Accuracy Of Visual Inspection Research Articles

Research on Surface Defect Detection Method of Wire Rope Outer Covering Layer Based on Deep Learning

Abstract Aiming at the requirement of a certain enterprise for the visual inspection accuracy of the surface defects of the outer sheath of the wire rope to reach 95 %, this paper adopts the existing Faster R-CNN algorithm to detect the surface defects of the outer sheath of the wire rope, and its accuracy mAP 0.5 is 8 8.7%. In order to improve the detection accuracy, the Faster R-CNN algorithm is improved. Among them, ResNeXt-101 is obtained on the basis of ResNeXt-50. It is used as the backbone network, and the attention mechanism feature pyramid network ACFPN is introduced to extract multi-scale features to enhance the network’s defect detection ability. The defect detection accuracy mAP 0.5 is improved to 93.2% In view of the diversity and large size differences of the defects of the outer sheath of the wire rope, a new loss function is constructed for the network. At the same time, the BO algorithm is used to optimize the hyperparameters of the stochastic gradient optimizer SGD of the improved network. The final designed ResNeXt101-ACFPN-Faster R-CNN algorithm is used to detect the surface defects of the outer sheath of the wire rope, and the detection accuracy mAP 0.5 reaches 95.8%. The detection goal of the enterprise is achieved. The research results show that the network optimization method proposed in this paper has a good effect on improving the detection accuracy of the surface defects of the outer sheath of the wire rope, and also verifies the effectiveness and feasibility of the algorithm improvement.

Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy does not reduce surgical complexity nor the accuracy of intra-operative visual assessment of disease in advanced ovarian cancer

AimCompare the surgical complexity and histological accuracy of visual inspection of disease in patients undergoing primary debulking (PDS) versus delayed debulking surgery (DDS) following neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) for advanced ovarian cancer (AOC). Materials and methodsAll patients undergoing PDS or DDS for stage III / IV AOC at a UK cancer centre between January 2014–October 2021 were included. Retrospective data was collected accessing an electronic gynaecological oncology database, operation and histology records. Comparative frequencies of surgical procedures performed were calculated for primary versus delayed cohorts; and correlation between intra-operative suspicion of disease and specimen histology at PDS and DDS compared. ResultsN=232. PDS was performed in 45.3% and DDS in 54.7% of patients; achieving complete cytoreduction in 77.2%. Appendicectomy, pelvic and para-aortic nodal dissection were undertaken significantly more often at primary surgery; whilst right diaphragm stripping, pelvic peritonectomy, splenectomy and cholecystectomy were more likely following NACT. We found no variation in bowel resection rates between cohorts. For the majority of specimens, there was no difference in correlation between intra-operative suspicion of disease and final histopathology – with a significantly lower positive predictive value for visual assessment demonstrated only for liver capsule and pelvic peritoneum at DDS. ConclusionNACT does not appear to reduce the complexity of surgery, including rates of bowel resection; nor accuracy of intra-operative visual assessment of disease. We therefore caution against both deferring to NACT to facilitate less radical delayed debulking; and any presumption that macroscopically abnormal tissue at DDS may represent inert post-NACT ‘burn-out’, mitigating indication for excision. We instead suggest reservation of the neo-adjuvant pathway for patients with poor PS and radiologically-confirmed surgical stopping points; and advocate equivalent and maximal cytoreductive effort to remove all visibly abnormal tissue in both the upfront and delayed surgical settings.

Comparison of the Accuracy of Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid, Visual Inspection with Lugol Iodine and coloscope in Screening for Cervical Neoplasia

Comparison of the Accuracy of Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid, Visual Inspection with Lugol Iodine and coloscope in Screening for Cervical Neoplasia

Using Neutron Radiography to Assess Parameters Associated with Water Permeability Testing

Abstract This study uses neutron radiography to evaluate specimen preparation and test parameters that impact the depth of water penetration in concrete tested under water pressure. First, the impact of the boundary conditions (i.e., the dissipation of pressure that may build up at the lower side of the specimen) on the water penetration throughout the specimen depth was studied. Second, the impact of predrying the specimens (at 65°C) was examined. Third, the depth of water penetration is often measured by splitting the specimen at the end of the permeability test. The use of visual assessment to quantify the depth of water penetration was compared with neutron radiography measurements to determine the accuracy of visual inspection. It was concluded that care should be taken while designing the permeability apparatus to allow pressure dissipation at the lower section of the specimen. The predrying of the specimens at 65°C significantly impacts the permeability and microstructure of the concrete specimens. Finally, water can be seen by the eye when it fills voids with a pore radius greater than 46 nm (i.e., a relative humidity higher than 98.2 ± 0.5 % range, in concrete specimens with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.42 and an air content of 2.5 % content).

MRF based image stitching of electroplated diamond wire saw: For improving visual inspection accuracy of manufacturing quality

Electroplated diamond wire saw has become the most important tool for wafer slicing in the photovoltaic field. The distribution state of abrasives on the surface of the wire saw is an important index to evaluate its manufacturing quality. However, it is difficult to inspect the abrasive distribution state along the circumferential direction on the surface of a wire saw, which is mainly limited by the acquisition of the full-cylindrical surface image of the wire saw. This work proposed a stitching method of the wire saw semi-cylindrical surface image. The unfolding model of the wire saw semi-cylindrical surface image is first established. Taking the center of gravity of the abrasives as the feature point, the matching criterion is established according to the spatial position relationship between the cameras. Based on markov random filed theory, the effective screening of feature points is realized by introducing the context information between feature points. The wire saw image is registered by the affine transformation model, and the fusion of stitching seams is realized by Laplacian image fusion algorithm. The full cylindrical surface image of an electroplated diamond wire saw can be obtained by the proposed method. Experimental results show that the time consumption of electroplated diamond wire saw image stitching is about 0.5 s, which can meet the real-time requirements of wire saw visual inspection. This work could be applied to the online inspection of the abrasive distribution state and the real-time adjustment of process parameters, which will help to improve the manufacturing quality of the electroplated diamond wire saw.

Accuracy of visual inspection, cytology and colposcopy in the diagnosis of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Introduction: Cervical cancer is still one of the leading causes of cancer and mortality in women, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Normally, the prevention of its occurrence is done through efficient screening and treatment programs for high-grade epithelial lesions, which are pre-malignant lesions. Cheaper diagnostic techniques ensure greater access to women, which can prevent a large number of cancer cases worldwide. Objective:The aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of visual inspection either with acetic acid or with Lugol’s iodine, cervical cytology and colposcopy in the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and 3. Methods: This is a study of diagnostic accuracy. We evaluated 115 women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion confirmed by biopsy, 54 with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and 61 with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3, from January 2016 to December 2018 at the Lower Genital Tract Pathology and Colposcopy Service of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. A comparative analysis of the visual inspection, Pap smear and colposcopy diagnostic methods was performed. Results: The average age was 33.1 years (standard deviation=9.83) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 cases and 35.2 years (standard deviation=7.97) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3. In the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 group, visual inspection tests were positive for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in 98.1% of the cases with acetic acid and 94.4% with Lugol’s iodine. Colposcopy identified a probable high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in 94.4% of the cases, while cytology only in 42.6%. In the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 group, the visual inspection tests were positive for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in 91.8% of the cases with acetic acid and 95.1% with Lugol’s iodine. Colposcopy identified a probable high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in 93.5% of the cases, while cytology in 65.6%. Conclusion: Visual inspection with acetic acid and Lugol’s iodine, and colposcopy test were more accurate for the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and 3 than through cytopathology.

Diagnostic accuracy of visual inspection of cervix using lugol’s iodine for detecting cervical carcinoma taking histopathology as a gold standard

Cervical cancer arises from the transformation zone of the cervix. Diagnosis is usually made by screening later confirmed by a biopsy. In low resource setups, where modern methods are not suitable, an alternate method is to inspect the cervix with naked eye after applying Lugol’s iodine as it highlights the precancerous lesions. Objective: To look for the diagnostic accuracy of visual investigation of cervix using lugol’s iodine (VILI) for detecting the cervical cancer taking histopathology as a gold standard. Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted at Obstetrics and Gynecology department, Services Hospital, Lahore for six months from 1st July 2021 to 31st December 2021. 150 patients were examined using lugol’s iodine solution and then underwent colposcopy to determine the diagnostic accuracy of lugol’s iodine in cervical carcinoma while setting histopathology as a gold standard. Results: The mean age of the patients was 42.11 ± 10.12 years. 8.67% patients were nulliparous, 13.33% registered patients were with parity one, 38.67% patients with parity two, 29.33% patients were with parity three and 10% patients were para four. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of VILI was found to be 92.59%, 93.75% and 93.33% respectively, taking histopathology as gold standard. Conclusions: According to results of our study we can say that the visualizing the cervix using lugol’s iodine (VILI) can be used for detection of cervical cancer

A Comparative Analysis of Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid, Cervical Cytology, and Histopathology in the Screening and Early Detection of Premalignant and Malignant Lesions of the Cervix.

The incidence of cervical cancer and related mortality is growing worldwide. The natural history of disease progression ranges from 10 to 20 years. Hence, effective screening can help in the early detection and prevention of fatal complications. This study aims to (1) compare the sociodemographic characteristics of the women with malignant and premalignant lesions of the cervix, (2) collate the accuracy of visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid (VIA) with Pap smear cervical cytology in the early detection of premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix, and (3) standardize it with histopathology, a gold standard screening tool. This study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior, India, from October 2020 to March 2021 including all the sexually active women of the reproductive age group and postmenopausal women attending the gynecology outpatient department and the indoor admitted patients. A total of 500 patients were included in the study. The women were subjected to a Pap smear followed by VIA. Punch biopsy was taken from the acetowhite regions and sent for histopathological examination. The women with abnormal cervical cytology results also underwent a biopsy and histopathological examination. On comparative analysis, the sensitivity and specificity of Pap smear cytology were found to be 89.5% and 65.2%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of VIA were found to be 94.7% and 88%, respectively. The overall accuracy of VIA testing (93.2%) is more significant than that of Pap smear (68%). According to our study, it is found that visual inspection with acetic acid is more diagnostically accurate than Pap smear cytology. Hence, VIA testing could be implemented as a primary screening tool with credence. Also, as learned from our study, the premalignant and malignant lesions are more common among elderly women living under a low socioeconomic status. Hence, these groups of women must be outreached and covered through effectively targeted screening programs.

Looking Beyond VIA to Improve Cervical Cancer Screening in Low Resource Settings.

The two prongs for cervical cancer prevention are vaccination for primary prevention and effective screening for preinvasive and early invasive disease. Until human papilloma virus DNA testing can be provided in low resource settings, screening with VIA is the most feasible option. Various innovative methods have been used to improve the diagnostic accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). This study explores one such option. We modified VIA (VIA-Md) by using a magnifying lens mounted with battery operated light emitting devices (LEDs)to study the acetowhite areas on the cervix. The peak wavelength of the light from the LEDs was in the bluish white range. The results of VIA and VIA-Md were compared using colposcopy directed biopsy as the reference standard. The study was conducted in 273 eligible women. The sensitivity of VIA and VIA-Md for detecting CIN2 + lesions were 57.1% and 100% respectively. The specificity of VIA and VIA-Md were 99.2% and 89.5%; and p values using the colposcopy directed biopsy as the reference standard were 0.000 and 0.018 respectively. However, VIA-Md was also effective in identifying 21 out of the total 32 cases of chronic cervicitis identified by colposcopy directed biopsy. VIA-Md appears to be a highly sensitive test for detection of CIN2 + lesions. However, because of concerns regarding lower specificity, VIA-Md can be used simultaneously with VIA as an effective tool for triaging women who need to be kept under close surveillance or who might benefit from local ablative therapy.

Indocyanine Green Angiography of Parathyroid Glands versus Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Assay as a Reliable Predictor for Post Thyroidectomy Transient Hypocalcemia

Background Prediction of postoperative hypocalcemia is a fundamental issue in thyroidectomy. Indocyanine green (ICG) angiography of parathyroid glands is a feasible method to detect the perfusion of parathyroid glands and predict postoperative hypocalcemia. Materials and Methods A prospective observational study was conducted at Ain Shams University Hospitals between April 2018 and April 2021. The included cases of total thyroidectomy underwent intraoperative ICG fluorescence angiography to identify the four parathyroid glands and score each gland according to the viability. Patients in which less than four glands were identified were excluded. Intraoperative intact parathyroid hormone (ioPTH) level assay was also measured to compare with ICG in predicting postoperative transient hypocalcemia. Results A total of 134 cases underwent total thyroidectomy during the study period. We could identify the four parathyroid glands in 90 patients, including them in the study. We had postoperative hypocalcemia in 28 cases (31.1%). The diagnostic accuracy of ICG angiography and ioPTH level assay was high and almost similar (82.22% versus 87.78%). Both were higher than the surgeons’ diagnostic accuracy of visual inspection (62.22%). Conclusions ICG angiography of the parathyroid gland is a safe, reliable predictor for postoperative transient hypocalcemia with a high and almost similar accuracy compared to intraoperative parathyroid hormone level.

Diagnostics of materials by diffraction optical methods

The internal state of the material formed as a result of technological processing, indirectly affects the state of the material surface. A non-contact method of non-destructive control of the state of materials based on a visual analysis of the surface, requires high-quality images which can be obtained either using lens objectives or lenseless technologies. The results of studying image processing obtained by lensless technologies are presented. We used methods for modeling phase masks and image processing based on Gerchberg – Saxton iterative algorithms, adaptive-additive and phase mask rotation based algorithms. Materials such as granite, graphite, sand and carbon steel were analyzed. It is shown that the construction of cameras can provide significant reduction of their dimensions at the same or even improved characteristics. The images obtained using lensless technologies and the proposed methods of image processing also provide a significant increase in the accuracy of visual inspection of materials. The results obtained can be used in refining lensless technologies, improving the quality of images and reducing time of their processing.

Accuracy of visual inspection of flood defences

Prioritisation of flood defence maintenance is typically based on visual inspection. However, literature shows that the Probability of Detection (PoD) of visual inspection can vary significantly. Here we investigate the PoD for visual inspections of flood defence structures, the consistency of damage classification, and the influence of different variables on the PoD, such as past experience. Four flood defence sections were inspected by 22 different inspectors for a variety of damage types, such as animal burrowing and damage to block revetments. It is found that the PoD varies significantly both per damage type and inspector. Additionally, the estimated severity of damages varies significantly in comparison to the reference situation: over half of the registered damages is assigned a different severity compared to the reference, which potentially leads to incorrect maintenance measures. A likely explanation for the variation in results is the complexity of inspection guidelines and task definitions. Therefore it is advised to simplify inspection guidelines and use more focussed inspections for the most important types of damage. This likely leads to both a reduction of the number of false negatives associated with an increase in flood risk, and better risk-based asset management and maintenance prioritisation in general.

Visual Inspection of Cervix with Acetic Acid (VIA): An Effective Method of Screening for Cervical Cancer

Objective: To assess diagnostic accuracy of visual inspection of cervix with 3-5% acetic acid(VIA) as a screening method for early detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and early cervical cancer.Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Gynecology & Obstetrics Department Unit-1, Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, from April 2017 to September 2018. Participants were included in the study through non-probability convenience sampling technique. Married, non-pregnant and sexuallyactive women aged between 21-50 years were included in the study. Demographic information and relevant history was taken followed by the procedure for VIA. Acetowhite changes were noted after application of 5% acetic acid on the cervix. The result of the test was documented as positive or negative. Colposcopy was done in all VIA positive cases and suspicious cases with abnormal looking cervix. Biopsy of the cervix was taken for histopathology to assess the results of VIA. SPSS version-20 was used for statistical analysis.Results: There were 323 subjects with a mean age of 35.5 ± 7.6.Out of 323 participants only 6 were found VIA positive (1.86). On histopathology, only two cases were found positive (0.62%), one early invasive cervical cancer and one CIN1. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of visual inspection of cervix after acetic acid application was 100%, 57%, 40%, 100%respectively and the diagnostic accuracy was 66.7%.
 Conclusion: Visual inspection of cervix with 3-5% acetic acid is highly sensitive, screening method for cervical cancer. It is quite simple, affordable and better screening modality for detecting cervical cancer at an early stage.

Health outcomes in women attending with clinical guideline PROGYNE to a primary care center for cervical cancer prevention.

The objective of the current study was to analyze the health outcomes of women attending with a clinical guideline to consultations for cervical cancer (CC) prevention in a primary care center. A cross-sectional design was used, and data were collected from March to July 2016 with a sample of 87 women in Fortaleza, Brazil. The following correlations were found: previous history of sexually transmitted infection (p= 0.025), women who used oral contraceptives (p= 0.035), and undergo the Papanicolaou test annually; having black skin color (p= 0.031) and attending to the first gynecological consultation; being single (p= 0.031), family history of cancer (p< 0.001), and undergoing the first Papanicolaou test within the first 3 years of sexual activity; age up to 30 years and positive colposcopy (p= 0.027); and being single and positive colposcopy (p= 0.021). CC was characterized by the presence of intraepithelial lesion detected on colposcopy (gold standard). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of visual inspection with Lugol's iodine, digital cervicography, and Papanicolaou test. The area under the curve values were as follows: digital cervicography: 0.558, p= 0.509; Lugol's iodine: 0.491, p= 0.919; and Papanicolaou test: 0.697, p= 0.024. Colposcopy in primary care provided a faster diagnosis of pre-cancerous lesions. Understanding the health outcomes of women who underwent consultations for CC prevention, as well as the screening and diagnosis methods used, is essential to the service and national health system of the less developed countries.

The Effectiveness of Field Pest Management and Culling at Harvest for Risk Mitigation of Two Fruit Flies Affecting Citrus in China

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephrtitidae), and the Chinese citrus fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae), are 2 destructive citrus fruit pests in China. A field study was conducted during Sep to Oct of 2018 in Dongkou County of Hunan Province to assess (1) fruit infestations at the time of harvest under 2 management levels, and (2) the efficacy of culling at harvest (i.e., visual inspection and removal of the infested fruits) on reducing the number of infested fruits. A total of 26,400 fruits of Satsuma mandarins, Citrus unshiu (Swingle) Marcov (Rutaceae), were harvested from 2 groves with 1 representing highly managed groves, and the other representing commonly managed groves (low management). Fruit culling was conducted immediately to separate fruits into 5 groups: (1) B. minax infested fruits, (2) B. dorsalis infested fruits, (3) B. minax + B. dorsalis infested fruits, (4) suspected fruit fly infested fruits, and (5) fruit fly free fruits. Fruit dissection was conducted 4 wk later to determine the actual number of the infested fruits, and also to act as a check on the accuracy of visual inspection on the reduction of the number of infested fruits. The highly managed grove had 0.02% infested fruits vs. 2.19% in the low managed grove, a 99.09% reduction in infestation rate. Culling reduced the infested rate to 0.0077% in the highly managed grove and 1.14% in the low managed grove, a reduction of 62% and 48%, respectively, compared to that before culling. About 99% and 73% of fruits which were identified as infested actually were pest free in the 2 groves, respectively. The result of this study suggests that field management is highly effective and critical in reducing fruit fly infestation. The efficacy of culling at harvest on reducing the number of infested fruits was moderate. The accuracy of using culling for identifying the infested fruits was unreliable.

Automatic Recognition of Traffic Signs Based on Visual Inspection

The automatic recognition of traffic signs is essential to autonomous driving, assisted driving, and driving safety. Currently, convolutional neural network (CNN) is the most popular deep learning algorithm in traffic sign recognition. However, the CNN cannot capture the poses, perspectives, and directions of the image, nor accurately recognize traffic signs from different perspectives. To solve the problem, the authors presented an automatic recognition algorithm for traffic signs based on visual inspection. For the accuracy of visual inspection, a region of interest (ROI) extraction method was designed through content analysis and key information recognition. Besides, a Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) method was developed for image detection to prevent projection distortion. Furthermore, a traffic sign recognition learning architecture was created based on CapsNet, which relies on neurons to represent target parameters like dynamic routing, path pose and direction, and effectively capture the traffic sign information from different angles or directions. Finally, our model was compared with several baseline methods through experiments on LISA (Laboratory for Intelligent and Safe Automobiles) traffic sign dataset. The model performance was measured by mean average precision (MAP), time, memory, floating point operations per second (FLOPS), and parameter number. The results show that our model consumed shorter time yet better recognition performance than baseline methods, including CNN, support vector machine (SVM), and region-based fully convolutional network (R-FCN) ResNet 101.

What is the accuracy of visual inspection for the diagnosis of basal cell skin cancer (BCC)?

What is the accuracy of visual inspection for the diagnosis of basal cell skin cancer (BCC)?

What is the accuracy of visual inspection for the diagnosis of cutaneous squamous cell skin cancer (cSCC)?

What is the accuracy of visual inspection for the diagnosis of cutaneous squamous cell skin cancer (cSCC)?

Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid Versus Papanicolaou Test in Cervical Cancer Screening

To compare the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid with Papanicolaou test. This was cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 18 months. A total of 800 patients attending the gynecology outpatient department of Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital and fulfilling the inclusion criteria and giving their informed consent were included. Out of 800 women from whom Pap smear was obtained, 716 (89.5%) were negative. There were 84 (10.5%) positive cases. Among 800 women screened using VIA, 171 (21.38%) were found to be positive, while 629 (78.62%) were negative. Histopathological evaluation could be done in 155 screened cases. Among these 155 cases, 41 (26.45%) were positive for pre-malignancy and 114 (73.55%) were negative. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of PAP against histopathology were 80.5%, 62.3%, 43.4%, 89.9% and 67.1%, respectively, whereas the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of VIA against histopathology were 87.8%, 5.3%, 25.0%, 54.5% and 27.1%, respectively. The sensitivity of VIA and Pap was nearly equal, i.e., 87.8% and 80.5%, respectively. Pap was found to be more specific than VIA, i.e., 62.3 vs. 5.3%. The findings of the study thus showed that although PAP was more specific than VIA, VIA had a higher sensitivity. Despite a high false positivity rate, it could be recommended as a preliminary screening tool in primary care low-resource settings.

Low-Cost Technology for the Prevention of Cervical Cancer in Cameroon

PURPOSE Our aim was to assess the accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) as a screening method for cervical lesions. METHODS VIA and cytologic smears were carried out on the cervices of nonpregnant women age 30 to 60 years with no previous history of cervical cancer. Cervices with acetowhite lesions or positive Pap smears, as well as 1 in 10 negative cervices (control), were biopsied. RESULTS Of patients, 10,020 women were enrolled and 9,626 (96.1%) were screened. With screening, 9,534 patients (99.0%) had adequate cytology smears, 1,148 (11.9%) underwent colposcopy, and 3,486 biopsies were obtained, of which 1,056 were controls. Sensitivity of VIA was 70.4% versus 47.7%, specificity was 77.6% versus 94.2%, positive predictive value was 44.0% versus 67.2%, and negative predictive value was 91.3% versus 87.8% for Papanicolau test, respectively. CONCLUSION VIA has acceptable test qualities and is now well implemented as a large-scale screening method in Cameroon.