Acetic Research Articles

Transnational economic development: Pakistani and Indian diaspora in focus

IntroductionType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often leads to elevated blood glucose levels and lipid metabolism disorder, which is generally accompanied by dysbiosis of gut microbiota and metabolic dysfunction.MethodIn this study, a mouse model of T2DM was established by feeding a high-fat/sucrose diet combined with injecting a low dose of streptozotocin. The aim of this study was to analyze the regulatory effect of Suaeda salsa extract (SSE) on T2DM and its effect on the intestinal flora of mice.ResultsThe results showed that SSE could significantly improve the body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), area under the curve (AUC) of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), glycosylated serum protein (GSP) and islet function index. Moreover, 4-week body weight, FBG, AUC of OGTT, GSP, as well as intestinal acetic and butyric acid were significantly better in the SSE-L than in the MET group (p < 0.05). In addition, it was also found that the potential hypoglycemic mechanism of SSE was related to the expression of Akt serine/threonine kinase (AKT-1) and glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) genes. Compared with the model group, SSE intervention significantly increased the abundance of probiotics, such as Soleaferrea, Alloprevotella, Lactobacillus and Faecalibaculum, while decreasing the relative abundance of harmful bacteria, such as Phocaeicola and Bilophila. Analysis of the correlation among intestinal microbiota, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the hypoglycemic index showed that Dwaynesavagella was significantly correlated with acetic, propionic and butyric acid, as well as all the diabetes-related indexes analyzed in this study.DiscussionThus, this taxon can potentially be used as a microbiological marker of type 2 diabetes. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that SSE can alleviate T2DM and its complications by improving glycemia-related indicators and modulating the structure of intestinal flora.

INTERACTION OF 4-(ALLYLOXY)-5,6-DIMETHYL-2-(THIOPHEN-2-YL)THIENO[2,3-d]PYRIMIDINE WITH TELLURIUM-CONTAINING ELECTROPHILIC REAGENTS

The chemistry of tellurium-containing electrophilic reagents remains less explored and studied compared to other chalcogen-containing electrophiles. This study investigates the interaction of tellurium tetrahalides and p-methoxyphenyltellurium trichloride with 4-(allyloxy)-5,6-dimethyl-2-(thiophen-2-yl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine. It was found that reactions with in situ generated tellurium tetrahalides in glacial acetic acid lead to the formation of adducts with a 1:1 composition of 4-(allyloxy)-5,6-dimethyl-2-(thiophen-2-yl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-tellurium tetrahalide, confirmed by ¹H NMR spectral data and elemental analysis. Reactions between 4-(allyloxy)-5,6-dimethyl-2-(thiophen-2-yl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine and p-methoxyphenyltellurium trichloride in glacial acetic acid also yielded adducts of an identical composition, indicating that substituting tellurium tetrachlorides with aryl tellurium trichloride does not alter the reaction’s outcome. Experimental data demonstrate that the nature of the electrophilic reagent does not affect the reaction path, enabling regioselective formation of 1:1 substrate-electrophile adducts.

Plant growth regulator optimization for improved rooting efficiency in golden kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.)

The advancement of the kiwifruit industry in South Africa (SA), necessitates the development of other kiwifruit cultivars to supplement the Actinidia deliciosa kiwifruit. However, rooting difficulties are often experienced without the use of plant growth regulators. The effect of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) alone and in combination with Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on rooting Actinidia chinensis stem cuttings was investigated. The study was conducted at Politsi Nursery, Tzaneen, Limpopo province of SA in 2021-22, mainly during winter months (May-August) for 120 days. In experiment 1, semi-hardwood stem cuttings were treated with 0 (control), 2500, 5000, 7500 and 10000 ppm IBA. In experiment 2, treatments comprised a combination of various IBA and a constant concentration of NAA, namely, 0 + 0 (control), 2500 + 1000, 5000 + 1000, 7500 + 1000 and 10000 + 1000 ppm, respectively. In experiment 1, the highest (90%) rooting percentage, highest dry root mass (0.45 g) and the longest (7.25 cm) root were obtained at 5000 ppm IBA. In experiment 2, the highest (80%) rooting percentage and number of roots (9.06) were observed at 7500 IBA + 1000 NAA ppm. In conclusion, the use of IBA alone proved its suitability for enhancing rooting percentage, dry root mass and longer root formation compared to IBA in combination with NAA.

Irrigation System-Inspired Open-/Closed-Pore Hybrid Porous Silicon-Carbon Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes.

Porous silicon-carbon (Si-C) nanocomposites exhibit high specific capacity and low electrode strain, positioning them as promising next-generation anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, nanoscale Si's poor dispersibility and severe interfacial side reactions historically hamper battery performance. Inspired by irrigation systems, this study employs a charge-driven Si dispersion and stepwise assembly strategy to fabricate an open-/closed-pore hybrid porous Si-C composite. Polydimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (PDDA) is used to functionalize Si nanoparticles, inducing strong electrostatic repulsion for uniform dispersion. Subsequently, the PDDA functional layer on Si nanoparticle surfaces facilitates the stepwise self-assembly of acetic acid and chitosan, resulting in Si nanoparticles encapsulated within closed pores during carbonization. Simultaneously, the PDDA functional layers transform into a graphene coating on the Si nanoparticles. Conversely, regions of homogeneous acetic acid/chitosan, distant from the PDDA-functionalized Si nanoparticles, form an open-pore structure. The dual shielding effect of closed carbon pores and the graphene coating effectively isolates Si from the electrolyte, preventing interfacial side reactions. Open carbon pores enhance electrolyte-active material contact, reducing Li+ transport distances. The resulting composite material (PDDA@Si/C) demonstrated excellent cycling stability and superior rate performance as a LIB anode.

Factors Affecting Visual Inspection Examination of Acetic Acid (IVA) in Couples of Childbearing Age in the Working Area of UPT. Puskesmas Mandala Medan Year 2024

Visual Inspection of Acetic Acid (IVA) is an early detection of cervical cancer, the decline in IVA Test examinations in 2022 is from 154 people to 61 people in January to June 2023, where in half a year in 2023 the achievement of IVA Test examinations does not reach 50% of IVA examinations Test in 2022. The aim of the research is to analyze the factors that influence the visual inspection of acetic acid (VIA) in couples of childbearing age in the work area of UPT.Puskesmas Mandala Medan in 2023. This research is a combination of quantitative and qualitative research. The population was 259 people and the sample was 972 people. Quantitative data analysis using the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression and qualitative data analysis. The results of this study show that 38 people did not carry out IVA examinations with the chi-square test results showing the variables age, education, employment, knowledge, attitudes, culture and husband's support. The results of the multiple logistic regression test show that the knowledge variable has the most influence on visual inspection of acetic acid in women of childbearing age. The conclusion of this research is that there is an influence of age, education, work, knowledge, attitudes, culture and husband's support with visual inspection of acetic acid (IVA) on couples of childbearing age in the working area of UPT. Mandala Health Center Medan in 2023. It is recommended that UPT Mandala Health Center increase participation in providing training to health workers and be able to promote the VIA examination program and should involve husbands so that they can be enthusiastic in the VIA examination program and it is better for door to door health workers in providing VIA education

The Effectiveness of Some Safety Compounds in Controlling Botrytis Neck Rot of Onion

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the major vegetable crops in Egypt that are damaged and lost by Botrytis neck rot. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of silica gel, acetic acid, fulvic acid and charcoal as protective agents against Botrytis allii under both in vitro and in greenhouse and field conditions. In vitro, the maximum disease reduction was observed by 1%, 0.8% and 0.5% acetic acid (73.7%, 63.7%, and 61.2%, respectively), followed by 2% of charcoal (52%) and 3% of silica gel (47.5%). In the greenhouse and field conditions, silica gel (3%) and acetic acid (1%) were the best treatments and were shown to inhibit the disease up to 85.7% in green house and up to 70.4% and 69% in field, respectively compared to untreated control, therefore, we considered that the two treatments would be suitable applications as a safe and cheap alternative to fungicides. Keywords: Onion; Botrytis neck rot; Silica gel; Acetic acid; Fulvic acid; Charcoal.

From Waste to Taste: Coffee By-Products as Starter Cultures for Sustainable Fermentation and Improved Coffee Quality

Utilizing coffee by-products in the fermentation process of coffee offers a sustainable strategy by repurposing agricultural waste and enhancing product quality. This study evaluates the effect of applying a starter culture, derived from coffee residues, on the dynamics of reducing and total sugars during coffee fermentation, as well as the composition of aromatic compounds, organic acids, and the sensory profile of coffee inoculated with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus), in comparison to a spontaneously fermented sample. Volatile compounds were identified and quantified using dynamic headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS/GC-MS), with predominant detection of 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl; 2-furanmethanol; and furfural—compounds associated with caramel, nut, and sweet aromas from the roasting process. A reduction in sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) occurred over the 36 h fermentation period. Lactic acid (2.79 g/L) was the predominant organic acid, followed by acetic acid (0.69 g/L). The application of the inoculum improved the sensory quality of the coffee, achieving a score of 86.6 in evaluations by Q-graders, compared to 84 for the control sample. Additionally, descriptors such as red apple, honey, and citrus were prominent, contributing to a uniform and balanced flavor profile. These findings indicate that controlled fermentation with starter cultures derived from coffee by-products enhances sustainability in coffee production. It achieves this by supporting a circular economy, reducing reliance on chemical additives, and improving product quality. This approach aligns with sustainable development goals by promoting environmental stewardship, economic viability, and social well-being within the coffee industry.

Unveiling the Role of β-Glucosidase Genes in Bletilla striata’s Secondary Metabolism: A Genome-Wide Analysis

β-glucosidases (BGLUs) are abundant enzymes in plants that play pivotal roles in cell wall modification, hormone signal transduction, secondary metabolism, defense against herbivores, and volatile compound release. Bletilla striata, a perennial herb revered for its therapeutic properties, lacks a comprehensive analysis of its BGLU gene family despite the critical role these genes play in plant secondary metabolism. This study aims to perform a genome-wide analysis of the BGLU gene family in B. striata (BsBGLU) to elucidate their functions and regulatory mechanisms in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. We conducted a genome-wide screening to identify BsBGLU, followed by phylogenetic analysis to classify these genes into groups. Sequence characteristics were analyzed to predict functional roles. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were examined to assess conservation and polymorphism among different landraces. Expression profiles of BsBGLUs were evaluated under sodium acetate and salicylic acid elicitor treatments and across different tissues. The accumulation of phylogenetic metabolites in different treatments and tissues was also analyzed by HPLC and LCMS detection to explore the correlation between gene expression and metabolite accumulation. A total of 23 BsBGLU genes were identified and classified into eight distinct groups. Sequence analysis suggested diverse functions related to hormone responses, secondary metabolism, and stress resistance. BsBGLUs with SSR sequences were conserved yet showed polymorphism among different B. striata landraces. Under elicitor treatments, expression profiling revealed that BsBGLUs significantly modulate the synthesis of secondary metabolites such as dactylorhin A and militarine. Tissue-specific expression analysis indicated that BsBGLU15 and BsBGLU28 were highly expressed in tubers compared to other tissues, suggesting their central role and a potential negative regulatory effect in metabolite accumulation. The elicitor NaAc can regulate metabolite synthesis by modulating the expression of BsBGLUs. The BsBGLU gene family in B. striata is integral to the modulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis and accumulation and can respond to elicitors to promote the synthesis of militarine. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the further exploration of BsBGLU gene functions and their regulatory mechanisms, advancing the production of medicinally active compounds in B. striata.

Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship Analysis of Benzimidazole Derivatives as Aldose Reductase Inhibitors

Hyperglycemia is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and macro-vascular disease via multiple mechanisms, of which increased aldose reductase activity. Aldose reductase inhibitors, when administered from the onset of hyperglycemia, prevent the progression of polyol accumulation–linked complication. In this work, we report quantitative structure activity relationship analysis performed on the Triazino[4,3-α]benzimidazole acetic acid derivatives as aldose reductase inhibitors. The molecular modeling study was performed by using the software BioMed CAChe 6.0 and the regression analysis by SYSTAT 10.2. Various physicochemical parameters belonging to different classes viz. hydrophobic, steric and electronic etc. were calculated. QSAR models were generated using 17 compounds. The model showed a good correlative and predictive ability having convention coefficient (r2) of 0.846 and cross-validated correlation coefficient (q2) of 0.6866 by LOO external validation method. Based on the developed QSAR model, it may be concluded that aldose reductase inhibition activity of benzimidazole acetic acid derivatives is strongly influenced by the thermodynamic and electronic nature of the substituents. QSAR model shows that LOGP, LUMO energy, and steric energy are negatively affecting the biological activity. For a molecule to have higher aldose reductase activity, compound should be less lipophilic and should have more electronegative groups or atoms than electropositive groups or atoms present in the compound.

Infant feces-derived Lactobacillus gasseri FWJL-4 mitigates experimental necrotizing enterocolitis via acetate production

ABSTRACT Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening disease in premature infants, characterized by high mortality. Recent studies increasingly highlight the role of gut dysbiosis in NEC pathogenesis. Although probiotics have shown some efficacy in preventing NEC, further research is needed to determine potential strains and approaches. In this study, we demonstrated that the novel probiotic strain Lactobacillus gasseri (L. gasseri) FWJL-4, isolated from the feces of healthy infants, significantly enhanced intestinal barrier function, providing substantial protection against NEC. This protective effect was attributed to elevated intestinal acetate levels. Notably, acetate supplementation alone was sufficient to mitigate NEC, mimicking the protective effects of L. gasseri FWJL-4. Mechanistically, we revealed that L. gasseri FWJL-4 inhibited necroptosis and preserved the number of the goblet cells and enterocytes through the production of the short-chain fatty acid acetate, via activation of the acetate receptors G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 41 and GPR43. Our findings suggest that L. gasseri FWJL-4 enhances intestinal barrier function to protect against NEC, underscoring the potential of probiotic manipulation as a promising strategy for NEC prevention.

Modification of Light-Cured Composition for Permanent Dental Fillings; Mass Stability of New Composites Containing Quinoline and Quinoxaline Derivatives in Solutions Simulating the Oral Cavity Environment

Billions of patients struggle with dental diseases every year. These mainly comprise caries and related diseases. This results in an extremely high demand for innovative, polymer composite filling materials that meet a number of dental requirements. The aim of the study was to modify the light-cured composition of permanent dental fillings by changing the composition of the liquid organic matrix. New photoinitiators (DQ1-DQ5) based on a quinoline or quinoxaline skeleton and a co-initiator-(phenylthio)acetic acid (PhTAA) were used. In addition, monomers that have been traditionally used in dental materials were replaced by trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). The neutral dental glass IDG functioned as an inorganic filler. The influence of the storage conditions of the developed composites in solutions simulating the natural oral environment during the consumption of different meals on sorption, solubility, and mass changes was assessed. For the tests, fifty-four cylindrical composite samples were prepared according to ISO 4049 guidelines and stored in different solutions. Distilled water, artificial saliva, heptane, 10% ethanol, and 3% acetic acid, as well as solutions containing pigments such as coffee, tea, red wine, and Coca-Cola, were used for the studies. The samples were stored in these solutions for 7, 14, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, and 63 days at 37 °C. The sorption, solubility, and mass changes in the tested samples were determined, and the trend of these changes as a function of storage time was presented. The results were analyzed considering the nature of the solution used, i.e., aqueous, hydrophobic, and acidic. The properties evaluated changed in a different way, characteristic for each of the abovementioned solution groups. It was found that the type of solution simulating the natural environment of the oral cavity has the greatest influence on the sorption, solubility, and changes in the mass of the tested material.

Intermolecular Interactions in Mixed Choline Acetate and Maleic Acid Systems

Mixed systems based on ionic liquids are promising innovative solvents due to their properties, which are strictly connected to the interactions that arise among the components. The present work investigates the intermolecular interactions of a mixed choline acetate and maleic acid system and their modifications with increasing acid content. MM/DFT calculations provided indications about the possible geometric configurations of the systems while Non-Covalent Interaction analysis was useful to describe and distinguish secondary interactions. The number of available configurations decreases at high acid concentration. Moreover, intramolecular hydrogen bonding was observed in all configurations except that in the most stable one of the lowest acid content mixture. Concomitantly, far-infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate intermolecular interactions and provided support to the computational results.

Preparation and Characterization of Supercapacitor Cells Using Modified CNTs and Bimetallic MOFs

The synthesis of CoZn-MOF was accomplished via a simple hydrothermal method. The characterization of the synthesized materials was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), providing a thorough understanding of their structure and content. Subsequently, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) underwent three different pretreatment procedures prior to their application as an anode in a supercapacitor (SC) arrangement, with CoZn-MOF functioning as the cathode. The use of CNTs as electrode material led to an inherent improvement in conductivity and an intrinsic increase in the specific capacitance of the supercapacitor. Galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements of the three cells with different electrodes proved that the supercapacitor based on the CNT (acetic acid)//CoZn-MOF exhibited a capacity of 0.2285 F/g, a moderate energy density of 0.1944 Whkg−1 at a power density of 26.48 Wkg−1 as compared to the other two supercapacitors (CNT (nitric acid)//CoZn-MOF and CNT (unprocessed)//CoZn-MOF). This study utilized the advantages of carbon nanotubes in supercapacitor electrodes and examined the impact of CNT pretreatment.

Effect of acetic acid concentration on obtaining cellulose acetate from oil palm mesocarp fibers (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

This work aimed to produce cellulose acetate from the mesocarp fibers of palm oil treated with sodium hydroxide (MFA) and bleached with sodium chlorite. Cellulose acetate was obtained from the different materials by homogeneous acetylation in the mass proportions of: 1:5, 1:10 and 1:15 (acetic acid), 1:15 (acetic anhydride) and 1:0.1 (sulfuric acid). The degree of substitution was determined by chemical methods and by 1H-NMR. The cellulose acetate obtained from the combination of alkaline treatments followed by bleaching showed degree of substitution of 2.81 (CAAB5), 3.02 (CAAB10) and 3.07 (CAAB15), corresponding to yield values (w/w) of 50.45%, 65.5% and 97.21%. Based on the analysis of the results, we can say that the amount of acetic acid and the type of treatment used in the fibers of the mesocarp of oil palm directly influenced the quality and yield of cellulose acetate, with CAAB15 being the best reaction condition.

Influence of indigenous non-Saccharomyces yeast strains on the physicochemical and sensory properties of wine fermentation: a promising approach to enhancing wine quality

This study explores the potential of indigenous non-Saccharomyces yeasts isolated from Vitis vinifera L. grape skins to improve the quality of regional wines by enhancing their physicochemical and sensory characteristics. Five promising yeast strains were identified at different stages of fermentation: Hanseniaspora opuntiae (J1Y-T1), H. guilliermondii (Y5P-T5), H. uvarum (JF3-T1N), Pichia kudriavzevii (Y8P-T8), and Starmerella bacillaris (WMP4-T4). Among these, H. uvarum and S. bacillaris were particularly noteworthy due to their superior alcohol production, achieving levels of 8.16 ± 0.05% and 8.04 ± 0.04% (v/v), respectively, and demonstrating higher alcohol tolerance even in later fermentation stages. Hanseniaspora uvarum also showed exceptional resilience, with a half-life of 3.34 ± 0.03 days and a Km value of 1.0200 ± 0.0100 mol L⁻¹, achieving the highest biomass even in the later stages of fermentation. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis revealed that while tartaric acid levels remained constant, malic acid content decreased, and acetic acid was produced by all strains. Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry identified ethyl acetate as the dominant volatile compound, with H. uvarum producing the highest concentration (43.411 ± 1.602%), contributing to a fruitier aroma and flavor. The combined attributes of H. uvarum higher alcohol content, enhanced fruity notes, improved clarity, lower acetic acid (0.52 ± 0.03 g L⁻¹), and significant residual sugar (162.37 ± 2.48 g L⁻¹) make it a promising candidate for improving the overall quality of regional wines. Incorporating H. uvarum into mixed starter cultures with specific Saccharomyces strains could further optimize the wine fermentation process.

Predictive Model for Listeria monocytogenes in RTE Meats Using Exclusive Food Matrix Data

Post-processing contamination of Listeria monocytogenes has remained a major concern for the safety of ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products that are not reheated before consumption. Mathematical models are rapid and cost-effective tools to predict pathogen behavior, product shelf life, and safety. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a comprehensive model to predict the Listeria growth rate in RTE meat products as a function of temperature, pH, water activity, nitrite, acetic, lactic, and propionic acids. The Listeria growth data in RTE food matrices, including RTE beef, pork, and poultry products (731 data sets), were collected from the literature and databases like ComBase. The growth parameters were estimated using the logistic-with-delay primary model. The good-quality growth rate data (n = 596, R2 > 0.9) were randomly divided into 80% training (n = 480) and 20% testing (n = 116) datasets. The training growth rates were used to develop a secondary gamma model, followed by validation in testing data. The growth model’s performance was evaluated by comparing the predicted and observed growth rates. The goodness-of-fit parameter of the secondary model includes R2 of 0.86 and RMSE of 0.06 (μmax) during the development stage. During validation, the gamma model with interaction included an RMSE of 0.074 (μmax), bias, and accuracy factor of 0.95 and 1.50, respectively. Overall, about 81.03% of the relative errors (RE) of the model’s predictions were within the acceptable simulation zone (RE ± 0.5 log CFU/h). In lag time model validation, predictions were 7% fail-dangerously biased, and the accuracy factor of 2.23 indicated that the lag time prediction is challenging. The model may be used to quantify the Listeria growth in naturally contaminated RTE meats. This model may be helpful in formulations, shelf-life assessment, and decision-making for the safety of RTE meat products.

Lactic Acid and Glutamine Have Positive Synergistic Effects on Growth Performance, Intestinal Function, and Microflora of Weaning Piglets

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary addition of lactic acid and glutamine, and their interactions, on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal barrier functions, microflora, and expressions of intestinal development-related genes of weaning piglets. Ninety-six 24-day-old weaning piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, weaned at 21 ± 1 d and fed the basal diet for a 3 d adaptation period) with initial body weight of 7.24 ± 0.09 kg were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment and four pigs per replicate in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangements: (1) CON (a 2-period basal diet; control), (2) LS (supplemented with 2% lactic acid), (3) GS (supplemented with 1% glutamine), and (4) LGS (supplemented with 2% lactic acid and 1% glutamine). The study lasted for 28 d. On days 25–28, fresh fecal samples were collected to evaluate apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients. After 28 d, one weaning pig per pen was euthanized, and physiological samples obtained. Results showed that the supplementation of lactic acid improved the ADFI of the pigs (p < 0.05), while the pigs fed the glutamine diet had a greater ADFI and higher G/F (p < 0.05), and there were significant interactive effects between lactic acid and glutamine on the ADFI and G/F of the pigs (p < 0.05). The ATTD of CP and ash for pigs fed with lactic acid was significantly enhanced, and pigs fed the glutamine diet had greater ATTD of CP and ash (p < 0.05), while there were significant interactive effects between lactic acid and glutamine on the ATTD of CP and ash of the pigs (p < 0.05). Pigs fed with lactic acid exhibited greater activity of α-amylase and lipase (p < 0.05); moreover, the activity of lipase in the pigs showed a significant interactive effect between lactic acid and glutamine (p < 0.05). There was a greater villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in pigs fed with lactic acid (p < 0.05), and the villus height to crypt depth ratio of pigs fed with glutamine was greater (p < 0.05). There were greater GLUT2, IGF-1, TGF-β2, OCLN, and ZO-1 mRNA levels in pigs fed with lactic acid (p < 0.05), and the supplementation of glutamine increased SGLT1, GLUT2, PepT1, IGF-1, IGF-1R, TGFβ-2, GLP-2, and OCLN mRNA levels (p < 0.05), Additionally, expressions of SGLT1, GLUT2, PepT1, IGF-1, IGF-1R, TGFβ-2, GLP-2, CLDN-2, OCLN, and ZO-1 mRNA levels of pigs showed a positive interactive effect between lactic acid and glutamine (p < 0.05). Supplementation of lactic acid significantly increased the populations of Bifidobacterium in cecal digesta, Lactobacillus in colonic digesta, and the content of butyric acid in colonic digesta (p < 0.05). In addition, there were significant interactive effects between lactic acid and glutamine on populations of Bifidobacterium in cecal digesta, Lactobacillus in colonic digesta, and the content of acetic acid, butyric acid, and total VFAs in cecal digesta of the pigs (p < 0.05). Collectively, the current results indicate that dietary supplementation with lactic acid and glutamine had a positive synergistic effect on weaning pigs, which could improve growth performance through promoting the development of the small intestine, increasing digestive and barrier function, and regulating the balance of microflora in pigs, and which might be a potential feeding additive ensemble to enhance the health and growth of weaning piglets in the post-antibiotic era.

A UHPLC-QE-MS-based metabolomics approach for the evaluation of fermented lipase by an engineered Escherichia coli

Using an engineered Escherichia coli to produce lipase and can easily achieve high-level expression. The investigation of biochemical processes during lipase fermentation, approached from a metabolomics perspective, will yield novel insights into the efficient secretion of recombinant proteins. In this study, the lipase batch fermentation was carried out first with enzyme activity of 36.83 U/mg cells. Then, differential metabolites and metabolic pathways were identified using an untargeted metabolomics approach through comparative analysis of various fermentation periods. In total, 574 metabolites were identified: 545 were up-regulated and 29 were down-regulated, mainly in 153 organic acids and derivatives, 160 organoheterocyclic compounds, 64 lipids and lipid-like molecules, and 58 organic oxygen compounds. Through metabolic pathways and network analysis, it could be found that tryptophan metabolism was of great significance to lipase production, which could affect the secretion and synthesis of recombinant protein. In addition, the promotion effects of cell growth by varying concentrations of indole acetic acid serve to validate the results obtained from tryptophan metabolism. This study offers valuable insights into metabolic regulation of engineered E. coli, indicating that its fermentation bioprocess can be systematically designed according to metabolomics findings to enhance recombinant protein production.

Somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis in peanut cv. 'Georgia-12Y' and successful transfer to the soil.

An efficient regeneration system was established through somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis using mature embryos explants of peanut cultivar 'Georgia-12Y'. The role of plant growth regulator combinations was investigated for embryogenic callus and somatic embryo induction. Results showed that Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 20 μM picloram (4-amino 3, 5, 6-trichloropicolinic acid), casein hydrolysate (0.2 g/L), sucrose (30 g/L) and sorbitol (10 g/L) supported callus induction in dark and higher number of somatic embryos in light. No somatic embryos were induced at 0.1 μM to 10.0 μM of 2,4-Dichloro phenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and picloram individually. The highest regeneration frequency of 90% was recorded on 40 μM 2,4-D + casein hydrolysate (0.2 g/L), sucrose (30 g/L) and sorbitol (10 g/L). The plantlets regenerated via somatic embryogenesis did not exhibit any morphological abnormalities. Double staining with acetocarmine and Evans blue distinguished between embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus. Histological observations confirmed distinct developmental stages of somatic embryos. On the other hand, highest number of shoots were induced in response to MS + 15 μM thidiazuron (TDZ) among various treatments tested. Incubation of shoots on plant growth regulator free MS medium induced in-vitro flowering after 12 weeks under light conditions. The induction of embryogenic and morphogenic callus and production of fertile peanut plants using manipulations of various plant growth regulators is reported on peanut cultivar 'Georgia- 12Y'.

Comparative analysis of biopolymer films derived from corn and potato starch with insights into morphological, structural and thermal properties

Starch biopolymer films were prepared using the solvent casting method involving acetic acid hydrolysis and glycerol plasticization. This process facilitated a more uniform distribution of plasticizers within the starch matrix, enhancing the films' flexibility. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of ester linkages and structural changes in the biopolymer films, attributed to glycerol integration. The optimal formulation comprised 6% starch, 6.8% acetic acid, and 6.8% glycerol. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a reduction in crystallinity of the starch during film formation, enhancing flexibility. Second harmonic generation (SHG) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy indicated that potato starch films had higher crystallinity compared to corn starch films. Thermal analysis via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that potato starch films exhibited lower gelatinization temperatures and higher thermal stability compared to corn starch films. Functional characterization demonstrated that higher starch content decreased water solubility and water vapor transmission rate, while increasing starch content improved the film's structural integrity. The films were hydrophilic, with static water contact angles indicating moderate wettability. Degradation studies showed that the films were stable in neutral and basic conditions but degraded under acidic conditions over time. The results suggest that potato starch films, with optimized glycerol and acetic acid content, offer improved flexibility, thermal stability, and structural integrity compared to corn starch films. Their performance in various conditions highlights their potential for specific applications, particularly where moisture and environmental stability are critical.