o, 8q, and 8r demonstrated excellent antitubercular activity with MICs in the range 1.60–6.25 µg/mL in comparison to the standard drugs (Isoniazid-1.60 µg/mL, Ciprofloxacin-3.25 µg/mL, Pyrazinamide-6.25 µg/mL). Compounds 8i, 8n, and 8r also exhibited inhibitory effects against α-amylase and α-glucosidase and thus, also showed anti-diabetic activity. The significantly active compounds were subjected to molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies to study the putative binding pattern as well as the stability of the docked complexes, respectively. In silico ADME profiles of the titled compounds were also predicted to access the drug-likeness properties of the designed compounds. Titled compounds showed potential effectiveness as antibacterial and antidiabetic agents.

Hydromethylthiolation of alkynes via nucleophilic addition of dimethyl disulfide in DMSO

A hydromethylthiolation method for various alkynes has been developed using dimethyl disulfide as a source of the nucleophilic methylthiolate anion in a DMSO/EtOH or DMSO/H2O solvent system, with KOH as the base. For terminal aromatic alkynes, the reactions predominantly yield (Z)-anti-Markovnikov hydromethylthiolation products. The ratio of anti-Markovnikov to Markovnikov products typically exceeds 10:1, while the ratio of (Z)- to (E)-anti-Markovnikov products usually surpasses 7:1. In contrast, terminal aliphatic alkynes primarily produce Markovnikov hydromethylthiolation products. Reactions of internal aromatic alkynes also successfully produce the corresponding hydromethylthiolation products, whereas internal aliphatic alkynes do not exhibit reactivity in this system. The proposed mechanism suggests that in a basic DMSO solvent system, each equivalent of dimethyl disulfide is converted into two equivalents of methylthiolate anion. This anion then undergoes nucleophilic addition to the alkyne substrates, yielding hydromethylthiolation products. The regioselectivity and stereoselectivity of the hydromethylthiolation are influenced by the stability of the vinyl carbanion intermediate. Additionally, this method is also applicable to the hydrothiolation of alkynes using other disulfides.

Photoinduced Nickel-Catalyzed Homolytic C(sp3)-N Bond Activation of Isonitriles for Selective Carbo- and Hydro-Cyanation of Alkynes.

The exploration of strong chemical bonds as synthetic handles offers new disconnection strategies for the synthesis of functionalized molecules via transition metal catalysis. However, the slow oxidative addition rate of these covalent bonds to a transition metal center hampers their synthetic utility. Here, we report a C(sp3)-N bond activation strategy that bypasses thermodynamically challenging 2e- or 1e- oxidative addition via a distinct pathway in nickel catalysis. This strategy leverages a previously unknown activation pathway of photoinduced inner-sphere charge transfer of low-valent nickel(isonitriles), triggering a C(sp3)-N bond cleavage distal to the metal-ligand interaction to deliver nickel(cyanide) and versatile alkyl radicals. Utilizing this catalytic strategy, the selective intermolecular 1,2-carbocyanation reaction of alkynes with alkyl isonitriles as both alkylating and cyanating agents can be achieved, delivering a wide array of trisubstituted alkenyl nitriles with excellent atom-economy, regio-, and stereoselectivity under mild conditions. Furthermore, Markovnikov-selective hydrocyanation of aliphatic alkynes can be accomplished through the synergistic action of a photocatalyst utilizing isonitriles as the cyanation agents. Mechanistic investigations support the photogeneration of low-valent Ni(isonitrile) complexes that undergo photochemical homolysis of the C(sp3)-N bond to engage catalytic cyanation with alkynes.

Recent Progress in Metal‐Free Hydroacylation Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes

AbstractThe present review discusses the development of new metal‐free conditions for the hydroacylation of alkenes and alkynes under both thermal and photochemical conditions from 2018, and their application to the synthesis of various bioactive molecules over the past few years. The key point highlights the remarkable progress made by metal‐free catalytic systems in comparison to the conventional metal catalysts in the hydroacylation of alkenes, alkynes, and arenes. Both inter‐ and intramolecular hydroacylation reactions and their mechanistic pathways were discussed. The most current developments in the synthesis of several natural, pharmaceutical, and heterocyclic compounds using hydroacylation reactions have also been introduced.

Asymmetric α-Allylation of Amino Acid Esters with Alkynes Enabled by Chiral Aldehyde/Palladium Combined Catalysis.

A highly efficient, atom-economical α-allylation reaction of NH2-unprotected amino acid esters and alkynes is achieved by chiral aldehyde/palladium combined catalysis. A diverse range of α,α-disubstituted nonproteinogenic α-amino acid esters are produced in 31-92% yields and 84-97% ee values. The allylation products are utilized for the synthesis of drug molecule BMS561392 and other chiral molecules possessing complex structures. Mechanistic investigations reveal that this reaction proceeds via a chiral aldehyde-/palladium-mediated triple cascade catalytic cycle.

Theory of Magnetic Properties in Quantum Electrodynamics Environments: Application to Molecular Aromaticity.

In this work, we present ab initio cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) methods which include interactions with a static magnetic field and nuclear spin degrees of freedom using different treatments of the quantum electromagnetic field. We derive explicit expressions for QED-HF magnetizability, nuclear shielding, and spin-spin coupling tensors. We apply this theory to explore the influence of the cavity field on the magnetizability of saturated, unsaturated, and aromatic hydrocarbons, showing the effects of different polarization orientations and coupling strengths. We also examine how the cavity affects aromaticity descriptors, such as the nucleus-independent chemical shift and magnetizability exaltation. We employ these descriptors to study the trimerization reaction of acetylene to benzene. We show how the optical cavity induces modifications in the aromatic character of the transition state leading to variations in the activation energy of the reaction. Our findings shed light on the effects induced by the cavity on magnetic properties, especially in the context of aromatic molecules, providing valuable insights into understanding the interplay between the quantum electromagnetic field and molecules.

Divergent Reaction of Alkynes and TsCN: Synthesis of β-Sulfinyl Alkenylsulfones and (E)-Vinyl Sulfones.

An efficient and high-selectivity approach for the divergent synthesis of β-sulfinyl alkenylsulfones and (E)-vinyl sulfones from alkynes and TsCN is described. A series of disulfurized products were constructed under mild conditions in the absence of transition metals. This transformation featured excellent regio- and stereoselectivity, good functional group compatibility, and broad substrate scope. The copper(I)-catalyzed sulfonation of alkynes with TsCN that affords (E)-vinyl sulfones in good to excellent yields was also developed.

Photo-catalyzed dearomative coupling of benzylmalonates and alkynes with CO2 leading to spiro-1,4-cyclohexadiene carboxylic acids

A dearomative coupling reaction of benzylmalonates and alkynes with CO2via visible-light catalysis is developed, leading to a series of spiro-1,4-cyclohexadiene carboxylic acids. This three-component transformation achieves sequential dearomatization, alkenylation, and carboxylation of non-activated bezene ring, building spiro architecture and installing two functional groups in one reaction step. The strategy has the advantages of mild conditions, broad substrate scope, low loading of photocatalyst, redox neutral, excellent yield and high selectivity. Gram-scale reaction and product derivatizations indicate promising application prospects. Mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction might proceed through tandem radical addition, dearomatization and nucleophilic addition.

Recent Developments in C‐S, C‐Se Bond Formation via Three‐Component Reactions of Alkynes

Alkynes are valuable building blocks in organic synthesis. They can undergo three‐component difunctionalization to create sulfur or selenium‐containing compounds. Three‐component reactions of alkynes are atom economic, practical and regioselective. This review will disscuss decade developments, including C‐S and C‐Se bond formation via thiolation, sulfonylation and selenylation. Recent developments can be mainly categorized into three types. (1) Radical C‐S/S‐Se bond formation is a hot topic. Reactions initiated by S/Se radicals or other radicals exhibit two types of selectivities. Photochemical and electrochemical reactions under eco‐friendly conditions have been increasingly reported. (2) Some transformations involve electrophilic three‐membered ring intermediates. Thiiraniums, seleniraniums, and iodoniums are among the most prevalent species. They undergo ring‐opening by various nucleophiles and participate in tandem reactions. (3) Metal‐catalyzed reactions, a classic category, will also be discussed in the text. In the following section, we will provide an overview based on the mechanisms and substrates. The roles of added reagents will also be discussed.