Acetic Acid Extracts Research Articles

Development of FTIR-ATR spectra and PLS regression combination model for discrimination of pure and adulterated acacia honey

A Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR)-based chemometric model was evaluated for the rapid identification and estimation of adulterants in honey. Two types of honey, bee honey and stingless bee honey, were adulterated with acid adulterants (acetic acid, citric acid, and tamarind extract) at different concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% and sugar adulterants (liquid corn syrup, cane sugar, palm sugar, and inverted sugar) at different concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%. The physicochemical properties (Brix, moisture content, pH, and free acidity) and sugar contents (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) of each type of honey and their adulterated samples were determined before FTIR analysis. For all the samples, FTIR spectra were acquired in the mid-infrared range (400-3600 cm−1) and the spectra obtained were subjected to partial least squares (PLS) analysis to develop the model for the determination of adulterants in honey samples. The PLS model produced high coefficient of determination (R2) for bee honey adulterated with acetic acid (0.95), citric acid (0.98), tamarind extract (0.97), and stingless bee honey adulterated with liquid corn syrup (0.99), inverted sugar (0.91), cane sugar (0.86), and palm sugar (0.77). A recognition model was developed for mixture detection and verified through the physicochemical analysis. The combination of FTIR-ATR spectra and the PLS regression model can be a fast, reliable, nondestructive method to detect honey adulteration.

Environmentally friendly non-saponification solvent extraction and separation process for RE(III) (RE = Eu, Gd and Tb) in acetic acid solution using HEHEHP/n-heptane

The key to achieving sustainable metal extraction development is to avoid the generation of high-salt wastewater from the source. Here, a new system for the extraction and separation of lanthanide elements Eu(III), Gd(III) and Tb(III) from the acetic acid solution using HEHEHP (2-ethylhexyl hydrogen-2-ethylhexylphosphonate) was studied. The corresponding parameters including contact time, HEHEHP concentration, concentrations of rare earth metal ions and acetic acid in the initial solution, aqueous/organic phase volume ratio (R(A/O)), and temperature were considered to optimize the conditions for the separation of different rare earth elements. The results showed that the separation coefficients of Tb(III)/Gd(III) and Gd(III)/Eu(III) in the acetic acid system were approximately 6.2 and 1.7, with HEHEHP of 0.15 mol/L and R(A/O) of 2:1, and the extraction efficiency of RE(III) reached approximately 73.1%, which was higher than that in the hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid systems. The mechanism associated with the extraction reaction was evaluated and discussed by the maximum loading capacity method, chromatographic analysis, and FT-IR spectrometric analysis. The mechanism followed a cation exchange reaction and acetic acid did not participate in the extraction process. The feasibility of the separation of Tb(III) from Eu(III) and Gd(III)was also given in terms of the separation coefficients between different elements at different extraction conditions. Since saponification is not necessary in the acetic acid extraction system, it can considerably reduce wastewater discharge to the ecological environment from the source.

Pectin from Durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) Peel: Microwave-Assisted Extraction Followed by Solvent Extraction

The world market demand for pectin has been growing fast due to the expanding consumer base for low-calorie and low-fat food products. Thus, there was a need to explore other sources of pectin. This study extracted pectin from durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) peel cv. Long lab-lae. Before solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction was utilized to improve the pectin yield. The parameters during the pectin extraction process were investigated using acetic acid concentrations ranging from 10 to 40 % at pH 2, extraction temperatures ranging from 40 to 100 °C, and extraction times ranging from 2 to 6 h. The pectin extraction was carried out at pH 2.0 because a higher pH significantly reduced the yield. The results showed the parameters had a significant influence on the yield. It decreased at a higher acid concentration, extraction temperature and extraction time. It was noticed that the pectin turned into liquid at a higher temperature, 100 °C. Therefore, the optimum conditions for extracting the highest yield of pectin were 20 % acetic acid, an extraction temperature of 80 °C, and an extraction time of 2 h. The pectin yield under these optimum conditions was 1.91 %. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups in the fingerprint region of identification for polysaccharides in the extracted pectin. The FT-IR spectrum of the pectin in durian peel was extremely close to that of commercial pectin. There was limited published data on extracting and characterizing pectin from durian peel. Thus, this study could pave the way for using durian peel pectin, for instance, in food processing (i.e., gelling agent for weak-acid, low-calorie food) and pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, using durian peel, which is agricultural waste, reduces the disposal and burning of waste to the environment, causing several pollutions and improving the economic value of durian peel. HIGHLIGHTS Acetic acid concentration, extraction temperature and time impacted durian peel pectin yield Durian peel pectin yield was decreased at a higher acetic concentration, extraction temperature and time The optimum extraction conditions were 20 % acetic acid, 80 °C and 2 h FT-IR spectrum of the durian peel pectin was extremely close to that of commercial pectin GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Machine Learning for Polymer Design to Enhance Pervaporation-Based Organic Recovery.

Pervaporation (PV) is an effective membrane separation process for organic dehydration, recovery, and upgrading. However, it is crucial to improve membrane materials beyond the current permeability-selectivity trade-off. In this research, we introduce machine learning (ML) models to identify high-potential polymers, greatly improving the efficiency and reducing cost compared to conventional trial-and-error approach. We utilized the largest PV data set to date and incorporated polymer fingerprints and features, including membrane structure, operating conditions, and solute properties. Dimensionality reduction, missing data treatment, seed randomness, and data leakage management were employed to ensure model robustness. The optimized LightGBM models achieved RMSE of 0.447 and 0.360 for separation factor and total flux, respectively (logarithmic scale). Screening approximately 1 million hypothetical polymers with ML models resulted in identifying polymers with a predicted permeation separation index >30 and synthetic accessibility score <3.7 for acetic acid extraction. This study demonstrates the promise of ML to accelerate tailored membrane designs.

Determination of hydrophilic marine biotoxins in bivalve molluscs by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

This work describes a method for the determination of paralytic shellfish toxins in mussels (M. galloprovincialis), oysters (Crassostrea gigas), and clams (Ruditapes decussatus) samples. The acetic acid extraction method is used for simultaneous analysis of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) and the separation of these compounds was achieved on ethylene bridged hybrid (BEH) Amide column with gradient mobile phase composed of acetonitrile (MeCN) and water (as eluent A and eluent B) both containing 2 mM ammonium formate and 50 mM formic acid. The method specificity, linearity, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy were successfully evaluated towards the detection of 13 hydrophilic marine biotoxins analyzed together (single run) in different sample matrixes such as mussels. oysters. and clams. Calibration curves were found to be linear (R2 ≥ 0.98). average Recovery% of 98.5–99.9%. limits of detection (LODs): 0.16–1.92 µg·kg−1; limits of quantitation (LOQs): 0.54–6.41 µg·kg−1) and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) of the precision was ≤ 2.8%. The method was applied for the determination of PSP in shellfish collected from several Tunisian locations. All LC-MS/MS results of analyzed molluscs collected from different Tunisia locations, reveal no PSP toxin group contamination and that the amount found does not exceeding the threshold of 800 µg STXequ·kg−1.

Unlocking the Potential of Substrate Quality for the Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Black Soldier Fly against Pathogens.

Globally, antibiotics are facing fierce resistance from multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. There is an urgent need for eco-friendly alternatives. Though insects are important targets for antimicrobial peptides, it has received limited research attention. This study investigated the impact of waste substrates on the production of antibacterial agents in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae (HIL) and their implications in the suppression of pathogens [Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)]. The 20% acetic acid (AcOH) extract from market waste had the highest antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone of 17.00 mm, followed by potato waste (15.02 mm) against S. aureus. Hexane extract from HIL raised on market waste also showed a significant inhibitory zone (13.06 mm) against B. subtilis. .Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values recorded were 25 mg/mL against all test pathogens. The fastest time-kill of 20% AcOH extract was 4 h againstB. subtilis, E. coli, ,andP. aeruginosa. Lauric acid was also identified as the dominant component of the various hexane extracts with concentrations of 602.76 and 318.17 μg/g in HIL reared on potato and market waste, respectively. Energy from the market waste substrate correlated significantly (r = 0.97) with antibacterial activities. This study highlights the key role of substrate quality and extraction methods for enhancing the production of antibacterial agents in HIL, thus providing new insights into the development of potential drugs to overcome the alarming concerns of antimicrobial resistance.

Optimization of enhanced collagen extraction from tannery rawhide trimming waste using pineapple peel-derived bromelain enzyme through response surface methodology

Plant-based enzymatic extraction of collagen from tannery rawhide trimmings can play an important role in the utilization of tannery solid waste, providing economically viable and sustainable solutions. This study employed bromelain enzyme derived from pineapple (Ananas comosus) peel waste for collagen extraction and compared the procedure with conventional acetic acid extraction. The recovery of bromelain enzyme at 30–70% ethanol precipitation exhibited a 2.21-fold purification and a 98% yield. Response surface methodology (RSM) analysis revealed that bromelain enzyme-extracted collagen (BEC) yielded 82.20% at a hydrolysis time of 18.39 h, a mixing ratio of 22.38, and a temperature of 39.32 °C. In contrast, a lower yield of 66.94% was observed in the case of acetic acid-extracted collagen (AEC) at a hydrolysis time of 18.66 h, a mixing ratio of 19.41, and a temperature of 27.09 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the successful extraction of both AEC and BEC. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated the higher thermal stability of BEC compared to AEC. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) displayed characteristic peaks of collagen in the range of 2θ of 15–25°, affirming that BEC (sharp peak at 19.49°) is more crystalline than AEC (broadening peak at 19.88°). Elemental analysis revealed a higher nitrogen content (6.78%) in BEC, indicating a higher protein content than that of AEC (6.31%). Furthermore, antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity evaluation, and heavy metal analysis revealed the potential applications of collagen in cosmetics, biomaterials, and tissue engineering.

Response of Pear Trees to Girdling and Foliar Spray with Naphthalene Acetic acid and Yeast Extract under the Conditions of New Valley

Response of Pear Trees to Girdling and Foliar Spray with Naphthalene Acetic acid and Yeast Extract under the Conditions of New Valley

Characterization of acid-soluble collagen from peanut worm (Siphonosoma australe) and its inhibitory activity of cyclooxygenase-2

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of acetic acid extraction time on the physicochemical characteristics of peanut worm collagen and its ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The peanut worms were subjected to extraction using 0.5 M acetic acid for varying durations, followed by analysis for various physicochemical properties, including yield, protein content, pH, viscosity, molecular weight, amino acid composition, FTIR, and COX-2 inhibitory activity. The results showed that 72 h of extraction time was optimal for collagen production. The peanut worm collagen yields, protein, and pH were 3.55 ± 0.20%, 85.58 ± 0.10%, and 3.61, respectively. The relative viscosity of collagen decreased with increased temperature by 51.35%. Collagen consists of α and β chains with high levels of amino acids such as glutamic acid, arginine, and aspartic acid. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that peanut worm collagen contained type I collagen. FTIR confirmed the collagen’s triple-helical structure. The COX-2 inhibitor assay showed that collagen inhibited the COX-2 enzyme by 41.12% ± 0.58% (IC50 = 59.9 μg mL–1). Therefore, this peanut worm collagen could serve as a potential substitute for terrestrial mammalian collagen as an ingredient in food, cosmetics, and other industries. In addition, peanut worm collagen can be used as a nutraceutical and medicine to prevent and treat inflammatory diseases.

Optimisation of gelatine extraction from chicken feet-heads blend using Taguchi design and response surface methodology

The present work investigated the optimisation of gelatine extraction yield with interesting techno-functional properties from chicken heads-feet by-product blend. Taguchi L27 orthogonal experimental design was used to optimise the extraction parameters, including acetic acid concentration (2, 3.5, and 5%), extraction temperature (55, 65, and 75°C), and extraction time (2, 4, and 6 h), with yield, viscosity, emulsifying activity index (EAI), and foaming capacity (%) as responses. The collected data were modelled and optimised using the response surface method (RSM) and desirability function (DF). Based on the data obtained, the optimal extraction parameters were an acid concentration of 3.06% and an extraction temperature of 75°C for 6 h. Responses to these extraction conditions included a yield of 10.97%, an EAI of 24.22 m2/g, a viscosity of 3.36 mPa.s, and a foaming capacity of 45.07%. Under these ideal conditions, the verified and predicted values were found to be almost identical. As a result, the estimate models are trustworthy and safe for predicting the dependent variables. The findings indicated that a blend of chicken feet and heads could be a source of gelatine with interesting functional properties.

Investigating the Polyphenolic Profile and the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Tarragon (Artemisia Dracunculus L) Cultivated in Central Romania

The chemical composition, the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Artemisia dracunculus L. leaves were examined through the utilization of four solvents for extraction. These solvents included ultrapure water, ethanol, methanol and acetic acid. The values reached for total polyphenols were between 77.2 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g for the acetic acid extracts and 192.1 mg GAE/g for the methanolic extracts. The total flavonoids were identified at 46.4 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g for the acetic acid extracts and 126.4 mg QE/g for the methanolic extracts. The IC50 antioxidant capacity values determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method were between 14.66 μg/mL (acetic acid extracts) and 20.33 μg/mL (methanolic extracts). 23 phenolic compounds were identified using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. The methanolic and the aqueous extracts have on very good antibacterial activity on the Staphylococcus aureus 231 and Enterococcus faecalis 428 strains. A. dracunculus L. leaf extracts are rich in a diverse range of valuable active chemical and biological compounds.

Colchicine induced polyploidy from thallus segments of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) for genetic improvement

Regeneration of polyploidy from young thallus segments of Kappaphycus alvarezii was optimized for genetic improvement. Kappaphycus thallus segment cultured on sterile sea water supplemented with various combinations of Indole acetic acid, Kinetin and Acardian Marine Plant Extract Powder revealed differential response on callus proliferation and development of new thallus. Presence of Acardian Marine Plant Extract Powder (3 mg/l) in combination with Indole acetic acid and Kinetin (0.01 mg/l each) had induced the longest emerging thallus. Exposure of thallus to colchicine at 0.01% with above combination was optimal to induce high frequency regeneration of polyploidy mostly from the meristematic cells. Anatomical study of colchicine induced polyploidy revealed larger cortical cells with irregular thickening of epidermal layer. Phase contrast and Scanning Electron Microscopic study revealed increase in cell size in cortical region with significantly larger number of spherical shaped carrageenan globules in colchicine induced polyploidy than normal thallus. Single cells isolated using enzymatic treatments from colchicine induced polyploidy, shown chromosome number with a ploidy status of 4n ≈ 40. Whereas in normal thallus, only half the number of chromosomes (2n ≈ 20) were observed. Polyploidy were successfully acclimatized gradually using raft method for further evaluation. This is the first report reveals the induction and regeneration of polyploidy in Kappaphycus. The possible application of this finding in genetic improvement of Kappaphycus is discussed.

Central composite design‐based response surface methodology for optimization of tetrodotoxin extraction from the horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda

AbstractTetrodotoxin analogues (TTXs) used in research and development were originated from biological sources for the last decades. Among TTXs‐bearing aquatic animals, horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda from Vietnam's Coast was reported to contain a high level of TTXs, indicating a promising source for extraction and purification of TTXs. In this work, horseshoe crab C. rotundicauda collected from Can Gio Coast, Vietnam was used for TTX extraction using homogenization‐assisted method with acetic acid solvent. The extraction process was analysed and optimized by single‐factor investigation and response surface methodology (RSM). Single‐factor investigation pointed out that the optimal conditions for TTX recovery yield from C. rotundicauda's soft tissues were homogenization time of 20 min, acetic acid concentration of 1.0%, solvent/matrix ratio of 4 mL/g, extraction temperature of 70°C, extraction time of 30 min and number of extraction of two times. The most significant factors including acetic acid concentration, solvent/matrix ratio and extraction temperature were utilized for constructing the RSM model to predict TTX recovery yield. The maximal TTX recovery yield predicted from RSM model was 97.3% under solvent/matrix ratio of 4 mL/g, extraction temperature of 70°C and acetic acid concentration of 1% (v/v). The RSM model displayed a high stability and precision for prediction of TTX recovery yield from experiments of 1–10 kg C. rotundicauda's soft tissues/batch extractions producing low errors (−1.95% to 1.85%). TTXs in C. rotundicauda's soft tissues were elucidated by HPLC‐MS/MS, revealing the presence of three analogues TTX, 4epi‐TTX and Anh‐TTX with their contents of 43.02, 22.54 and 45.07 μg/g, respectively.

Evaluating heavy metal levels and their toxicity risks in an urban lake in Chennai, India

Many urban water bodies in Chennai, India receive untreated sewage that pollutes their waters. An example is the Sembakkam lake, in which water reaches the Pallikaranai marshland, a proposed Ramsar site. In 2019, the city experienced the worst water crisis in 30 years, and many lakes were extremely dry, favoring peaks of heavy metals. Therefore, this study focuses on analysing heavy metal pollution and evaluating its potential effects on biota. In situ parameters were measured and water, sediment, and water hyacinth samples were collected during four campaigns. Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were measured in all samples. Digestions for total metal content were performed in solid samples and acetic acid extractions only in sediments. The average pH (7.89–8.46) was neutral-alkaline and electrical conductivities (1559–2864 µS/cm) were high. In water, Pb (average: 2.59 µg/l) posed the highest toxicity risk according to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, followed by Cu and Cr. In sediment, Cu and Cr reached severe enrichment with respect to continental crust (averages: 19.46 and 13.65) followed by Ni and Zn with moderately severe enrichment. Ni produced the highest toxicity risk (average: 76.18 mg/kg), above the effects range-median, followed by Cr and Cu, between the effects range-low and effects range-median. The highest bioaccumulation factors in the water hyacinth were in the roots. Translocation factors showed similar concentrations in stems and leaves. Proper management of sewage is necessary to diminish the potential deleterious effects of metals on aquatic life and by extension, human health.

Investigation on extraction methods of garlic (Allium sativum L.) with activity against three strains of Vibrio causing disease in shrimp

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a plant with potent antibacterial activity that has been known for a long time. In this study, we extracted different extracts from garlic such as essential oil, polysaccharide, 5% acetic acid extract, ethanol extract, fractional ethyl acetate extract, fractional ethanol extract and fractional water extract to find the garlic extract with the best antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio cholera, all species causing white feces disease and acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in shrimp. The results showed that ethanol extract and essential oil had antibacterial activity in all three strains and garlic essential oil inhibited all 3 strains of Vibrio with the highest sterile ring diameter of 80 ± 0 mm by fumigation method. The MIC and MBC values of both ethanol extract and essential oil showed better resistance to V. vulnificus than to V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholera. The ethanol extract had MIC = 8.33 mg/ml and MBC = 12.50 mg/ml and the essential oil had MIC = 0.03 μl/100 μl and MBC = 0.05 μl/100 μl. The results of the time-kill curve showed that both the ethanol extract and the essential oil were able to kill all three strains of Vibrio only after 24 hours when added to the bacterial medium, while tetracycline only inhibited V. cholera, V. parahaemolyticus during the first 8 hours and 24 hours for V. vulnificus.

Microbiological and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Black Tea Kombucha Fermented with a New Zealand Starter Culture.

Kombucha is a popular sparkling sugared tea, fermented by a symbiotic culture of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) and yeast. The demand for kombucha continues to increase worldwide, mainly due to its perceived health benefits and appealing sensory properties. This study isolated and characterised the dominant AAB and yeast from a starter culture and kombucha broth after 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 14 days of fermentation at ambient temperature (22 °C). Yeast and AAB were isolated from the Kombucha samples using glucose yeast extract mannitol ethanol acetic acid (GYMEA) and yeast extract glucose chloramphenicol (YGC) media, respectively. The phenotypic and taxonomic identification of AAB and yeast were determined by morphological and biochemical characterisation, followed by a sequence analysis of the ribosomal RNA gene (16S rRNA for AAB and ITS for yeast). The changes in the microbial composition were associated with variations in the physico-chemical characteristics of kombucha tea, such as pH, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids (TSS). During fermentation, the acidity increased and the TSS decreased. The yield, moisture content, and water activity of the cellulosic pellicles which had developed at the end of fermentation were attributed to the presence of AAB. The dominant AAB species in the cellulosic pellicles and kombucha broth were identified as Komagataeibacter rhaeticus. The yeast isolates belonged to Debaryomyces prosopidis and Zygosaccharomyces lentus.

Effect of Ultrasonic Amplitude on the Yield and Properties of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) Skin Collagen

Barramundi skin, a by-product of the fish processing industry, has shown potential as an alternative collagen source. However, the commonly used acid extraction method to produce collagen rendered a low yield requires a lengthy time and is not environmentally friendly. As a result, the adoption of greener technology, such as ultrasound, to improve the conventional extraction process is emerging. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different ultrasonication amplitudes on collagen recovery from barramundi skin. The resulting collagens were evaluated for their protein, hydroxyproline and moisture content, colour, molecular weight distribution, and FTIR spectra. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was performed at 40 (UAE40), 60 (UAE60) and 80 (UAE80) % amplitude for 20 min. For comparison, acetic acid extraction was also carried out to produce acid-soluble collagen (ASC). UAE increased the yield (p&lt;0.05) of collagen from barramundi skin, with UAE80 exhibiting a 7-fold increment compared to ASC. Increasing the ultrasonic amplitude increased the yield considerably but decreased the hydroxyproline content, indicating a reduction in collagen quality. Furthermore, the protein content and SDS-PAGE profile of the extracted collagens revealed that UAE promoted protein degradation. FTIR spectra indicated that despite slightly varying wavenumbers, no detrimental effect on the triple helical structure was seen following UAE with the presence of amides A, B, I, II, and III. Also, the α1, α2 and ß-chains were found in all samples, although the band intensity reduced as the amplitude increased. In conclusion, given the right conditions, UAE could improve the extraction yield without influencing the collagen structure.

Susceptibility of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to Extracts of Mango (Magnifera indica)

Aim: This study was carried out to investigate the Susceptibility of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to extracts from young and mature mango (Magnifera indica) leaves and stem-bark of the same plant. &#x0D; Study Design: The study employed statistical analysis of the data and interpretation. &#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Young and mature mango leaves and stem-barks were collected from the Botanical Garden, Kenule Beeson Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic, Bori, Nigeria, and taken to the laboratory for analyses. &#x0D; Methodology: The samples were dried in an oven at 80oC for 3 days. Thereafter, 50 g of each ground mango leaves and stem-bark (young and mature of the same plant) were soaked separately in 500 ml of water, ethanol (95% v/v), and acetic acid (99.9% v/v) for another 3 days. The soaked materials were filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper into sterile beakers and evaporated to dryness in a water-bath at 80oC. The dried extracts obtained were reconstituted with water at concentrations of 100, 75, 50 and 25 mg/ml. Test organisms, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were obtained after proper laboratory screening of isolates from the diagnostic laboratory of the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, for confirmation of identity and storage in universal bottles in a refrigerator. Sensitivity tests were carried out with the agar well diffusion method against the test organisms, using tetracycline as standard control drug (for bacteria) and fluconazole (for Candida), with cultures incubated accordingly. The measured zones of inhibition were compared with the controls and interpreted as resistant, intermediate, or susceptible to mango extracts in accordance with the interpretive guidelines published by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Assays for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were also carried out.&#x0D; Results: Results obtained showed that Escherichia coli was completely susceptible to acetic acid young leaf and young bark extracts at 100 mg/ml concentrations. Staphylococcus aureus was susceptible only to Acetic acid young leaf extract at 100 mg/ml. For Candida albicans complete susceptibility was with acetic acid young bark at 100 mg/ml. mature leaf extract (100 mg/ml ), acetic acid young bark extract (100 to 50 mg/ml ), aqueous young bark extract (100 mg/ml) and acetic acid mature Candida albicans was susceptible to acetic acid young and mature bark extract at 100 mg/ml concentration. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of acetic acid young leaf extract for all three organisms were 12.5 mg/ml. MIC of ethanolic young leaf extract for E. coli was 12.5 mg/ml whereas that for C. albicans was 50 mg/ml. Minimum bacteriocidal concentration values were same as MIC.&#x0D; Conclusion: E. coli and S.aureus were found to be most susceptible to acetic acid young leaf and stem-bark mango extracts. For C. albicans susceptibility profiles were best with aceti acid young and mature stem-bark extracts. It was also found that mango phytochemicals have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity as well as antifungal properties. The study also reveals that young mango parts contain higher bioactive substances than mature parts. Finally, it was concluded that acetic acid extracts produced the highest antimicrobial effects whereas aqueous extracts produced the least.

From purple corn waste (pericarp) to polyphenol-rich extract with higher bioactive contents and superior product qualities using two-step optimization techniques

The pericarp of purple corn has traditionally been thought of as being a byproduct. However, it is an excellent source of high-value polyphenols (such as anthocyanins, proanthocyanins, etc.) that could be extracted and used as nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and valuable starting material for synthesizing food colorants and food additives. Hence, this study aimed to optimize the recovery of anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and condensed tannins (CT) from purple corn pericarp using a two-stage multivariate design and evaluated the phenolic profiles, antioxidants, product quality, and structural characteristics of the recovered extracts. According to Plackett-Burman design (PBD) screening, the key extraction variables identified were acetic acid concentration, extraction time, and ethanol concentration. This was followed by optimization using Box-Behnken design (BBD), facial central composite design (FCCD), and full-factorial design (FFD), and the best design was identified after comparative analysis. The models were found to be acceptable, as evidenced by the desirability values of 0.836–0.933. A comparison of the BBD, FCCD, and FFD was done, and it was found that the PBD-BBD produced a lower residual standard error (RSE) than the PBD-FCCD for most of the responses and yielded the lowest extraction time (∼8.6 h), proving that the BBD could forecast the data more accurately. To evaluate the extracts' bioactive extraction efficiency, antioxidant properties, product quality, and structural parameters, samples from a single factor (SF) experiment and BBD were compared. The BBD extract had better color properties (lower ΔE, higher a*, C, and H0) and a greater extraction yield (17.5%) than SF and was confirmed by the principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis. Although the scanning electron microscopy and the optical profilometer for BBD revealed irregular, loosely arranged granules, it had a less adverse effect on product quality and aligned with the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results. The BBD samples had lower levels of phenolic acids but higher levels of total phenolic content (118.86 ± 3.60 g GAE/kg), condensed tannins (231.74 ± 8.45 g EE/kg), antioxidants, cyanidin-3-glucoside (90.46 ± 4.47 mg/g), naringin (7.68 ± 0.58 mg/g), and cyanidin-chloride (49.81 ± 1.78 mg/g). This shows that BBD can effectively be used to optimize the extraction of polyphenolic compounds from purple corn pericarp using optimal extraction conditions, resulting in a higher yield of polyphenols having superior antioxidant properties and product quality in a comparatively shorter extraction time.

Concurrent Application of Indole Acetic Acid and Crude Fungal Extract from Rhizopus oryzae Synergistically Improved Vegetative and Physiochemical Attributes in Spinach

Concurrent Application of Indole Acetic Acid and Crude Fungal Extract from Rhizopus oryzae Synergistically Improved Vegetative and Physiochemical Attributes in Spinach