Acetate Copolymer Research Articles

Biocomposites Based on Polyethylene/Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate Copolymer/Cellulosic Fillers

This work studied biocomposites based on a blend of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and the ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), filled with 30 wt.% of cellulosic components (microcrystalline cellulose or wood flour). The LDPE/EVA ratio varied from 0 to 100%. It was shown that the addition of EVA to LDPE increased the elasticity of biocomposites. The elongation at break for filled biocomposites increased from 9% to 317% for microcrystalline cellulose and from 9% to 120% for wood flour (with an increase in the EVA content in the matrix from 0 to 50%). The biodegradability of biocomposites was assessed both in laboratory conditions and in open landfill conditions. The EVA content in the matrix also affects the rate of the biodegradation of biocomposites, with an increase in the proportion of the copolymer in the polymer matrix corresponding to increased rates of biodegradation. Biodegradation was confirmed gravimetrically by weight loss, an X-ray diffraction analysis, and the change in color of the samples after exposition in soil media. The prepared biocomposites have a high potential for implementation due to the optimal combination of consumer properties.

XPS analysis of damp heat aged and fractured polymer/glass laminates

Essential for the durability of photovoltaic (PV) modules is the polymeric encapsulant. In addition to the well-established ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), polyolefin elastomers (POE) are gaining market relevance. The main objective of this paper was to elucidate the ageing and degradation mechanisms of PV relevant glass laminates based on UV-transparent EVA and POE encapsulants by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).Special focus was given to the polymer/glass interfaces. Therefore, glass laminates were damp heat aged and debonded by monotonic compressive shear testing. Subsequently, the polymer side of the fractured surfaces was characterized by XPS and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The polar EVA encapsulant revealed more pronounced deterioration than the less polar POE material.Significant differences were already discernible after 1kh of damp heat exposure. The diffusion of Na ions from the glass substrate into the polymer matrix and the formation of Na salts at the interface were ascertained for EVA and to a less extent also for POE. While EVA laminates failed primarily close to the interface, but still within the EVA material, glass residues were detected on the fractured POE surfaces indicating interface-near glass corrosion and a fracture path propagating back and forth within POE and glass.

Performance of sandwich type fire-resistant flexible composite phase change material PEE@EBF for battery thermal management and runaway protection

To mitigate the risks of overheating and thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries, this study proposes a novel sandwich-type fire-resistant flexible composite phase change material (CPCM), referred to as PEE@EBF. The core material (PEE) was created by melt-blending paraffin wax (PW), expanded graphite (EG), and ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). The outer layer, a fire-resistant coating (EBF), was applied to the surface of PEE and consists of epoxy resin (EP), boron nitride (BN), and the composite flame retardant (CFR). Test results demonstrated that PEE@EBF maintained structural integrity, exhibiting no significant deformation or leakage after being heated at 80 °C for 5 h. PEE@EBF also displayed a high latent heat of 166.6 J/g, thermal conductivity of 0.8 W/(m∙K), and excellent electrical insulation properties. Furthermore, it achieved a UL94 V-0 flame retardant rating, with notable reductions in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and peak smoke production rate (PSPR) by 67.8 % and 81.8 %, respectively. During long-term cycling at 4C, the peak temperature (PT) and maximum temperature difference (MTD) of batteries in the module incorporating PEE@EBF were reduced by 11.8 °C and 4 °C, respectively, compared to natural convection cooling. In addition, the heat generated during the battery thermal runaway was efficiently absorbed and transferred by PEE@EBF, delaying the irreversible thermal runaway process by 633 s. This indicated that the sandwich-type PEE@EBF was suitable for thermal management and fire protection in lithium-ion batteries or energy storage devices.

Fabrication of high performance polypropylene based blends from ethylene vinyl acetate-based sole waste via solid-state shear Co-milling

Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) foam products with cross-linked structure are now widely used in the fields of functional footwear. However, due to their cross-linked structure and complex composition, they are quite difficult to be recovered in large scale after disposal, causing serious environmental pollution. Based on our self-designed solid-state shear milling (S3M) equipment, a novel co-milling technology was established to recycle ethylene vinyl acetate-based sole waste (ESW) and reuse it to strengthen and toughen polypropylene (PP). The effects of co-milling on PP/ESW powders as well as blends were studied, and the results showed that the existence of PP promoted the solid pulverization of ESW, so formed the powders with smaller size and wider distribution. Ascribing to the partial de-crosslinking of ESW during co-milling process, the contact area and the molecular entanglements at their interfaces increased, effectively improving the compatibility between PP and ESW. In this way, the simultaneous enhancement and toughening of ESW on PP were achieved. After co-milling, ESW phase in blends significantly decreased and no visible phase interface was observed. With 20 co-milling cycles, the tensile strength and impact toughness of PP/20 wt% ESW blend respectively increased from 21.9 MPa to 3.79 kJ/m2 to 25.4 MPa and 5.83 kJ/m2, both higher than most other similar PP based materials. This work provides a new strategy for high-quality and efficient recycling of ESW in large scale, and fabrication of high-performance PP based materials.

Effect of material properties and extrusion process parameters on permeability of etonogestrel in ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) films

Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA) have been extensively used in controlled drug delivery systems due to its good biocompatibility and tunable applicability based on simple variations in vinyl acetate (VA) content. We investigated impacts of material properties of EVA, including VA content and molecular weight, as well as extrusion process parameters, including draw down ratio and cooling rate, on permeability of etonogestrel in EVA films. Among all factors studied, the VA content was the most dominant factor that controls drug permeability by affecting crystallinity of EVA. MW, DDR, and cooling rate exhibited less significant effects. The impacts of these factors on crystallinity, crystallite size, and degree of crystalline orientation of EVA were characterized using polarized light microscope, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Based on the solution-diffusion model, the mechanisms by which the crystalline properties controlled drug solubility and diffusivity in EVA were discussed. These results can be applied to investigate the effects of material properties of EVA and manufacturing process conditions on drug release properties of reservoir-type EVA-based drug delivery systems with a rate-controlling membrane.

Superhydrophobic Coating Based on Nano-Silica Modification for Antifog Application of Partition Glass

In this study, vinyl triethoxysilane (VTES), KH-560 and trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) were used to modify the surface groups of commercially available nano-silica (SiO2, 50 nm), and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) was used as a film-forming agent. EVA/SiO2, EVA/V-SiO2, EVA/K-SiO2 and EVA/T-SiO2 coatings were prepared, respectively. The coatings were characterized by SEM, FTIR, TG and contact angle. It was found that when the mass percentage of SiO2 was 66 wt%, the hydrophobicity performance of the coating could be significantly improved by silica modification. Compared to the EVA/SiO2, the water contact angle (WCA) of the EVA/V-SiO2, EVA/K-SiO2 and EVA/T-SiO2 were increased by 24.0%, 14.4% and 24.6%, respectively. The FTIR results indicated that VTES, KH-560 and TMCS could effectively replace the -OH groups on the surface of the SiO2 after hydrolysis, resulting in the presence of water transport groups on the SiO2 surface. The TG results certified that TMCS had the highest substitution rate (24.6%) for the -OH groups on the SiO2 surface after the hydrolysis. Additionally, the SEM results indicated that T-SiO2 was more easily dispersed in the EVA film-forming agent, leading to a uniform micro–nano surface rough structure, which aligned with the Cassie–Wenzel model. The durability test had demonstrated that the EVA/T-SiO2 maintained its hydrophobic properties even after enduring 40,000 drops of water and the impact of 200 g of sand. Furthermore, it exhibited excellent resistance to acid corrosion, along with superior self-cleaning properties and an anti-fog performance. It also provided outstanding protection against high temperatures and UV radiation for outdoor applications.

Phase-Transition-Promoted Interfacial Anchoring of Sulfide Solid Electrolyte Membranes for High-Performance All-Solid-State Lithium Battery.

Solvent-free manufacturing is crucial for fabricating high-performance sulfide-electrolyte-based all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs), with advantages including side reaction inhibition, less contamination, and practical scalability. However, the fabricated sulfide electrolytes commonly suffer from brittleness, limited ion transport, and unsatisfactory interfacial stability due to the uncontrolled dispersion of the sulfide particles within the polymer binder matrix. Herein, a "solid-to-liquid" phase transition strategy is reported to fabricate flexible Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl) electrolytes. The polycaprolactone (PCL)-based binder (PLI) with phase-transition characteristics fills the gap of LPSCl particles and tightly grafts on the particle surface via ion-dipole interaction, bringing a thin and compact electrolyte membrane (80µm). The simultaneously high Li-ion conducting and electron insulating nature of PLI binder facilitates Li-ion transport and ensures good interfacial stability between electrolyte and anode. Consequently, the sulfide electrolyte membrane exhibits high ionic conductivity (8.5×10-4 S cm-1), enabling symmetric and full cells with 10 and 2.5 times longer cycling life compared with that of the cells with pristine LPSCl electrolyte, respectively. The demonstrated strategy is versatile and can be extended to ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) that also brings enhanced electrochemical performance. The thin sulfide electrolyte with high interfacial stability potentially facilitates dendrite-free ASSLBs with high energy density.

Visible-light-driven Fe-catalyzed alkylation for synthesizing functionalized polyolefin elastomers as advanced encapsulants in photovoltaic modules

Polyolefin elastomer (POE) has emerged as a promising encapsulant for photovoltaic modules, attributed to its exceptional water vapor barrier properties, robust weather resistance, and enhanced anti-potential induced degradation (anti-PID) capabilities. Despite these advantages, the interfacial adhesion of POE remains a significant challenge, particularly its suboptimal bonding with glass and solar cells, which impedes its broader application within the photovoltaic industry. This study introduced glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monomers into POE through a photo-induced iron-catalyzed alkylation reaction, developing a novel polyolefin encapsulant for photovoltaic modules. The encapsulant was designed to possess high light transmittance, enhanced adhesion, and elevated resistivity. The modified POE boasts an impressive light transmittance nearing 98% and an adhesive strength of 28.3 N cm−1, both superior to traditional ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) materials. Additionally, this work delves into the correlation between crystallization behavior and light transmittance, elucidating the influence of GMA incorporation on the adhesion and insulation properties of POE through gaussian simulations.

Time and Temperature Dependence of Drug Crystallization─The Role of Molecular Mobility.

Using the time-temperature-transformation diagrams, we demonstrated a correlation between molecular mobility and crystallization in amorphous solid dispersions of nifedipine (NIF) with each polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate (PVPVA64) and polyvinyl caprolactam polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer (Soluplus). The behavior was compared with the NIF dispersions prepared with each polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) [Lalge et al., Mol. Pharmaceutics 2023, 20(3), 1806-1817]. Each system was characterized by a unique temperature at which the crystallization onset time was the shortest. Below this temperature, a coupling was observed between the α-relaxation time determined by dielectric spectroscopy and crystallization onset time. Above this temperature, the activation barrier for crystallization had a more significant role than molecular mobility. In the solid state, PVP and PVPVA64 dispersion exhibited higher resistance to crystallization than HPMCAS and Soluplus. The role of polymers in inhibiting crystal growth in nucleated systems was discerned by monitoring crystallization following wetting of the amorphous dispersion with the dissolution medium. PVPVA64 and Soluplus dispersions exhibited higher resistance to crystal growth than PVP and HPMCAS.

An alternative filament fabrication method as the basis for 3D-printing personalized implants from elastic ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer

In this work, a novel tool for small-scale filament production is presented. Unlike traditional methods such as hot melt extrusion (HME), the device (i) allows filament manufacturing from small material amounts as low as three grams, (ii) ensures high diameter stability almost independent of the viscoelastic behavior of the polymer melt, and (iii) enables processing of materials with rheological profiles specifically tailored toward fused filament fabrication (FFF). Hence, novel materials, previously difficult to process due to HME limitations, become easily accessible for FFF for the first time. Here, we showcase the production of highly flexible drug-free, and drug-loaded filaments based on ethylene-vinyl acetate polymers with a vinyl acetate content of 28 w% (EVA28) and unprecedented high melt flow rates of up to 400 g/10 min. Owing to their low viscosity, FFF with low print nozzle sizes of 250 μm was achieved for the first time for EVA28. These small nozzle diameters facilitate 3D-printing of high-resolution structures in small-dimensional dosage forms such as subcutaneous implantable drug delivery systems, which can later be used for personalization. Consequently, the material portfolio for FFF is tremendously broadened, allowing material and formulation optimization toward FFF, independent of a preliminary extrusion process.

Intelligent Reversible Reconfigurable Metamaterials Based on a Two-Way Shape Memory Polymer.

The development of intelligent reversible reconfigurable metamaterials has great significance in constructing three-dimensional metamaterials and introducing reversible tunability into metamaterials. Here, we introduce an intelligent metamaterial consisting of a two-way shape memory polymer (2W-SMP) ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) actuator substrate and a patterned flexible-rigid film. Mechanical buckling of the 2W-SMP substrate was controlled by thermal stimulation. This makes it possible to afford an ability to initiate 3D structure formation or shape reconfiguration remotely in an on-demand fashion. In addition, the shape of the 2W-SMP substrate is temperature-dependent, allowing repeatable reversible deformation through temperature control after a single programming. Therefore, the electromagnetic properties of metamaterials can also be repeatedly and reversibly tuned between 9.15 and 10.82 GHz. Experimental demonstrations include the deformation and tunable electromagnetic properties of intelligent reversible reconfigurable metamaterial cells. The results create many opportunities for advanced programmable three-dimensional metamaterials.

Study on the formation process of methane hydrates on the surface of wax crystals with pour point depressant

Molecular dynamics simulations were applied to clarify the kinetic pathways and mechanism in the process of methane hydrate formation on the wax crystal surface with ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). The simulation results showed that methane molecules near the surfaces would adsorb on the surfaces of wax-EVA eutectic, while hydrates formed in the bulk of the solution away from the surfaces. The VA side chains on the wax crystal surface inhibit/promote the growth of hydrates by influencing the growth and re-dissolution process of methane nano-bubbles on eutectic surface. When a small amount of VA side chains was introduced on the wax crystal surface, as the simulation proceeded, the generated hydrates would gradually decompose. However, when more VA side chains distribute on the surface of wax crystals, the growth rate of hydrates would increase. In addition, hydrates and wax crystals could connect through a semi-cage structure, in which the VA side chain served as the guest of this semi-cage, making the eutectic and hydrates form a whole and increasing the risk of co-deposition of wax crystals and hydrates.

Durability Properties of Steel Textiles and Bonding Properties at the Interface of Steel Textiles with Reinforced Mortar-Reinforced Concrete Systems.

Aging and deterioration of building structures have been persistent concerns in the field of engineering. To address these challenges while supporting modern green and sustainable development goals, this study introduces an innovative reinforcement system that employs steel textiles as the primary reinforcing material. The steel textiles were engineered by optimizing the compatibility between steel fibers and a hot melt adhesive (HMA). These textiles were then used to reinforce concrete structures, creating a steel textile-reinforced mortar (STRM)-reinforced concrete system. The study also examined the durability of the steel textiles and the interfacial bonding performance within the STRM-reinforced concrete system. The results showed that the compatibility between steel fibers and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (HMA-2) is better, and the steel textiles prepared with it have superior hydrothermal and corrosion resistance. After the system had been maintained for 28 days, the overall flexural strength of the STRM-reinforced concrete system was increased by 100.03%, the interfacial shear load by 49.54%, the interfacial shear stiffness by 61.2%, and the positive tensile bond performance by 26.1%. This proves that STRM has a good reinforcement effect on the concrete reinforcement system.

Crosslinking Behavior of Ethylene‐Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Encapsulants in Dependence of the Additive Composition

ABSTRACTThe three‐dimensional crosslinking of encapsulants in photovoltaic (PV) modules significantly defines their thermomechanical properties and is usually initiated using peroxides and crosslinking accelerators. However, it has been shown that excess peroxides lead to undesirable side reactions such as browning, which is directly linked to the PV module power losses. Therefore, the encapsulant formulation should be adjusted accordingly, on the one hand, keeping the peroxide concentration possibly low and, on the other hand, enabling a sufficiently high gel content (GC). This work investigates the basic interaction of the crosslinking peroxide Luperox TBEC and the crosslinking accelerator Perkalink 301 (TAIC) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), to address this issue. In addition, their reaction potential with the antioxidant butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) is investigated. It is shown that stabilizing additives can have an influence on the peroxide crosslinking process, which can affect the resulting crosslinking state and require optimization of the lamination conditions. The additive content of commercial PV encapsulants is quantified using pyrolysis gas‐chromatography mass spectrometry (PY‐GCMS). Subsequently, a number of films with different TBEC and TAIC contents are produced, and their GC is analyzed as a function of the additive concentrations and lamination conditions. A range of formulations leading to a GC > 75% was identified which can be used as a guidance for encapsulant manufacturers.

Preparation and Characterization of EVAc/ TiO2 Nanocomposites Coating for Oil Pipes Protection

The spin coating process was used in this study to create nanocomposites of ethynevinyl acetate copolymer reinforced with nano titania nanoparticles at various ratios (50, 100, & 150 part/million). Using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), different types of reactions between TiO2 and EVAc were investigated. Deferential Scanning Calorimetry was used to study melting point of thin films. As well as , anti corrosion resistance of thin films using electrochemical method were studied Results show that the adding of TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced the thermal characteristics of nano composite thin films, Tm increasing from 66 oC to 71 oC, The results of the FTIR analysis demonstrate that the nanoscale TiO2 and EVAc are physically reacting. Anti-corrosion behavior shows that the corrosion current reduces from 188 mA to 1 nA and corrosion resistance was increased. Additionally, the efficacy of inhibition increased from 0.0 to 99%. with adding Nano TiO2 with 150 ppm to thin films.

MoS2@Fe3O4 prepared by γ-ray in situ reduction for enhancing the fire safety and mechanical properties of EVA/MCA composites

The high flammability of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA) limits its important applications in fire safety, and the addition of highly effective flame retardants can improve this deficiency. Melamine cyanurate (MCA) has limited carbon-forming ability and therefore is often combined with other flame retardants to achieve synergistic flame retardant effects and thus improve the flame retardancy of EVA. Therefore, in this study, MoS2@Fe3O4 hybrid materials were synthesized by in-situ growth of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and ferric oxide (Fe3O4) and their structures were characterized using various techniques. The hybrids were blended with melamine cyanurate (MCA) into ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) by melt blending method to reduce the fire hazard. The EVA composites with 1.0 wt% MoS2@Fe3O4 blends significantly improved the coke residue and limiting oxygen index values to 22.5 % and 23.2 %, while their peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke release were reduced by 62.5 %, 11.7 %, and 35.3 %, respectively, as compared to pure EVA. The results suggest that the use of MoS2@Fe3O4 hybrids in combination with MCA is a promising strategy for the development of advanced flame-retardant materials.

Assessment of various polymeric sulphur as soft bitumen improver for pavement applications

ABSTRACT In this study, five polymeric sulphurs are utilised, including polymeric sulphur based on both aliphatic copolymers and styrene copolymers, namely PS1 to PS5 correlated to amorphous poly alpha olefins (APAO) PS1, olefin residues from MAC carpet company PS2, Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) copolymer PS3, Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) copolymer PS4 and Dicyclopentadiene monomer (DCPD) PS5. The five polymeric sulphur compounds were mixed by 25wt% with soft bitumen penetration grade (80/100) to produce five sulphur-extended asphalt binders, namely SEA1, SEA2, SEA3, SEA4, and SEA5. The physical properties, including softening point, viscosity, and penetration, are examined to characterise the consistency of SEA binder. The dynamic mechanical behaviour such as complex modulus, temperature sweep, and stress relaxation test was investigated for SEA binder and compared with a reference soft bitumen (Blank) using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). It is concluded that polymeric sulphur based on styrene compounds SEA2 and SEA4 binders have the highest resistance against cracking of the pavement at low temperatures according to penetration index readings, and have the least permanent (plastic) deformation at high temperatures according to temperature sweep from DMA data. It is noticed that SEA5 binder has a negative effect on the performance of soft bitumen.

Regulating reaction kinetics used for the preparation of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer with high grafting ratio

A feasible and innovative reaction kinetics control method was proposed to reduce the degradation, cross-linking and other side reactions during the melt grafting process. The components in the melt grafting system were firstly blended at a temperature lower than the half-life (170 °C) of the radical initiator. After the system was homogeneous, the temperature was raised to the half-life temperature for high-temperature melting reaction. By regulating the reaction kinetics of silane grafted EVA system, the collision probability between macromolecular free radicals and grafted monomers was effectively increased. The efficiency and grafting rate of EVA grafted by silane were significantly improved, which reached a maximum of 74.45 % and 4.81 wt%, respectively. The thermal behavior, crystallographic, mechanical and electrical properties of the grafts were further characterized, which made the structure-activity relationship of polymers construct and investigate.

Enhancing toughness in cement-based composites: Unraveling the composite effect mechanisms of polymers and fibers through physic testing and molecular dynamics simulations

To reveal the toughening mechanism of polymers and fibers in composite applications, a combination of physical tests (uniaxial compression, flexural fracture, single fiber pull-out, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD)) and molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out. Three polymers, i.e. ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), styrene-acrylate copolymer (SAE), and styrene-butadiene copolymer (SB), and two fibers, i.e. polypropylene fiber (PP) and polyvinyl alcohol fiber (PVA) are considered. Their composite effect mechanisms are explained in the viewpoint of three scales. At the macro-scale, the pull-out tests of single fiber show that the polymer increased the equivalent bond strength between the fiber and the mortar matrix. At micro-scale, it was observed from the SEM experiments that the fiber and polymer film inhibited the crack extension at different scales, besides the polymer could absorb on the fiber surface to improve the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) density around the fiber and increase the roughness of the fiber surface. At nano-scale, MD simulations demonstrate that three polymers facilitated the bond strength between PP fiber and C–S–H at the nano-scale, mainly because of the formation of Ca–O coordination bond and H-bonds between the polymers and C–S–H, and the presence of van der Waals forces between the polymers and PP fiber. However, SAE facilitated the bonding between the PVA fibers and the C–S–H, which originated from the coordination bonds formed between Ca ions on the surface of SAE and O atoms in PVA. In addition, the large number of H-bonds formed between SAE and PVA.

In situ preparation of MoS2@Fe3O4 by radiation method and its application in flame retardancy, mechanical properties, and friction properties of EVA composites

In recent years, there has been significant interest in using two-dimensional MoS2 to enhance flame retardancy, which has proven challenging. MoS2@Fe3O4 nanosheets were successfully synthesized via a one-step method called radiation reduction to boost MoS2’s flame retardant properties. Incorporating these MoS2@Fe3O4 nanocomposites notably improved the flame retardancy of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). Compared to pure EVA, EVA nanocomposites with 1 part of MoS2@Fe3O4 showed a 17.4% reduction in peak heat release rate, 40.4% decrease in total heat release, and 52.9% reduction in total smoke release, with scaly residue content improving from 0.4% to 12.6%. Additionally, MoS2@Fe3O4 incorporation enhanced the mechanical and friction properties of EVA composites, increasing tensile strength by 25.7% and elongation at break by 10.4% compared to pure EVA. This study presents an effective and simple method for producing modified MoS2 nanosheets that enhance flame retardancy, as well as mechanical and friction properties of EVA composites.