Accumulation Of Metabolic End Products Research Articles

Some Indicators of Metabolism in the Muscles, Liver, and Gonads of Pike-Perch Sander lucioperca and Sichel Pelecus cultratus from the Gorky Reservoir

The content of total moisture, dry matter, lipids, proteins, ash, and nitrogen-free extractive substances in the muscles, liver, and gonads have been analyzed for pike-perch Sander lucioperca and sichel Pelecus cultratus of Gorky Reservoir. In the muscles of the females of these fish species, the products of the lipid and protein metabolism accumulate more intensively than in males. In both pike-perch and sichel, the accumulation of lipids, proteins, nitrogen-free extractive substances in the liver, as well as protein and nitrogen-free extractive substances in the gonads, are similar in males and females. During the maturation of pike-perch and sichel, substances of various chemical nature are assimilated in the gonads. The nature of the accumulation of metabolic end products in the muscles and liver with age is similar. In the sichel muscles, a direct dependence of the lipid content on age is found, while it is the opposite in the pike-perch muscles, which may be due to the peculiarities of the fish nutrition.

Cofilin-1 as a potential biomarker to evaluate acute kidney injury

Abstract Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a worldwide health problem and defined by rapid loss of excretory function of the kidney with the accumulation of metabolic end products. For effective treatment and prevent complications the early diagnosis of AKI is crucial. The current analytes used to diagnose AKI are not adequately sensitive and specific and therefore clinicians need new biomarkers. One of the new promising biomarker candidates of renal injury is cofilin-1. Previously, in our laboratory we isolated cofilin-1 in kidney preservation solution prior to transplantation and attempted to measure serum cofilin-1 in renal transplanted patients. However, cofilin-1 was not accurately measured in serum samples due to the methodological issues. In this mini-review, we summarized the current knowledge and concepts both in the literature and our experiences with cofilin-1 as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and management of AKI.

Serum Amylase in Patients of Chronic Kidney Disease Stage Three to Stage Five

Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss in renal function over period of many months or years. As compared to the past decades, the number of kidney diseases leading to end CKD is increasing in Nepal. The disease is associated with the decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). There is decline in nephron function and number generally quantitated as reduction in glomerular filtration rate. As the GFR declines, there is accumulation of metabolic end products excreted by Kidney. Chronic kidney disease is identified by blood tests, creatinine and urea are two such substances routinely measured. Serum amylase is a pancreatic digestive enzyme that normally acts extracellular to cleave starch into smaller carbohydrate groups and, finally, into monosaccharide's. It is produced by 40-45% from the pancreas and (45%) reabsorbed by tubular cells. Elevations in serum total amylase among patients with CKD is due to impaired renal clearance and seen mostly when the creatinine clearance is below 50 ml/min. Several studies have been reported on this but there are no studies that have been done so far in Nepalese context.Objectives: This study is designed to correlate serum amylase with CKD stage three to stage five in patients of chronic renal disease irrespective of hemodialysis and prevalence of risk factors of CKD and different factors that may affect the level of serum amylase in patients presenting to Bir Hospital Nephrology department, Nepal.Methods: The study was a cross-sectional, observational, descriptive, hospital based carried out in Nephrology Unit of Bir hospital both inpatient or outpatient irrespective of hemodialysis from March 2014 to March 2015. Patients with increased serum amylase due to acute Pancreatitis, Mumps, Intestinal Obstruction, Peptic Ulcer, Cancer, other than renal cause were excluded. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 11 and Microsoft Excel by correlation coefficient. Result: Present study shows that among 126 patients, the prevalence of age group was from 15 years to 78 years with majority being male. The serum amylase levels were significantly higher in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage V with significant p-value. At 80-100 Serum Amylase level had strong correlation of 0.504 for CKD III stage and significant at 10 percent level. The correlation between CKD IV at 80-100 was significant at 10 percent but weak of 0.189. Whereas, CKD V was highly significant but negative at more than 161 Serum Amylase.Conclusion: From the study it was concluded that in Chronic Kidney Disease, Serum amylase was found to be higher as the eGFR decreases. BJHS 2018;3(2)6:403-407.

Extracellular matrix and ground regulation: The importance of pH from an alternative medicinal point of view

Event Abstract Back to Event Extracellular matrix and ground regulation: The importance of pH from an alternative medicinal point of view Christina Ulm1* and Gabriele Weiß1 1 Pascoe Pharmazeutische Präparate, Medical Science Departement, Germany Background and aim. “The concept of a cell is, strictly speaking, only a morphological abstraction. Seen from a biological point of view, a cell cannot be considered by itself without taking its environment into account.” With these words Alfred Pischinger (MD) was the first scientist to describe the importance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and to state that almost every disease starts within the ECM. To his opinion not only the regulations within cells (histological segmentation) play major role in regulation of body function, but the surrounding milieu. Besides the transport elements blood and lymphatic system, matrix building cells as the fibroblasts and collagens are found in the so-called Pischinger room. Additionally, nerve fibres, elements of the immune system and cells of surrounding organs are embedded. In this connective tissue transferring (nutritiens, waste) and communication between cells and organs (interleucines etc.) takes place. The main components of the Pischinger room are proteoglycans and glycoproteins. They act due to their negatively charged groups as ion exchangers and stationary buffers for free protons. If these structures are disturbed, constipated or blocked no regulation may be possible at all. This tissue acidosis triggers because of its pro-inflammatory properties a permanent stimulus onto the neurovascular-connected cells and the ECM itself (stimuli-carcinogenesis). Primary control parameter for the homeostasis between ECM and cell is the pH. Usual cells have their maximum functionality at neutral pH-values. Permanent tissue acidosis changes the pH and the homeostasis of the microenvironment. The ECM undergoes unspecific senescence with increased collagen and hyaluronic acid production. This chronic dysregulation of the matrix plays a significant role during the development of cancer. In an organism with a healthy metabolism the daily accumulation of metabolic end products is removed from the connective tissue and excreted on a daily basis. Because of this, the fundamental treatment in naturopathy is the deacidification/detoxification. Every further therapy, herbal or homeopathic, is based on „cleaning“ the matrix with the help of body`s own natural, main buffer substance bicarbonate. Bicarbonate is produced during the absorption of nutrients from the parietal cells and is released in the duodenum to neutralise stomach juices. In addition, bicarbonate is necessary as a buffering substance in the blood and is constantly used here. As a result, carbon dioxide is produced, which is eliminated by respiration via the lungs. In order to keep the bicarbonate pool of the organism at a constant level, it has to be continually replenished. Conclusions / Discussion. We would like to point out the relationship between diet-induced acidosis, a therefore disturbed acid-base-balance and tissue homeostasis, altered ECM and the development of diseases. References Niv, Y., Fraser, G.M. (2002): „The alkaline tide phenomenon.“ J Clin Gastroenterol Keywords: Pischinger, Ground Regulation, tissue acidosis, bicarbonate, Extracellular Matrix Conference: 4th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Proton Dynamics in Cancer, Garching, Germany, 10 Oct - 12 Oct, 2013. Presentation Type: Abstract Topic: 9. Acidity as a target for antitumor therapy Citation: Ulm C and Weiß G (2014). Extracellular matrix and ground regulation: The importance of pH from an alternative medicinal point of view. Front. Pharmacol. Conference Abstract: 4th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Proton Dynamics in Cancer. doi: 10.3389/conf.fphar.2014.61.00047 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 16 Jan 2014; Published Online: 07 Feb 2014. * Correspondence: Dr. Christina Ulm, Pascoe Pharmazeutische Präparate, Medical Science Departement, Giessen, 35394, Germany, christina.ulm@pascoe.de Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Christina Ulm Gabriele Weiß Google Christina Ulm Gabriele Weiß Google Scholar Christina Ulm Gabriele Weiß PubMed Christina Ulm Gabriele Weiß Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

„The aging lens“ – neue Konzepte zum Alterungsprozess der Linse

Epidemiological changes within the next decades will lead to an increase in the world population and to life expectancy. These changes will in turn lead to an increase in age correlated lens opacities and cataracts. Intensive research on cataract formation therefore becomes more and more important for socioeconomic reasons. In addition to the known risk factors, increased attention is currently being paid to oxidative processes. Typically, changes in the old lens are caused by the failure of protective systems and an accumulation of metabolic end-products and their influence on light transmission. Advanced glycation end-products and their potential inhibition seem to play a key role.

Modulation of cardiac contractility by muscle metaboreflex following efforts of different intensities in humans

Accumulation of metabolic end products within skeletal muscle stimulates sensory nerves, thus evoking a pressor response termed "metaboreflex." The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in hemodynamics occurring during metaboreflex activation obtained by postexercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) after two different exercise intensities. In twelve healthy subjects, the metaboreflex was studied with the PEMI method at the start of recovery from one leg-dynamic knee extension performed at intensities of 30% (PEMI 30%) and 70% (PEMI 70%) of the maximum workload achieved in a preliminary test. Control exercise recovery tests at the same intensities were also conducted. Central hemodynamics were evaluated by means of impedance cardiography. The main findings were that 1) during metaboreflex, exercise conducted against the higher workload caused a more pronounced blood pressure increase than the strain conducted against the lower workload; and 2) during PEMI 70%, this blood pressure response was mainly achieved through enhancement of myocardial contractility that increased stroke volume and, in turn, cardiac output, whereas during PEMI 30%, the blood pressure response was reached predominantly by means of vasoconstriction. Thus a substantial enhancement of myocardial contractility was reached only in the PEMI 70% test. These results suggest that hemodynamic regulation during metaboreflex engagement caused by PEMI in humans is dependent on the intensity of the previous effort. Moreover, the cardiovascular response during metaboreflex is not merely achieved by vasoconstriction alone, but it appears that there is a complex interplay between peripheral vasoconstriction and heart contractility recruitment.

Ca-carbonates precipitation and limestone genesis — the microbiogeologist point of view

Experiments show that the production of carbonate particles by heterotrophic bacteria follows different ways. In heterotrophy, the passive carbonatogenesis is generated by modifications of the medium that lead to the accumulation of carbonate and bicarbonate ions and to the precipitation of solid particles. It is induced by several metabolic pathways of the nitrogen cycle (ammonification of amino-acids, degradation of urea and uric acid, dissimilatory reduction of nitrates) and of the sulphur cycle (dissimilatory reduction of sulphates). The active carbonatogenesis is independent of the mentioned metabolic pathways. The carbonate particles are produced by ionic exchanges through the cell membrane following still poorly known mechanisms. In autotrophy, non-methylotrophic methanogenesis and cyanobacterial photosynthesis also may contribute to the precipitation of carbonates (autotrophic carbonates). As carbonatogenesis is neither restricted to particular taxonomic groups of bacteria nor to specific environments, it has been an ubiquitous phenomenon since Precambrian times. Carbonatogenesis is the response of heterotrophic bacterial communities to an enrichment of the milieu in organic matter. After a phase of latency, there is an exponential increase of bacterial numbers together with the accumulation of metabolic end-products. These induce a pH increase and an accumulation of carbonate and hydrogenocarbonate ions in the medium. This phase ends into a steady state when most part of the initial enrichment is consumed and there is a balance between death and growth in bacterial populations. Particulate carbonatogenesis occurs during the exponential phase and ends more or less after the beginning of the steady state. The active carbonatogenesis seems to start first and to be followed by the passive one which induces the growth of initially produced particles. In eutrophic conditions, the first solid products are patches that appear on the surface of the bacterial bodies and coalesce until forming a rigid coating and/or particles excreted from the cell. All these tiny particles assemble into biomineral aggregates which often display `precrystalline' structures. These aggregates grow and form biocrystalline build-ups which progressively display more crystalline structures with growth. In oligotrophic conditions, the primary solid products are rapidly smoothed in the crystalline structure and leave no trace. In present aqueous environments, apart from deep ocean, the potential efficiency of heterotrophic bacterial carbonatogenesis in Ca-carbonate sedimentation is much higher than autotrophic or abiotic processes. It much more likely accounts for extensive apparently abiotic limestone formation than any of the latter. As far as biodetrital particles are concerned, it may be observed that the shells and tests of organisms are built from the activity of cellular organites which are nowadays considered by a number of biologists as endosymbiotic bacteria. Thus, apart from (probably mythical) purely evaporitic and autotrophic ones, most limestones must be considered as principally of heterotrophic bacterial origin. As the carbon of limestones is issued from organic matter, bacterial heterotrophic carbonatogenesis appears as a fundamental phenomenon in the relationships between atmosphere and lithosphere during the biogeological evolution of the Earth.

Respiration of Artemia franciscana embryos after continuous anoxia over 1-year period

Encysted embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana, exhibit extraordinary longevity when exposed to continuous anoxia. To explore the metabolic basis of this ability, the post-anoxic respiration of embryos exposed to anoxia for periods exceeding 1 year was measured. Since anoxic metabolism might result in the accumulation of metabolic end products, an O2 debt would be expected. Contrary to that expectation, post-anoxic embryos exhibited a marked depression in respiration rate whether embryos were hydrated under anoxic conditions or were exposed to a previous aerobic incubation and then placed under anoxia. These results, and those of previous studies, suggest that extended anoxia may bring the metabolism of these embryos to a reversible standstill.

Dynamic exercise in man as influenced by experimental restriction of blood flow in the working muscles.

The effects of reduced muscle perfusion pressure on dynamic exercise performance and cardiovascular and respiratory functions were investigated. Eight subjects were studied during supine cycle ergometry at stepwise increasing workloads until exhaustion with and without the legs exposed to a supra-atmospheric pressure of 50 mmHg (Leg Positive Pressure, LPP), a novel and convenient means of reducing the perfusion pressure in the working muscles. In the LPP condition exercise performance was reduced by 40% which, judging from assessments of perceived exertion, was due to premature muscle fatigue, indicating local or overall underperfusion of the working muscles. At any given work load, the arterial pressure response was considerably stronger during LPP than in the control condition. LPP also caused greater increases in blood lactate concentration and pulmonary ventilation, the differences from control increasing with the work load. Furthermore, the ventilatory equivalent for O2 at a given work load was markedly higher in the LPP than in the control condition, while exercise-induced decreases in end-tidal PCO2 were considerably exaggerated by LPP. The augmented pressor response during flow-restricted exercise, together with the strong ventilatory response which was out of proportion to overall O2 uptake, suggests increased activation of muscle chemoreflexes by accumulation of metabolic end products, the increased pressor response tending to reduce the local flow error in the working muscles.

Optimization of environment for high density Vero cell culture: effect of dissolved oxygen and nutrient supply on cell growth and changes in metabolites.

This study was initiated for optimization of the environment of a technologically useful mammalian cell line for high density production. Cultures of Vero cells on microcarriers were perfused with 100%, 50%, 25% and 12.5% modified L15 media (galactose was replaced with 10 mM-fructose, with 4 mM-glutamine and 5% foetal bovine serum) in phosphate-buffered saline at either 4 or 8 vol. day-1. Cell growth, pH, dissolved oxygen, and changes in the metabolites, lactate to pyruvate and lactate to ammonia indices, demonstrated that under the conditions used in the present study, perfusion of cultures with 50% L15 medium in PBS at 8 vol. day-1 provided the optimum microenvironment for Vero cell growth. The highest cell density in the perfused cultures was 3 X 10(7) cells ml-1, which at these conditions was ten times higher than the maximum cell density (3 X 10(6) cells ml-1) obtained in a batch culture. Nutrient supply and conditioning factors were the most probable growth-limiting factors in cultures that were perfused with 12.5% and 25% L15 media, while multilayering, limitation of available oxygen, and accumulation of metabolic end products in the cellular microenvironment were the most probable causes of a density-dependent inhibition of cell growth observed under the optimized and overfed (supply of 100% L15 medium at the rate of 8 vol. day-1) culture conditions. Under the optimized environmental condition, the major source of energy was probably glutamine during the first week. However, significant utilization of fructose became evident at higher cell densities during the second week, when lactate production dramatically declined and reached an almost undetectable level, while respiration progressively assumed the predominant role in energy production. It is postulated that 'available' oxygen in the multicell-layered microenvironment of the optimized cultures was higher than in the overfed culture due to the greater utilization rate of oxygen for oxidation of excess nutrients in the overfed culture.

Methane production in Mississippi River deltaic plain peat

Seasonal methane production in a coastal peat deposit was studied. Dissolved methane content in interstitial water increased with increasing depth. Methane production rate was related to temperature in the 0–40 cm depth, but was relatively constant at depths below 40 cm. Maximal methane content was found in spring and lowest content in November to January. Production rates were pH dependent, with an optimum rate of methanogenesis at pH 7.7. The accumulation of metabolic end products produced within the peat-water matrix appear to be important in limiting methanogenesis in wetland ecosystems. The reserve of methane in the interstitial water of the brackish marsh was estimated to be 15.8 g CH 4 m −2 or 221 CH 4 per m −2. Results suggest that the vast peat deposits in the Mississippi deltaic plain could possibly be a potential source of renewable energy if in situ method for removal of the produced methane could be developed.

Methane Production in Minnesota Peatlands

Rates of methane production in Minnesota peats were studied. Surface (10- to 25-cm) peats produced an average of 228 nmol of CH(4) per g (dry weight) per h at 25 degrees C and ambient pH. Methanogenesis rates generally decreased with depth in ombrotrophic peats, but on occasion were observed to rise within deeper layers of certain fen peats. Methane production was temperature dependent, increasing with increasing temperature (4 to 30 degrees C), except in peats from deeper layers. Maximal methanogenesis from these deeper regions occurred at 12 degrees C. Methane production rates were also pH dependent. Two peats with pHs of 3.8 and 4.3 had an optimum rate of methane production at pH 6.0. The addition to peat of glucose and H(2)-CO(2) stimulated methanogenesis, whereas the addition of acetate inhibited methanogenesis. Cysteine-sulfide, nitrogen-phosphorus-trace metals, and vitamins-yeast extract affected methane production very little. Various gases were found to be trapped or dissolved (or both) within peatland waters. Dissolved methane increased linearly to a depth of 210 cm. The accumulation of metabolic end products produced within peat bogs appears to be an important mechanism limiting carbon turnover in peatland environments.

RHYTHMICAL AROUSAL FROM HIBERNATION IN THE GOLDEN-MANTLED GROUND SQUIRREL, CITELLUS LATERALIS TESCORUM

Daily observations on each of over one hundred individuals of C. lateralis by a special technique indicated that no animal remains continuously in the hibernating state longer than approximately 16 days (at an environmental temperature of 32° F). The arousals were more frequent at the beginning (i.e. in the autumn) and the ending (i.e. in the spring) of the whole hibernating period, than during the middle of this period (December and January). Adult males were found to arouse more frequently than did adult females or the juveniles of either sex. Preliminary data indicate that arousals are more frequent the higher the environmental temperature (up to 70–75° F), Observations on 12 C. columbianus, 9 C. tridecemlineatus, and 28 Glis glis indicated maximum continuous hibernation periods of 19, 12 and 33 days, respectively, at an environmental temperature of 32° F; C. richardsonii did not hibernate under our laboratory conditions.The trigger which starts each arousal is not known. Food and water intake during an arousal is not necessary, nor is defecation. Urination, however, takes place during every arousal. The observations strongly suggest that the urine voided was formed only while the animal was in the active homothermic state. It is suggested that it is the accumulation of metabolic end products which constitutes the stimulus for an arousal.