Electrostatic Charge Accumulation Research Articles

Long-lasting antistatic hydrophilic polyethylene terephthalate fabric using greener reagents

AbstractPolyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most common synthetic polymer used in the textile sector by virtue of its unique superior performance attributes. However, the comfort characteristics of PET fabrics, such as their inadequate sweat-absorbing capability, low affinity for most dyestuff classes, and susceptibility to the accumulation of electrostatic charge, make them unfavorable compared to natural fibers. Rendering PET fabrics with hydrophilic and antistatic properties is difficult due to the lack of reactive functional groups. Herein, a long-lasting eco-friendly strategy to impart some desirable properties to PET fabrics was developed. The PET fabric was saponified in an aqueous caustic soda solution, followed by treatment with an amino acid, namely lysine, aspartic acid, serine, tyrosine, or cysteine, as a coupling agent, and eventually, the fabric was finished with the protein biopolymer gelatin using the pad-dry-cure method. The effects of treatment of PET fabric with the aforementioned reagents on its surface hydrophilicity, roughness, antistatic, thermal stability, ultraviolet protection, air permeability, yellowness, bending stiffness, and tensile properties were monitored. The discrepancy between the chemical structures of the untreated and finished fabrics was determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as well as by determining the carboxylic and nitrogen contents. The morphological and crystal structures of the treated fabrics were examined using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction pattern, respectively. The results indicate that a maximum add-on was obtained upon treatment of the saponified PET fabrics with 0.5 M lysine followed by 7.5% (on the weight of the fiber) gelatin using the pad-dry-cure method.The finished PET fabrics exhibited improved hydrophilic and antistatic properties with adequate protection against UV rays.Ingeneral, treatment of PET fabrics with gelatin, using a bi-functional amino acid as a coupling agent, is an effective and durable method to improve some performance and comfort features of PET fabric without having a remarkable negative effect on the fabric’s mechanical properties.

Оценка электростатических свойств средств защиты головы, применяемых во взрывопожароопасных зонах

Problems of prevention of explosions and fires caused by the accumulation of electrostatic charge and the following discharge able to ignite an explosion and hazardous medium are well known in global practices. These conditions are specific, inter alia, to engineering industries and determined by the technological necessity to wash or process product surfaces in the medium of flammable liquids. At the same time, explosion and fire safety is primarily ensured by the requirements for non-excess of the minimum value of ignition of medium containing flammable liquids. As a potential source of accumulation of electrostatic charges, personal head protection equipment (safety helmets) required for mechanic safety is considered. Their base and tooling are usually made of polymer materials naturally prone to electrification. The article aims to resolve the problem of assessing the potential accumulation of electric charges during the contact of the scalp with elements of safety helmets. In conditions of current production, the electrostatic potential relative to the earth occurring on the scalp, cheeks, chin, and elements of safety helmet during putting on and off has been studied; the results of the study are provided. The energy of accumulated charges has been determined and compared with the value of minimum energy of ignition of different gasoline brands; conclusions regarding the sufficiency of energy to generate a discharge capable of causing an initiating ignition of flammable liquids have been made. The impact of the length of the employee’s scalp hair on the level of accumulation of electrostatic charges potentially causing ignition of the working medium containing flammable liquids has been determined. The results of the study can be used for the development of a methodology to assess a potential spark hazard occurring due to contact electrification during the use of safety helmets in conditions of explosion and fire-hazardous media and potentially causing fire and explosion.

Ultra-stability and high output performance of a sliding mode triboelectric nanogenerator achieved by an asymmetric electrode structure design

A new type of sliding-TENG with asymmetric electrode design achieves high output performance and ultra-stability by the balance of electrostatic shielding and charge accumulation for providing power supply to some electrical devices.

Grafting of keratin onto O2-plasma-irradiated polypropylene fabrics for induced dyeability and durable hygroscopic properties

Polypropylene (PP) is an inert polymer that is very difficult to dye and finish. In the current work, PP fabrics were activated by an oxygen plasma beam, followed by treatment with a renewable natural biopolymer, namely keratin, in the presence of glutardialdehyde as a crosslinker using the pad-dry-cure method. The treated PP fabric exhibited adequate hydrophilic characteristics which make it dyeable with cationic dyestuffs with excellent fastness properties. The effects of curing time and temperature on the fibers’ weight, strength, elongation, wettability, and yellowness were monitored. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy were used to verify the formation of polar functional groups within the chemical structure of the treated PP fabrics. The proposed method has a positive effect on some of the comfort attributes of the treated PP fabrics, such as the enhanced resistance to ultraviolet rays as well as the accumulation of electrostatic charge without deterioration in the fabrics’ inherent properties. The microscopic investigation using scanning electron microscopy demonstrated a coating of PP fabric with a layer of keratin. The induced effect was durable in terms of their wettability and dyeability, against washing for up to 20 washing cycles, indicating the formation of a fortified bond between the O2-plasma-irradiated PP fabric and keratin.

Effects of the Ratio of Nano-Cu to Hydroxylated MWCNTs on Anticorrosion and Surface Conductivity of Cu/MWCNT Epoxy Coatings on a Steel Substrate

Epoxy coatings provide an economical and practical solution for combating steel corrosion. However, epoxy coatings have poor conductivity, resulting in the accumulation of electrostatic charges. The surface conductivity and anticorrosion properties of epoxy coatings can be improved by adding nano-Cu and hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). This paper investigates the impact of MWCNTs at different concentrations (2.5, 5%) and the ratio of nano-Cu to MWCNTs on the surface conductivity and anticorrosion properties of epoxy coatings on a steel substrate. The findings from the four-probe method of measuring surface resistance indicated that the surface resistivity of steel coated with an epoxy composite of 5% MWCNTs and 65% nano-Cu (Cu65/MWCNT5) was significantly lower, approximately by one order of magnitude, compared to steel coated with a 5% MWCNT (MWCNT5) epoxy coating. When the Cu65/MWCNT5-coated steel was immersed in a 3.5 wt % NaCl solution for 30 days, it was observed that there was a minimal effect on its surface resistivity. The inclusion of a high content of MWCNTs facilitates a more uniform distribution of Cu particles within the epoxy coatings, thereby improving the anticorrosion properties of these coatings on a steel substrate. This was further corroborated by the results of the polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, demonstrating that the Cu65/MWCNT5 epoxy coating on a steel substrate offers exceptional anticorrosion and barrier protection properties. The corrosion rate of steel with a Cu65/MWCNT5 epoxy coating was three orders of magnitude lower than that of steel with a Cu65/MWCNT2.5 epoxy coating, at 4.79 × 10−7 mm/year.

Polypropylene fabric of durable hydrophilic character using plasma-mediated surface coating with keratin

Polymeric hydrocarbons without functional groups, like polypropylene (PP), are hydrophobic in nature and have limited applications in textile and clothing fields. Due to its poor adhesive nature and high chemical barrier, PP is one of the most difficult polymeric materials to treat. In this investigation, an easy-to-apply eco-friendly method was adopted to impart certain desired properties and functions to PP fabric to make it suitable for clothing applications. PP surface was activated using N2-plasma discharge to create nitrogen-containing functional groups, making PP fabrics susceptible to bonding with keratin and anionic dyes. An eco-friendly biopolymer, namely, keratin, was applied to the plasma-pretreated PP fabrics using the pad-dry-cure or exhaustion method. Results of this investigation revealed that plasma/biopolymers-finished PP fabrics exhibited desirable properties, such as induced wettability and dyeability toward anionic dyes, as well as improved ultraviolet protection and enhanced resistance to the accumulation of electrostatic charge. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of the treated fabrics assured the creation of amino groups (primary, secondary, or tertiary) within the plasma-treated samples and the successful anchoring of carboxylic groups, occurring with the side-chains of glutamic and aspartic acid residues along keratin macromolecules, onto the newly created amino groups on the surface of PP fibers. The scanning electronic micrographs of the keratin-treated samples confirmed the coating of the PP fibers’ surface with keratin. No severe loss in the fabric’s strength was recorded in the treated samples.

Analiza uticaja ugljeničnih vlakna na elektrostatička svojstva tkanina namenjenih za izradu zaštitne odeće

The paper examined the electrostatic properties of fabrics, of which three fabrics contain 1-2% carbon fibers in their raw material composition. The electrostatic properties of six fabric samples were compared, of which three fabrics were produced from 100% cotton fibers and three fabrics were produced from polyester, cotton and carbon fibers in the following ratio: sample 1: cotton 75%, polyester 24% and carbon fibers 1%, pattern 2: polyester 54%, cotton 44%, carbon fiber 2%, pattern 3: polyester 66.5%, cotton 32%, carbon fiber 1.5%. Samples 4, 5 and 6 are made of 100% cotton fibers. The surface masses of the tested samples are approximate and range from 201.7 g·m-2 to 210.5 g·m-2. The aim of the work is to compare fabrics that contain admixtures of carbon fibers in their raw material composition in a percentage ratio of 1% - 2% with fabrics that are produced from 100% cotton fibers and that have been processed for the purpose of antistatic, to establish which fabrics and to what extent provide better protection against the accumulation of electrostatic charge and which better absorb it from their surface and drain it through the fabric. The tests were carried out according to the EN ISO 1149-3 standard using the method that measures the discharge of electric charges. The results showed that fabrics containing carbon fibers showed lower values of Er (maximum electric field strength recorded on the device with the sample being tested at the measuring position) and higher values of protection factor S.

Toolkit for description and management of event risks

The work is based on the proposition that the probabilistic-statistical methods of risk assessment in modern engineering no longer meet the needs of users in various fields of human activity. The paper shows the capabilities of neural networks as a mechanism for predicting risks from undesirable events in various fields of application. A three-synapse model of a direct propagation perceptron has been developed to solve the problem of automobile transportation of flammable liquids, in particular, gasoline, which is very relevant for the current state of the issue in Ukraine. A software product has been created using the Python language and Keras applications that allow to operate with neural networks of this kind. The results of «training» of the three-synapse model for solving similar problems in the field of transport are shown. Preliminary weight coefficients for each input action are systematized. The example shows the results of training a neural network, in particular, the resulting values of the weight coefficients are calculated. The operation of such a network is shown. A mechanism for predicting the risks associated with accidents in some of the most relevant conditions of road transportation has been methodically developed. The result of the model operation is the idea that during the specified time period of gasoline transportation in a tank truck of a given configuration with a specific volume of transportation and a given state of roads, the main risk, oriented to a set of possible event factors, is associated with the accumulation of electrostatic charges as a result of system swaying on the way, followed by explosion, for example, when liquid is drained at the destination. Moreover, such a risk is unambiguous and does not depend on the state of other system parameters. The results of the analysis are confirmed by practical data, namely, the risks associated with the accumulation of static electricity have neutralization mechanisms even before their accumulation. The dependence of the volume of accumulation of electrostatic charges on the duration of liquid transportation is shown

Probing the electrical conductivity attenuation of current jet fuel during storage and transportation

Dangerous accumulation of electrostatic charge can occur in jet fuel during transportation, storage, filling and usage, which easily causes fires, ignites the explosive atmosphere, and more importantly, pose threat to flight safety. However, the charge dissipation ability and conductivity attenuation of current jet fuel in real time during storage and transportation has not been as thoroughly probed up to now. The present work concentrates on the effects of environment factors during storage on the electrical conductivity of jet fuel. The law of variation for fuel conductivity and the effect mechanism of influencing factors on the fuel conductivity are discussed deeply, which provides theoretical basis for the safety use of jet fuel. More importantly, the variation of fuel conductivity in transit is also studied through simulating the transportation conditions. This work may offer reasonable approaches to storing, transferring and handling the jet fuel in security.

Influence of the material of weighing bottles on loss-on-drying reproducibility

One of the factors influencing the uncertainty of residual moisture measurements in biological medicinal products is the accumulation of electrostatic charge on the surfaces of weighing bottles and laboratory balances, which results in poor weighing reproducibility. The authors believe that the simplest and most economical solution to this problem is to use weighing bottles made of a conductive material, e.g. metal. The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of the material of weighing bottles on the reproducibility of loss-on-drying (LOD) methods. Materials and methods: Model samples for the study were prepared from a sucrose-gelatin medium by lyophilisation and subsequent moisture sorption to achieve a certain residual moisture content. The authors assessed the samples’ mass uniformity using Shewhart’s X-charts, and analysed their residual moisture content using a loss-on-drying procedure with glass and metal weighing bottles. Statistical processing of the results was carried out by calculating the main statistical indicators: Student’s t-test and Fisher’s F-test. Results: Four batches of model samples were prepared and standardised in terms of average mass using Shewhart’s charts. The effect of weighing bottle materials was most pronounced at low residual moisture contents (less than 0.5%), with the relative standard deviation (RSD) values for the results obtained with glass and metal weighing bottles reaching 76% and 35%, respectively. For the samples with a higher residual moisture content (2–5%), the minimum RSDs with glass and metal weighing bottles were 15% and 6%, respectively. Conclusions: The study allowed for evaluating the influence of the material of weighing bottles on the results of LOD measurements and demonstrated a higher reproducibility with metal weighing bottles. This confirms the possibility of using metal weighing bottles in quality assessment of biological medicinal products for human use with LOD methods.

Preparation of fatty acid-amino diol condensate and its utilization as a durable nonionic softener for PAN fabrics

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fabrics meet the customers' requirements in many aspects. Nevertheless, PAN fabrics suffer from low moisture regain and the accumulation of electrostatic charges on the fabric surface. Some PAN products exhibit rough a surface which is uncomfortable for human skin. Herein, we synthesized a new hydrophilic nonionic softener by reacting a fatty acid (FA), extracted from wool wax, with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD). Adopting the pad-dry-cure technique, the synthesized softener was chemically bound to pretreated PAN fabrics. Without deterioration of the fabrics’ mechanical properties, new functions have been imparted to the treated PAN fabrics, viz., silk-like hand, induced resistance to the accumulation of electrostatic charges, and improved wettability. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) were utilized for the structure elucidation of the prepared softener as well as to determine whether AMPD reacts with the fatty acid through its amino or hydroxyl group. The mechanism of the preparation of the softener as well as its mode of action on PAN fabrics were proposed. The effects of the applied softener on air and water permeability, ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), stiffness, tensile properties, and yellowness of the treated fabric were studied. The scanning electron micrographs of the treated fabric revealed the existence of a layer of the applied softener on the fabric surface. The finished fabric was found to be durable against washing for up to 20 cycles in terms of the fabric smoothness and durability.

Voltage-Controlled Switching of Magnetic Anisotropy in Ambipolar Mn2CoAl/Pd Bilayers

An ultrahigh electric field induced by ionic liquid gating (ILG) can be employed to manipulate ferromagnetism with low Joule heating dissipation, showing great potential for spintronics applications. In ferromagnetic/heavy metal thin films, however, typical materials used in both layers are electron-carrier dominant, which significantly suppresses the ILG effect due to the short electrostatic screening length in metal. Here, we employ ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}\mathrm{Co}\mathrm{Al}$, a spin gapless semiconductor with hole carriers, as the ferromagnetic layer and investigate the ILG effect in $\mathrm{Mg}\mathrm{O}/{\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}\mathrm{CoAl/Pd}$ ultrathin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Reversible change of the magnetic anisotropy from the out-of-plane to the in-plane direction is achieved, induced by electrostatic charge accumulation. Moreover, ambipolar transport behavior has been observed and explained by a two-carrier model. Finally, we find that skew scattering is the mechanism of the anomalous Hall effect and can be enhanced at a positive gate voltage in our system. Our results strongly demonstrate that a significant ILG effect on magnetism can be easily achieved in two-carrier dominant ultrathin films.

Tunneling-tip-induced collapse of the charge gap in the excitonic insulator Ta2NiSe5

Tuning many-body electronic phases by an external handle is of both fundamental and practical importance in condensed matter science. The tunability mirrors the underlying interactions, and gigantic electric, optical and magnetic responses to minute external stimuli can be anticipated in the critical region of phase change. The excitonic insulator is one of the exotic phases of interacting electrons, produced by the Coulomb attraction between a small and equal number of electrons and holes, leading to the spontaneous formation of exciton pairs in narrow-gap semiconductors/semimetals. The layered chalcogenide Ta$_2$NiSe$_5$ has been recently discussed as such an excitonic insulator with an excitation gap of ~250 meV below $T_c$ = 328 K. Here, we demonstrate a drastic collapse of the excitation gap in Ta$_2$NiSe$_5$ and the realization of a zero-gap state by moving the tip of a cryogenic scanning tunneling microscope towards the sample surface by a few angstroms. The collapse strongly suggests the many-body nature of the gap in the insulating state of Ta$_2$NiSe$_5$, consistent with the formation of an excitonic state. We argue that the collapse of the gap is driven predominantly by the electrostatic charge accumulation at the surface induced by the proximity of the tip and the resultant carrier doping of the excitonic insulator. Our results establish a novel phase-change function based on excitonic insulators.

Giant persistent antimicrobial and biocompatible polyester fabrics for anti-mold food packaging

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers have been the most popular fabrics owing to their superior performances. However, PET fabrics generally wear uncomfortably because of their poor sweat absorbing ability, electrostatic charge accumulation, and unfavorable microorganisms. To endow PET fabrics with perdurable antimicrobial and antistatic properties by conventional methods is unachievable owing to the absence of reactive groups. Herein, we developed a one-step facile strategy for preparing antimicrobial PET fabrics via photochemical reaction using benzophenone terminated Gemini quaternary ammonium salt (GQAS) and Gemini betaine as the antimicrobial finishing reagents. The antimicrobial rate of GQAS finished PET fabrics and GQAS/Gemini betaine finished PET fabrics were greater than 91% against both the gram-negative Escherichia coli and the gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus after 50 laundering cycles, which were significantly better than usual antimicrobial fabrics. In addition, the antimicrobial PET fabrics showed prominently enhanced hydrophilic, antistatic and long-lasting antimicrobial properties, as well as negligible toxicity. Most importantly, this work proposes a universal and efficient strategy for the development of permanent antimicrobial and antistatic synthetic polymers without compromising their superiority those have great potential for industrial and healthcare applications, including but not limited to food packaging, clothes and medical appliances to prevent infectious diseases and mildew.

Nonvolatile and Volatile Skyrmion Generation Engineered by Ionic Liquid Gating in Ultrathin Films

Magnetic skyrmions are topological spin textures with nanoscale size, which have great potential for spintronics applications. However, they are very sensitive to film thicknesses and interfaces in ultrathin films or multilayer heterostructures, and methods to generate and tune skyrmions are needed in order to use them in real-world applications. Electric field gating has been shown to modify the magnetic characteristics of thin films; however, these changes are limited by the low electric fields achievable using solid gate electrodes. In this work, we use ionic liquid gating to modify the magnetic characteristics of perpendicularly magnetized $\mathrm{Mg}\mathrm{O}$/$\mathrm{Mn}$${}_{2}$$\mathrm{Co}\mathrm{Al}$/$\mathrm{Pd}$ ultrathin films, applying a range of voltage sequences to generate skyrmions through both nonvolatile and volatile changes to these films. We achieve a giant anisotropy field tunability of 109.8 mT ${\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ that is nonreversible, which can be ascribed to magneto-ionic effects. Reversible changes to the anisotropy and volatile skyrmion formation are achieved via electrostatic charge accumulation, which could induce an in-plane Rashba field. Our results strongly demonstrate that ionic liquid gating is a versatile method to engineer both nonvolatile and volatile skyrmions by tuning the magnetic characteristics of films to the regimes where they can exist.

Investigation of electrical field effect on the fluidization characteristics in a two-dimensional fluidized bed

Electrostatic charge accumulation in a gas–solid fluidized bed is considered an adverse effect. However, with the presence of an external electrical field, we can take advantage of electrostatic charging to separate charged particles according to their polarity. In this paper, we proposed a bench-scale two-dimensional fluidized bed with an external electrical field. We then systematically investigated the tribo-charging behavior of anthracite-quartz mixture in the fluidized bed at different conditions and the effect of the external electrical field on their fluidization characteristics. Subsequently, an orthogonal design of experiments analysis was implemented to find the optimized parameters of gas velocity, plate voltage, and initial bed height to separate bituminous coal particles. These findings provide a dry method to separate coal particles from their associated minerals using the proposed two-dimensional fluidized bed with an external electrical field and have general implications for the triboelectric separation of various materials.

Superhydrophobic antibacterial wearable metallized fabric as supercapacitor, multifunctional sensors, and heater

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and copper nanoparticles were supersonically sprayed onto a fabric to yield a wearable energy storage device with multifunctional sensing capabilities. This wearable electronic device is superhydrophobic and antibacterial, demonstrating its suitability for smart sportswear, futuristic military uniforms, healthcare monitoring, human-machine interfaces, and intelligent soft robotics. Both rGO and the CNTs contribute to the double-layer capacitance properties, owing to the accumulation of electrostatic charges, whereas copper enhances the charge transfer and pseudocapacitance via redox reactions with the electrolyte. The fabric is bendable, stretchable, and durable with respect to external mechanical stress. Because of the supersonic impact during coating, the deposited materials adhere well to the fabric surface to retain the durable mechanical properties. The rGO/CNT/Cu-coated fabric produced thermal energy by Joule heating upon application of an electrical voltage. This metallized fabric is also capable of sensing the surrounding temperature and variations in the external strain. The antibacterial properties of the fabric ensure that harmful microorganisms are destroyed, potentially preventing the spread of disease. All of these unique properties of the metallized fabric make it suitable for use in future electronic textiles, which are useful for energy-storing, heating, sensing, water-repellent, and antiviral applications.

Boosting wind energy harvesting of polyvinylidene fluoride via graphene oxide induced charges accumulation

Recycling of random mechanical energy in the environment has attracted great research interest in recent years. Herein, we report a rotating triboelectric nanogenerator (rTENG) based on GO@PVDF composite film. Benefit from the effective accumulation of electrostatic charges on the PVDF layers, the as-prepared rTENG shows high output performance. Its peak open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current (Isc) are 35 V and 7.5 μA, respectively, which are 3 and 3.5 times than pure PVDF based rTENG at 600 rpm, and the maximum power density calculated is 15.2 mW/m−2. Based on the as-prepared GO@PVDF-based rTENG, some practical applications are established, for example, lighting 12 led light bulbs to full brightness and sensing wind speed, which demonstrates the high feasibility and efficiency of the rTENG and manifests that the rTENG could be used in reusing random energy.

Stability and decay of surface electrostatic charges in liquids

Abstract Understanding the mechanism of the stability and decay of surface electrostatic charges in different liquid environments is critical for the reliability of devices based on electrostatic functions or preventing the damage from electrostatic charge accumulation. In this work, the influences of surface electrostatic charges in polar and protic (Ethanol and Water), polar and aprotic (Tetrahydrofuran and Chloroform), and non-polar and aprotic (Benzene and Hexane) liquids have been investigated. Results prove that ionization in liquid or polarity of the liquid molecules can determine the electrostatic charges neutralization, and adding small amount of matter (1% Vol) that can ionize in non-polar and aprotic liquids can avoid the electrostatic charges accumulation. Moreover, air-bubble-structured electret is designed to improve the water-against ability for surface electrostatic charges.

Complete Prevention of Contact Electrification by Molecular Engineering

Summary Electrostatic charges are easily generated on surfaces during contact electrification. Although these invisible charges have emerged as a new dimension in mediating the functions of surfaces, such as energy conversion, liquid transport, reactivity, and adsorbability, the accumulation of charges on surfaces can also pose many undesirable consequences. Despite notable progress, existing approaches in engineering antistatic surfaces suffer from limitations such as the need to modify bulk materials or for delicate control of patterning on surfaces that rely on the neutralization of generated charges. Herein, we report a general toolbox for designing antistatic coatings by leveraging on chemically heterogeneous components with electron-donating and electron-accepting functions, i.e., N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl trimethoxysilane, to molecularly engineer the surface potential to achieve an electrostatic homogeneity and completely prevent charge generation. Our approach is general, which allows the facile fabrication of antistatic coatings on various materials, even flexible and curved, with good re-writability and transparency.