Accuracy Of Interpersonal Perception Research Articles

Interpersonal Perception in Virtual Groups: Examining Homophily, Identification and Individual Attraction Using Social Relations Model in Network

With the penetration of the Internet, virtual groups have become more and more popular. The reliability and accuracy of interpersonal perception in the virtual environment is an intriguing issue. Using the Social relations model (SRM) [1], this paper investigates interpersonal perception in virtual groups from a multilevel perspective. In particular, it examines the following three areas: homophily, identification, and individual attraction, and explores how much of these directional and dyadic relational evaluations can be attributed to the effect of the actor, the partner, and the relationship.

Accuracy of judging others’ traits and states: Comparing mean levels across tests

Tests of accuracy in interpersonal perception take many forms. Often, such tests use designs and scoring methods that produce overall accuracy levels that cannot be directly compared across tests. Therefore, progress in understanding accuracy levels has been hampered. The present article employed several techniques for achieving score equivalency. Mean accuracy was converted to a common metric, pi [Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1989). Effect size estimation for one-sample multiple-choice-type data: Design, analysis, and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 332–337] in a database of 109 published results representing tests that varied in terms of scoring method (proportion accuracy versus correlation), content (e.g., personality versus affect), number of response options, item preselection, cue channel (e.g., face versus voice), stimulus duration, and dynamism. Overall, accuracy was midway between guessing level and a perfect score, with accuracy being higher for tests based on preselected than unselected stimuli. When item preselection was held constant, accuracy was equivalent for judging affect and judging personality. However, comparisons must be made with caution due to methodological variations between studies and gaps in the literature.

Cross-cultural consensus in personality judgments.

Building on recent research demonstrating consensus and accuracy in interpersonal perception based on minimal information, the present studies examined American and Chinese participants' within- and cross-cultural judgments. In Study 1, the authors used the zero-acquaintance paradigm in the People's Republic of China and found consensus on all personality dimensions. In Study 2, Chinese and American participants judged each other on the basis of photographs, and consensus was found among Americans' judgments of Chinese and Chinese participants' judgments of Americans. Further, by correlating target effects based on within-culture zero-acquaintance judgments and cross-cultural photographic judgments, the authors found agreement in the judgments of individuals by members of their own culture and the other culture for both Chinese and Americans.

Impression management, cognitive demand, and interpersonal sensitivity

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of cognitive demand on interpersonal sensitivity in initial interactions between unacquainted subjects. It was hypothesized that the increased cognitive demand created by initiating an unfavorable (vs. favorable) impression would lead to decreased accuracy in inferences made about an interaction partner. Forty-six pairs of subjects were run in a 2 (favorable or unfavorable impression) × 2 (male dyad or female dyad) factorial design. One member of each subject pair was randomly assigned the perceiver role and given the impression-management instructions. When the interaction was finished, subjects rated themselves and their partner on seven dimensions (e.g., comfortable, friendly, dominant, etc.). Subjects also rated how they thought their partners perceived them on these same dimensions. Two accuracy scores were determined within pairs by correlating: (a) the perceiver’s ratings of the target with the target’s rating of self (direct perspective), and (b) the perceiver’s rating of “my partner thought I felt” with the target’s rating of the perceiver (meta-perspective). The hypothesis was supported in that favorable impression perceivers were significantly more accurate on the meta-perspective judgments than were the unfavorable impression perceivers. In addition, the favorable impression perceivers recalled more descriptive characteristics of the targets than did the unfavorable impression perceivers. The results of the study indicate that a more difficult, impression-management task reduced accuracy in interpersonal perception.

A general model of consensus and accuracy in interpersonal perception.

Consensus refers to the extent to which 2 judges agree in their ratings of a common target. A general model of interpersonal perception based on Anderson's (1981) weighted-average model is developed. The model shows that increased acquaintance does not always lead to large changes in consensus. Degree of overlap between the target behaviors observed by the judges and similarity of meaning systems are key but neglected parameters. The model can also be used as a basis for determining the accuracy of person perception. In some cases, accuracy can increase with greater acquaintance, whereas consensus may not.

A general model of consensus and accuracy in interpersonal perception.

A general model of consensus and accuracy in interpersonal perception.

Interperting the expressive behavior of others: The Interpersonal Perception Task

This paper describes the validation of the Interpersonal Perception Task (IPT), a new method for studying the process of social perception. The IPT is a videotape consisting of 30 scenes. Each scene is paired with a multiple-choice question about the interaction depicted in the scene. All scenes contain full-channel sequences of unscripted behavior and employ an objective criterion of accurate judgment. Five common types of social interaction are represented: status, intimacy, kinship, competition, and deception. In the first study the IPT was administered to 438 subjects. Results indicated that subjects performed better than chance for 28 of the 30 scenes and that females performed better than males. A second study investigated the possibility that the people who appear in the IPT display idiosyncratic or unrepresentative behaviors. Three coders performed a scene-by-scene content analysis of the IPT, noting the presence or absence of behaviors which previous researchers have found to be associated with the five areas represented in the IPT. In all but one scene, coders found enough behavioral information to enable correct interpretation. A third study employed a peer nomination procedure to explore the construct validity of the IPT. Subjects obtaining higher scores on the IPT were perceived by their friends as more socially skilled. Finally, in an investigation of the convergent and discriminant validity of the IPT, we found no relationship with a visual acuity task or the Machiavellian scale, a significant positive correlation with the Self-Monitoring Scale, a significant positive correlation with the Social Interpretations Task (SIT), and an even stronger positive correlation with those SIT items which measure the same areas as the IPT. Uses of the IPT to investigate the process and accuracy of interpersonal perception are discussed.

Accuracy in interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis.

For the past 30 years, the study ofaccuracy in person perception has been a neglected topic in social and personality psychology. Research in this area was stopped by a critique of global accuracy scores by Cronbach and Gage. They argued that accuracy should be measured in terms of components. Currently, interest in the topic of accuracy is rekindling. This interest is motivated, in part, by a reaction to the bias literature. We argue that modern accuracy research should (a) focus on measuring when and how people are accurate and not on who is accurate, (b) use each person as both judge and target, and (c) partition accuracy into components. The social relations model (Kenny & La Voie, 1984) can be used as a paradigm to meet these requirements. According to this model, there are four types of accuracy, only two of which are generally conceptually interesting. The first, cared individual accuracy, measures the degree to which people's judgments of an individual correspond to how that individual tends to behave across interaction partners. The second, called dyadic accuracy, measures the degree to which people can uniquely judge how a specific individual will behave with them. We present an example that shows high levels of individual accuracy and lower levels ofdyadic accuracy. The topic of accuracy in interpersonal perception is a fundamental issue in social and personality psychology. In this article, we present a new and integrative approach. We begin with a historical review of the topic and the Cronbach and Gage critique of global accuracy scores. We then propose that accuracy research should be nomothetic, interpersonal, and componential. Finally, we show how the social relations model fulfills these requirements and so provides a methodology to study interpersonal accuracy.

Accuracy in interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis.

Accuracy in interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis.

Family Process and Child Development in Unlabeled (Normal) Families*

Preliminary data are reported from an ongoing project devoted to the study of normal families. The research emphasizes the effects of system‐level variables and the micro patterns of conversational interaction on the development of children within the family. Our theoretical model focuses on the individuation process, and the way in which accuracy of interpersonal perception and mutual validation among family members contribute to and are affected by the personal development and functioning of individual family members. The data derive from two‐hour interviews with 99 families in their homes, plus psychological, sociometric and achievement data on an adolescent girl in each family. We have found both structural factors and patterns of conversational interaction among parents that distinguish families of the adolescent girls who score high on the individual functioning measures from families of adolescent girls who score low on these same measures.

New Methods of Assessing the Accuracy of Interpersonal Perception

New Methods of Assessing the Accuracy of Interpersonal Perception

Accurate interpersonal perception and open-mindedness.

The primary intent of this study was to investigate the relationship between “open-mindedness” and accuracy of interpersonal perception. Specifically, a negative correlation was hypothesized between scores on the Rokeach (1960) Dogmatism Scale and total test scores on the Cline Interpersonal Perception Test. The sample included 70 graduate and 61 undergraduate students. The hypothesis was not confirmed. However, a significant ( p < .05) negative relationship was evident between dogmatism and the subtest of the Cline subtest, “Perception and Memory of Verbal Stimuli.” When the total sample was divided into five subgroups according to level of dogmatism, no significant differences were noted on the film test performances. However, the group with the highest dogmatism scores obtained the highest scores on 3 of the 4 subtests. Suggested improvements of the film test questionnaires are discussed.

Effects of anxiety and stress on accuracy of interpersonal perception.

Metaperspective (MP) refers to a person's perception of another person's perception of him. It was hypothesized that: (a) high anxiety (HA) Ss would be less accurate in MP than low anxiety (LA) Ss; (b) LA Ss would be more accurate in MP than HA Ss in a stress situation; (c) there would be no sex differences in accuracy of MP; and (d) in like-sexed dyads, there would be more accurate MP than in opposite-sexed dyads. 8 groups were formed, each including 2 HA males, 2 HA females, 2 LA males, and 2 LA females. After having completed a self-concept scale 4 groups were assigned to a non-stress condition and 4 to a stress condition. All Ss then completed a stress questionnaire and scales measuring their perception of each S and their perception of each S's perception of them. None of the hypotheses were accepted.

ACCURACY OF INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION AS A FUNCTION OF CONSISTENCY OF INFORMATION.

ACCURACY OF INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION AS A FUNCTION OF CONSISTENCY OF INFORMATION.

A methodological note on the Cline and Richards' studies on accuracy of interpersonal perception.

A methodological note on the Cline and Richards' studies on accuracy of interpersonal perception.

The Accuracy of Students’ Judgments of Their Teacher’s Opinions

THE PURPOSE of this study is to determine if certain characteristics of elementary-school pupils contribute to the accuracy of their understanding of their teacher's opinions. Although the concept of interpersonal perception has generated much re search in recent years, little of it has been applied to classroom situations. And though researchers and educators have been concerned much of late over the teacher variables which contribute to a de sirable teacher-student relationship, we have ig nored the student variables. This study attempts to shed some light on these. What might be theorized as the qualities in a stu dent which would cause him to estimate his teach er's opinions more accurately? One of these is high intelligence. Reviews of research on interper sonal perception (2, 7) indicate that a person's ac curacy level is usually related to his IQ. Most studies have used adult subjects, but one, by Miller (6), was directed toward interpersonal perception in elementary school children. Those children su perior in intelligence were found to be better judges of other pupils' sociometric status, while retarded children (in the same classes) were found to be the poorest. But the level of intelligence was also pos itively related to sociometric status, and the latter could have been the determining variable in the above relationship. No study seems to have focused on relating intelligence level to accuracy in the pre diction of teachers' opinions. If intelligence is related to the accuracy of inter personal perception, it should follow that level of achievement will be also, as the two are usually highly correlated. One study (4) indicates that achievement in college students, as measured by their honor point ratios, is related to their accuracy in estimating roommates' responses to a person ality inventory (r of +. 37, significant at . 01 level). From this finding, Chambers (4), making the as sumption that accuracy in interpersonal perception is a generalized ability, concludes that itisadeter minant which contributes to scholastic achievement even after the effects of intelligence have been par tialled out. He finds apartial correlation between accuracy and honor point ratio of +. 35, after con trolling for the effects of intelligence, and con cludes that empathy (or interpersonal perception) evidently is the different quality which enables the student to have scholastic success i n spite o f 1 ow scholastic aptitude (4:284). Such a finding gives some credence to the idea that there is some gener alizability of skill in interpersonal perception.

The generality of accuracy of interpersonal perception.

The generality of accuracy of interpersonal perception.

Item vs. trait accuracy in interpersonal perception.

Item vs. trait accuracy in interpersonal perception.

Accuracy of interpersonal perception--a general trait?

Accuracy of interpersonal perception--a general trait?