Acetic Acid Wash Research Articles

Acetic Acid Wash for Unsatisfactory Pap Tests: A Quality Assurance Reassessment

Acetic Acid Wash for Unsatisfactory Pap Tests: A Quality Assurance Reassessment

Eucalyptus bark ash removal by acetic acid leaching: response surface optimization and slagging/fouling tendency evaluation

The inorganic matters in biomass contain quite a lot of alkali and alkaline-earth metals (AAEMs) which cause slagging/fouling while combustion, limiting the utilization of biomass. This study investigated the de-ash treatment and ash characteristics of eucalyptus bark (EB) after washing by water and acetic acid, respectively. In particular, the optimal washing condition was investigated by response surface methodology. For water washing, the optimal condition was 67.80 min, 58.87 °C, and 50.34:1 liquid-solid-ratio, while it was 87.72 min, 2.36 mol/L, and 49.55:1 liquid-solid-ratio for acetic acid washing. The ash in EB (Raw-ash) contains a large amount of AAEMs, while the ash of treated EB (WL-Ash, AL-Ash) mainly containing CaO. The de-ash treatment increased the melting temperature of the ash. Acetic acid is better than water for ash removal, with a shorter leaching time, smaller liquid-solid-ration, milder temperature, and lower tendency to slagging.

Improving inorganic composition and ash fusion behavior of spruce bark by leaching with water, acetic acid, and steam pre-treatment condensate

The present study evaluates the effect of water and acetic acid washing on the chemical composition of spruce bark in-depth. Also, washing with steam explosion condensate (SEC) was investigated which is a novel attempt. The leaching kinetics of troubling elements (TE) was studied to understand the leaching behavior of TEs and for upscaling the process. Furthermore, to study the ash transformation behavior of TEs in pre-treated and raw bark at high temperatures (500–1500 °C), thermodynamic equilibrium modeling (TEM) was also performed. The result of washing pre-treatment shows high removal of TEs: 22–97% Na, 46–82% Cl, 14–79% K, 14–65% Mg, 25–50% S, 3–22% Ca, 12–36% P, 3–43% Si, and 6–35% N. Continuous removal of TEs was seen with increasing washing duration where most of TEs followed a second-order leaching kinetics. Acid washing results in a much higher and quicker removal for all TEs than water washing. Due to the acidic nature of the SEC, it shows similar removal of TEs as the 0.1 M acetic acid solution. TEM reveals that the transformation behavior of TEs in bark changes considerably after pre-treatment. Pre-treated bark shows the formation of fewer problematic compounds responsible for fouling, slagging, and corrosion at typical gasification and combustion temperatures, such as KCl, K2SO4, K2CO3, KOH, Na2SO4, NaCl, and K-, Na-, P-, and Ca-slag. Though best washing efficiency was seen for longer washing durations, 10 min washing with 0.1 M acetic acid or SEC may be adequate for practical applications.

Antenatal Care Utilization of Mothers in Selected Cities in Bicol Region: A Quantitative Study

Background. Antenatal Care (ANC) is an essential mandatory preventive care service freely given to pregnant women by the Philippine government. Despite the available ANC services in the country, not all pregnant women still avail of the service.Objective. The study determined the socio-demographic profile of mothers, their ANC services utilization, and the different problems encountered during their antenatal care.Methods. A descriptive research design was used. Purposive sampling was employed to identify the population of the study: women of reproductive age, 18-45 years old, and who had a live birth for the last three years regardless of utilization, partial utilization, or non-utilization of ANC services. Mothers who were currently pregnant and had a history of abortion or stillbirth delivery were excluded from participation. Proportionate sampling was computed to get the sample size: 334 mothers from Iriga City and 392 from Tabaco City. The survey questionnaire was based on the ANC guidelines of the DOH. The statistical treatment used was frequency counting, percentage, and ranking in data analysis.Results. The mothers in Iriga City and Tabaco City were ages 23-27 years old who had 1-3 children, were single but living with partners, and in a nuclear type of family with 4-6 members, were unemployed/housewives, and belonged to a low-income family with >P7,890 family income. In Iriga City, the majority were high school graduates, while in Tabaco City, most were graduates of vocational courses; and elementary and high school undergraduates. There were excellent assessments for history-taking, physical examination, and care provisions in both cities, except for oral health care examination, tests for syphilis, stool examination, acetic acid wash, safe sex education, and oral health checkups and prophylaxis. The identified problems were financial constraints, lack of support system, busy taking care of the kids, sickness, forgetfulness, unwanted pregnancy, drunkard husband, difficult first trimester, bad attitude of midwives, nurses, doctors, and unequal treatment of poor patients.Conclusions. Mothers in both cities were young adults with a low education level who lived with their partners in a poor small nuclear family. Not all ANC services were excellently utilized. Among these were the poor utilization of the tests for syphilis, stool, acetic acid wash; oral health care examination; safe sex education; and oral health checkups and prophylaxis. There were various problems that mothers encountered when seeking ANC services, the most common of which were financial and personal issues.

Cervical cancer screening by simple visual inspection after acetic acid

Background: Naked-eye visual inspection of the cervix with acetic-acid wash (VIA), or cervicoscopy, is an alternative to cytology in screening for cervical cancer in poorly resourced locations. Aims: This study were to determine whether visualization of cervix after acetic acid can identify early cancer, and to detect lesions in symptom free women. Results: In present study mean age of cancer cervix is 35-39 yrs. Low socio-economic status, early age of marriage, early age at first child birth, high parity was associated with cervical cancer. Patients who had erosions, leukoplakia or unhealthy cervix should take as high-risk group and subject to screening procedures. 26.8% patients with healthy cervix had positive acetowhite areas and were proven for cervical cancer by biopsy. Most common symptom with which the patients presented were white discharge per vagina, menorrhagia. These symptoms correlated with the associated cervical cancer in 90% of cases. All patients with positive biopsy showed acetowhite areas. Conclusion: All the patients with acetic acid positive areas should be subjected to colposcopy and biopsy before treating them directly to avoid false positive cases, since biopsy is the gold standard.

Xylitol production by Pseudomonas gessardii VXlt-16 from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate and cost analysis.

Xylitol is a well-known sugar alcohol with exponentially rising market demand due to its diverse industrial applications. Organic agro-industrial residues (OAIR) are economic alternative for the cost-effective production of commodity products along with addressing environmental pollution. The present study aimed to design a process for xylitol production from OAIR via microbial fermentation with Pseudomonas gessardii VXlt-16. Parametric analysis with Taguchi orthogonal array approach resulted in a conversion factor of 0.64g xylitol/g xylose available in untreated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate (SBH). At bench scale, the product yield increased to 71.98/100g (0.66g/Lh). 48.49g of xylitol crystals of high purity (94.56%) were recovered after detoxification with 2% activated carbon. Cost analysis identified downstream operations as one of the cost-intensive parts that can be countered by adsorbent recycling. Spent carbon, regenerated with acetic acid washing can be reused for six cycles effectively and reduced downstream cost by about ≈32%. The strategy would become useful in the cost-effective production of several biomass-dependent products like proteins, enzymes, organic acids, as well.

Influence of Modified Bio-Coals on Carbonization and Bio-Coke Reactivity

Substitution of coal in coking coal blend with bio-coal is a potential way to reduce fossil CO2 emissions from iron and steelmaking. The current study aims to explore possible means to counteract negative influence from bio-coal in cokemaking. Washing and kaolin coating of bio-coals were conducted to remove or bind part of the compounds in the bio-coal ash that catalyzes the gasification of coke with CO2. To further explore how the increase in coke reactivity is related to more reactive carbon in bio-coal or catalytic oxides in bio-coal ash, ash was produced from a corresponding amount of bio-coal and added to the coking coal blend for carbonization. The reaction behavior of coals and bio-coals under carbonization conditions was studied in a thermogravimetric analyzer equipped with a mass spectrometer during carbonization. The impact of the bio-coal addition on the fluidity of the coking coal blend was studied in optical dilatometer tests for coking coal blends with and without the addition of bio-coal or bio-coal ash. The result shows that the washing of bio-coal will result in lower or even negative dilatation. The washing of bio-coals containing a higher amount of catalytic components will reduce the negative effect on bio-coke reactivity, especially with acetic acid washing when the start of gasification temperature is less lowered. The addition of bio-coal coated with 5% kaolin do not significantly lower the dilatation-relative reference coking coal blend. The reactivity of bio-cokes containing bio-coal coated with kaolin-containing potassium oxide was higher in comparison to bio-coke containing the original bio-coal. The addition of ash from 5% of torrefied bio-coals has a moderate effect on lowering the start of gasification temperature, which indicates that the reactive carbon originating from bio-coal has a larger impact.

Reduction of some insecticide residues from grapes with washing treatments

Insecticide application is the most common method of insect control in agriculture. Efficiency of washing treatments in reduction of insecticide (chlorpyrifos-methyl and lambda-cyhalothrin) residues from grapes were investigated in this study. The trial was established in a Sultana seedless vineyard in Sarıgöl District, Manisa Province, Turkey in 2020. Method verification was performed with the recovery, limit of quantification and precision. Pesticide-free grapes were spiked with 0.5, 1 and 5 times of MRL for pesticides. The recovery of chlorpyrifos-methyl and lambda-cyhalothrin were 102 and 101% respectively. QuEChERS method yielded an overall-recovery of 101%. These figures were within the SANTE recovery limits (60-140%) and the detection limits of the insecticides were below the MRLs. Grapes in a vineyard were sprayed with insecticides four times and harvested 0, 2, 4 and 7 d after the last spray. Washing (tap water, citric and acetic acid) and ultrasonic cleaning treatments were applied to harvested grapes. Washing treatments decreased residue levels and reductions increased with prolonged washing durations. Reductions also decreased with prolonged harvest durations from the last spray. The citric and acetic acid washing, and ultrasonic-cleaning methods provided more efficient reduction than washing with tap water.

Theoretical and experimental investigation on improvement of magnesium oxide sorbent by acetic acid washing for enhancing flue gas desulfurization performance

Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technologies are applied to minimize SO2 emission to the atmosphere and prevention of acid rains. Magnesium oxide (MgO) is one of the common sorbents to capture sulfur dioxide in FGD. Pore blockage and incomplete conversion are the main problems of sorbents such as CaO and MgO. In this study, acid-washed technique as a modification method was applied to enhance SO2 adsorption capacity of MgO. The tests were carried out in thermogravimeter (TG) and packed bed reactor to compare the performance of the acid-washed sorbents with the initial natural samples. The results showed that the acid-washed sorbents has more adsorption capacity than the natural samples. Finally, the single pellet conversion–time profiles and packed bed reactor breakthrough curves for both sorbents were predicted by random pore model (RPM) with fairly good agreements.

Evaluation of the BCR sequential extraction scheme for trace metal fractionation of alkaline municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

The BCR sequential extraction scheme (SES), initially developed for soils and sediments, is frequently adopted to evaluate the environmental risks of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash. Within the procedure, metals are liberated from the matrix hosting them relying on the selectivity of the chosen chemical reagents or operation conditions. However, the effect of the high content of alkaline substances in MSWI fly ash on the selectivity of acetic acid to acid-soluble fraction metals was ignored. In this study, the feasibility of the BCR SES for evaluating MSWI fly ash was assessed by adjusting the acetic acid washing times in the acid-soluble extraction step. The metal fractionation, as well as mineralogy, morphology, and surface chemistry of the residues after three successive acid washing processes, were analyzed. The results reveal that only easily soluble salts, but not hydroxides, are entirely extracted after the first acid washing (pH∼12.0). Importantly, carbonates (generally reported as an indicator of the complete release of acid-soluble metals) are mostly decomposed only after the third acid washing (pH∼3.8). The incomplete dissolution of calcium carbonates in a single-step acid washing may convey misleading results of metal fractionation and underestimates the environmental risk of potentially toxic elements. Therefore, complete removal of carbonates should be employed as the endpoint of the acid-soluble fraction extraction step in the evaluation of MSWI fly ash. This work can help in selecting proper strategies for fly ash management and developing proper sequential extraction schemes for similar high-alkalinity hazardous waste risk assessment.

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Buprenorphine/Naloxone Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder: Clinical Feasibility and Optimizing Assay Precision.

Compliance with sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone (SL-BUP/NX) is associated with higher abstinence from illicit opioid use. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has been recommended for adherence monitoring of buprenorphine (BUP) maintenance treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), but to date there have been no reported clinical applications. In this TDM feasibility study, we investigated BUP assay precision in 15 adults with OUD who had been stabilized on buprenorphine/naloxone. Using solid phase extraction, BUP recovery was contrasted at 100 mMol and 1 Molar of acetic acid wash solution. Precision was determined by applying the condition generating highest recovery using 0.2 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL standards. Four blood samples were drawn to examine the BUP peak and trough plasma concentrations, and BUP elimination rate was estimated. BUP recovery was examined again in a random sample and contrasted with the concentration predicted applying first-order kinetics. Higher BUP recovery was achieved with 1 Molar wash (94.3%; p=0.05). Precision ranged from 15-20%. The estimated limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantitation (LoQ) were 0.02 and 0.069 ng/mL, respectively. BUP peak and trough concentrations were successfully examined, and BUP trough concentrations were replicated confirming steady state. BUP concentrations were predicted at a variance of -7.20% to 1.54 %. TDM for BUP maintenance treatment of OUD is feasible, and simple adjustment of the assay conditions enhances BUP recovery.

Assessing washing methods for reduction of pesticide residues in Capia pepper with LC-MS/MS

The effects of washing treatments on removal rates of some pesticides residues (acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos and formetanate hydrochloride) on pepper were investigated. Method verification was conducted through spiking pepper samples at 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 × MRL. QuEChERS method produced average recovery of 104.91% with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 13.41%. LOQ values of acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos and formetanate hydrochloride were estimated as 2, 10 and 5 µg/kg, respectively. Capia peppers grown in open fields were sprayed three times with pesticides. Peppers were harvested after 1st, 2nd and 3rd day of the treatments. Then the peppers were subjected to tap water, acetic acid and citric acid washing and ultrasonic cleaning treatments (for 2 and 5 min). Based on three different harvest times and two different washing durations, processing factors (PFs) and reduction rates were calculated for each washing treatment. The residues gradually decreased during washing treatments with increasing process duration. Similarly, a gradual reduction was noted with the progress of harvest times. This in turn corresponded to an increase in PF. Ultrasonic cleaning and citric acid (9%) washing were more effective than the others. Non-systemic pesticides (chlorpyrifos) were more readily removed than the systemic ones (acetamiprid). Similarly, highly soluble pesticides exhibited higher reduction.

Synthesis of Sm2Fe17N3 powder having a new level of high coercivity by preventing decrease of coercivity in washing step of reduction-diffusion process

Synthesis of Sm2Fe17N3 powder by a reduction-diffusion technique requires a washing process to remove CaO and Ca residues, but it is typically associated with a decrease of coercivity. Synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction study revealed forming of a SmFe5 poor hard magnetic phase in a water washing treatment. Cross-sectional electron microscopic analysis of particles revealed an acetic acid washing treatment to dissolve the impurity phases accompanied surface damages on Sm2Fe17N3 particles. A new washing process to avoid forming of the factors which decrease coercivity was examined, and Sm2Fe17N3 powders having about 20% higher coercivity than that in the previous reports, achieving up to 28.1 kOe, were successfully demonstrated.

Improvement of Microbiological Quality of Ganjang-gejang by Acetic Acid Washing and Addition of Chitosan

Improvement of Microbiological Quality of Ganjang-gejang by Acetic Acid Washing and Addition of Chitosan

Acetic Acid Wash for Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration ThinPrep Preparation: Can Improved Cellularity Be Achieved

Acetic Acid Wash for Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration ThinPrep Preparation: Can Improved Cellularity Be Achieved

A kainate receptor subunit promotes the recycling of the neuron-specific K+-Cl− co-transporter KCC2 in hippocampal neurons

Synaptic inhibition depends on a transmembrane gradient of chloride, which is set by the neuron-specific K+-Cl- co-transporter KCC2. Reduced KCC2 levels in the neuronal membrane contribute to the generation of epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and autism spectrum disorders; thus, it is important to characterize the mechanisms regulating KCC2 expression. In the present study, we determined the role of KCC2-protein interactions in regulating total and surface membrane KCC2 expression. Using quantitative immunofluorescence in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons, we discovered that the kainate receptor subunit GluK2 and the auxiliary subunit Neto2 significantly increase the total KCC2 abundance in neurons but that GluK2 exclusively increases the abundance of KCC2 in the surface membrane. Using a live cell imaging assay, we further determined that KCC2 recycling primarily occurs within 1-2 h and that GluK2 produces an ∼40% increase in the amount of KCC2 recycled to the membrane during this time period. This GluK2-mediated increase in surface recycling translated to a significant increase in KCC2 expression in the surface membrane. Moreover, we found that KCC2 recycling is enhanced by protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of the GluK2 C-terminal residues Ser-846 and Ser-868. Lastly, using gramicidin-perforated patch clamp recordings, we found that the GluK2-mediated increase in KCC2 recycling to the surface membrane translates to a hyperpolarization of the reversal potential for GABA (EGABA). In conclusion, our results have revealed a mechanism by which kainate receptors regulate KCC2 expression in the hippocampus.

Lead Removal from Contaminated Shooting Range Soil using Acetic Acid Potassium Chloride Washing Solutions and Electrochemical Reduction.

Background.Cleanup of soils contaminated with toxic metals is a difficult task due to the method inefficiency and the destructive nature of clean-up techniques on soil ecosystems.Objectives.This study was performed to improve the removal efficiency of an acetic acid washing solution for the removal of lead (Pb) from soil. Acetic acid was used in combination with different concentrations of potassium chloride. In order to maximize the removal of Pb from the leachate, different electrode combinations were applied to the washing solutions.Methods.Acetic acid/potassium chloride washing solutions and electrochemical reduction were applied to lead-contaminated soil obtained from an impact berm of a major military shooting range in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. The soil was subjected to 5% acetic acid/5% potassium chloride (KCL) and 5% acetic acid/10% KCL solutions in an ex-situ batch experiment. The leachate was electrochemically reduced using 12 volt direct current with a current of 7 amps and 2.5 amps, with aluminum (Al)-Al, iron (Fe)-Fe, Al-Fe and Fe-Al electrodes.Results.The 5% acetic acid/5% KCL proved more efficient for Pb removal in soil with values ranging from 74.9% to 86.9% for 3% soil pulp densities with one washing time of 6 hours. Removal efficiency of Pb from the contaminated soil significantly decreased as the soil pulp density increased. The Al-Al and Al-Fe bipolar electrode combinations showed better removal efficiency of Pb from the leachates with values of 93.7% and 95.6% for 7 amps and 94.5% and 97.3% for 2.5 amps, respectively.Conclusions.The combined 5% acetic acid and 5% potassium chloride washing solution enhances the removal efficiency of Pb in soil and poses less risk to the soil ecosystem and the environment in general.

The Single-Visit Approach as a Cervical Cancer Prevention Strategy Among Women With HIV in Ethiopia: Successes and Lessons Learned.

Cervical cancer is the second most common form of cancer for women in Ethiopia. Using a single-visit approach to prevent cervical cancer, the Addis Tesfa (New Hope) project in Ethiopia tested women with HIV through visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid wash (VIA) and, if tests results were positive, offered immediate cryotherapy of the precancerous lesion or referral for loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). The objective of this article is to review screening and treatment outcomes over nearly 4 years of project implementation and to identify lessons learned to improve cervical cancer prevention programs in Ethiopia and other resource-constrained settings. We analyzed aggregate client data from August 2010 to March 2014 to obtain the number of women with HIV who were counseled, screened, and treated, as well as the number of annual follow-up visits made, from the 14 tertiary- and secondary-level health facilities implementing the single-visit approach. A health facility assessment (HFA) was also implemented from August to December 2013 to examine the effects of the single-visit approach on client flow, staff workload, and facility infrastructure 3 years after initiating the approach. Almost all (99%) of the 16,632 women with HIV counseled about the single-visit approach were screened with VIA during the study period; 1,656 (10%) of them tested VIA positive (VIA+) for precancerous lesions. Among those who tested VIA+ and were thus eligible for cryotherapy, 1,481 (97%) received cryotherapy treatment, but only 80 (63%) women eligible for LEEP actually received the treatment. The HFA results showed frequent staff turnover, some shortage of essential supplies, and rooms that were judged by providers to be too small for delivery of cervical cancer prevention services. The high proportions of VIA screening and cryotherapy treatment in the Addis Tesfa project suggest high acceptance of such services by women with HIV and feasibility of implementation in secondary- and tertiary-level health facilities. However, success of cervical cancer prevention programming must address wider health system challenges to ensure sustainability and appropriate scale-up to the general population of Ethiopia and other resource-constrained settings.

Assessment of different washing treatments to mitigate imidacloprid and acetamaprid residues in spinach.

Agricultural crops treated with pesticides retain toxic residues that can cause various health disorders upon consumption. The present research project was designed to assess pesticide residues in contaminated spinach (Spinacia oleracea). The efficiency of chemical solutions (acetic acid, citric acid, hydrogen peroxide, sodium chloride and sodium carbonate) of different concentrations (% w/v) along with tap water for the dissolution of pesticide residues in spinach was studied. After various dipping treatments (T0 -T22 ) of treated spinach, imidacloprid and acetamaprid residues were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among the solutions tested, the highest reductions in imidacloprid and acetamaprid residues respectively were 0.92 ± 0.04 mg kg(-1) (83%) and 1.42 ± 0.53 mg kg(-1) (87%) in treatment T6 (10% acetic acid), followed by 0.79 ± 0.01 mg kg(-1) (69%) and 0.86 ± 0.05 mg kg(-1) (71%) in treatment T11 (10% citric acid), while the lowest were 0.30 ± 0.02 mg kg(-1) (27%) and 0.35 ± 0.02 mg kg(-1) (29%) in treatment T20 (4% sodium carbonate). Moreover, treatment T1 (tap water) caused 0.27 ± 0.00 mg kg(-1) (23%) and 0.38 ± 05 mg kg(-1) (27%) elimination of imidacloprid and acetamaprid residues respectively. From these findings it is inferred that acetic acid and citric acid washing treatments can be used along with tap water to minimize pesticide residues in treated vegetables. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Various Methods to Prepare High-Efficiency CaO Sorbents for Improved SO2 Capture Capacity

ABSTRACTThe reaction of calcium oxide with sulfur dioxide is one of the most important method for the flue gas desulfurization. However, the SO2-capturing capacity of calcium oxide is low because of rapid pore blockage by solid products. In the present study, various methods for producing more porous solid lime structures were investigated. These methods consisted of microwave heating, freezing/thawing, adding some decomposable materials, and acetic acid washing of lime. The SO2-capturing capacity of the produced sorbents were compared with the blank samples in a thermogravimetric analyzer at 850°C and 1000 ppm. The best performance was observed for the acid-washed lime. Finally, the experimental conversion-time profiles of natural and acid-washed limes were successfully predicted by modified grain model.