Accumulation Of Different Metals Research Articles

Accumulation of Heavy Metals and Determination of Natural Radioactivity in the Soil-Thyme System in Omerli, Istanbul: Assessment of Ecological and Health Risk

A significant pathway for human exposure to environmental pollutants is the metal transfer from soil to plants. In this study accumulation of different metals was investigated and natural radioactivity levels were measured in the soil–thyme system. It was found that the soil had higher concentrations of Br, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Pb than the world average and P, Ca, and Zn had higher transfer factors. The natural radioactivity level in the soils is similar to the World average. For thyme samples the average values for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were found as 22.7 ± 10.9 Bqkg-1, 61.3 ± 19.9 Bqkg-1 and 722 ± 391 Bqkg-1, respectively. The health and ecological risks of soil were evaluated. The total hazard index of the child was 1.453 on average, greater than that of the adult (0.175), primarily due to the contribution of Cr. Ecological risk assessed based on various indices indicated that Pb and Ni show environmental contamination risk. Our findings confirm that metal concentrations in plants are influenced by metal concentrations in soil, and that metal interactions are important for pollution risk management.

Accumulation of Different Metals in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Fruits Irrigated with Wastewater

The present study assessed the accumulation and distribution of metals in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) fruits grown with wastewater. The concentrations of nine metals (Co, Cd, Mn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Zn, and Pb) were analyzed in wastewater collected from the study site. Four metals with substantially higher concentrations in wastewater, namely Fe, Zn, Mn, and Pb, were selected for further analysis in soil, plant organs, and parts of tomato fruits. In addition, the concentrations of essential nutrients (Na, K, Ca, P, and N) in all samples were also analyzed. Concentrations of Zn (0.77 mg L−1) and Pb (0.44 mg L−1) were found to be the maximum, and Mn concentration was the minimum (0.16 mg L−1) in wastewater samples. However, in soil samples, the concentrations of Fe (35.88 mg kg−1) and Pb (29.62 mg kg−1) were the highest, which ultimately led to their higher accumulation in plant tissues. When metal accumulation in the whole plant and tomato fruit was compared with the WHO permissible limits, the accumulated concentrations of Zn (16.35, 12.98, and 23.85 mg kg−1 d.wt. in peri-, endo-, and mesocarp, respectively), Mn (7.08, 7.75, and 4.6 mg kg−1 d.wt. in peri-, endo-, and mesocarp, respectively), and Pb (30.05, 29.42, and 34.95 mg kg−1 d.wt. in peri-, endo-, and mesocarp, respectively) exceeded the safe limits except for Fe (13.6, 32.3, and 63.43 mg kg−1 d.wt. in peri-, endo-, and mesocarp, respectively). Thus, the irrigation of tomato fruits with wastewater can cause health risks to humans under prolonged consumption, and the regular monitoring of metals is necessary to reduce the health risks from human consumption.

Assessment of The Use of Artemisia Dracunculus L and Erigeron Canadensis in The Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils and Their Ability to Phytoextraction and Biomass Yield.

Different hyperaccumulator plants growing in the same contaminated soil may have excessive accumulation of different metals or produce biomass. Therefore, it is important to determine the ability of the plant to improve the soil under natural conditions in the improvement of heavy metal-contaminated lands with hyperaccumulator plants. This study focused on the phytoremediation and biomass production capabilities of Artemisa Dracunculus L. and Erigeron Canadensis plants. Considering this fact, Erigeron Canadensis was determined to have the highest phytoextraction potential between the two plants, as it produces more biomass (96%) and mineral content (169%) than Artemisa Dracunculus L. This shows that Erigeron Canadensis has more phytoremediation potential than Artemisa Dracunculus L. and that Erigeron Canadensis plant is one of the alternative hyperaccumulator plant candidates and is more effective for soil reclamation. In addition, when the plants were categorized according to their BAF values, accumulator (1

Impact of Soil Pollution on Melliferous Plants.

This study aims at providing bee products and derivatives of medicinal plant consumers with a multifaceted perspective on mineral elements occurring in the soils of two forest zones in the vicinity of North Dobrogea (Romania) by (1) analyzing the pollution levels of the soils at three sites (denoted by DS, PH, and ST) in the study region, using different indicators; (2) providing the results of the transfer of metals from the soil to Sambucus nigra L. (SnL), Hypericum perforatum (Hp), and Tilia tomentosa (Tt). The statistical analysis of the series collected at these locations shows no difference between the elements’ concentrations (as a whole). Still, the values of the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) classify the soils as being soils that are moderately to highly contaminated with Cd (and not contaminated with Cu, Mn, or Zn) with respect to the European background values. The cumulative indices—the degree of contamination (DC), the pollution load index (PLI), the Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI), and the potential ecological risk index (PERI) indicated the highest contamination in DS (which is a tourist area). To assess the accumulation of different metals in plants, the enrichment factors (EF) were computed. In over 75% of cases, EF was above 1, indicating a high degree of enrichment with different metals. The highest values were those for Cu (41.10 in DS for SnL), and Cd (12.85 in DS for Tt). The results showed that there were different degrees of accumulation between microelements and trace elements in the plants. Tt acted as a bioaccumulator for almost all of the studied elements (K, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Cd).

Potential of Industrial Hemp for Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals.

The accumulation of anthropogenic heavy metals in soil is a major form of pollution. Such potentially toxic elements are nonbiodegradable and persist for many years as threats to human and environmental health. Traditional forms of remediation are costly and potentially damaging to the land. An alternative strategy is phytoremediation, where plants are used to capture metals from the environment. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) is a promising candidate for phytoremediation. Hemp has deep roots and is tolerant to the accumulation of different metals. In addition, the crop biomass has many potential commercial uses after harvesting is completed. Furthermore, the recent availability of an annotated genome sequence provides a powerful tool for the bioengineering of C. sativa for better phytoremediation.

Health risk assessment of heavy metals accumulation and Health status of O. niloticus from two Egyptian lakes

Water resources have become world social and economic concerns. Lake Nasser provides more than 95% of the Egyptian freshwater funds. Wadi Al- Rayan lakes are man-made with a vital role in irrigation water and fisheries. The present study was aimed to investigate and compare the effect of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cd) accumulation in muscles, liver and gills on the health status of O. niloticus collected from both lakes and the potential human health hazard of consuming those fish. The results demonstrated that the accumulation of different metals arranged in the following order; Fe˃ Zn˃ Mn ˃Cd˃ Cu> Pb in Nasser Lake, while the order was Fe˃ Zn˃ Mn ˃Cu˃ Pb>Cd in Wadi Al-Rayan Lake. The metal pollution index (MPI) in fish tissues followed the order: liver > gills > muscles. Moreover, the biochemical indices of O. niloticus from both Nasser and Wadi Al-Rayan Lakes showed a significant alteration due to metal pollution. Moreover, the human health hazard index recorded an adverse health effect for habitual fish consumers from Wadi Al-Rayan Lake during both seasons, while the same hazard was recorded in spring for habitual fish consumers from Nasser Lake which yield an alarming concern for fish consumers’ health.

Accumulation of different metals in oyster Crassostrea gigas: Significance and specificity of SLC39A (ZIP) and SLC30A (ZnT) gene families and polymorphism variation

The Zrt/Irt-like proteins (ZIP, SLC39A) and zinc transporters (ZnT, SLC30A) are the two major gene families responsible for the import/export of Zn and other metals. In this study, the mRNA expression levels and genetic variations of eight ZnTs and 14 ZIPs were identified in Crassostrea gigas after exposure to Zn, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb. Metal exposure induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and antioxidant enzyme expression. The expanded gene numbers of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the oysters exhibited diverse expression under exposure to the five metals, and the contrasting expressions of both ZnTs and ZIPs under different metal exposures were observed, revealing their ion-specific responses. Zn and Cu have similar transporters and induce high expression levels of ZnT1, 2, 7, and 9 and ZIP1, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, and 14. Pb induced high expression levels of ZIP7, and 13 and ZnT5, 6, and 7, which are mainly expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Cd induced high expression levels of ZnT1, 2, and 7 and ZIP1, 6, 9, 10, 11, and 13. Hg exposure was found to have little effect on the ZIP and ZnT expression levels. Based on 3784 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the ZnTs and ZIPs, genetic association analysis for Zn accumulation was conducted on 427 oyster samples. The 38 SNPs, which were located within 12 genes, were identified to be associated with Zn content ( p < 0.01), explaining the phenotypic variation from 1.61% to 3.37%. One nonsynonymous mutation and related haplotypes were identified within ZIP1, explaining 1.69% of the variation in Zn. Its high expression under Zn exposure revealed its important role in Zn transportation. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first comprehensive investigation of the transportation mechanisms of ZIPs and ZnTs under different metal exposures and the genetic effect of Zn accumulation in oysters, and provides valuable biomarkers and genetic resources to evaluate environmental metal pollution. • Gene numbers of SOD expanded and functional diversity under metals exposure. • ZnTs and ZIPs displayed ion-specific responses under metals exposure. • ZIP4 has one special mutation in marine bivalves. • Non-synonymous SNP mutation was identified within ZIP1 for Zn accumulation.

Heavy metal pollution due to coal washery effluent and its decontamination using a macrofungus, Pleurotus ostreatus

Release of the effluent generated during washing of coal became a major problem for coal industries due to presence of many toxic metals and other pollutants. These effluents are the main source of pollution in rivers and other water bodies. Therefore in this study, we tried to analyse the toxicity of coal washery effluent (CWE) collected from one of the washery plant situated in Dhanbad, India. CWE was found to be very toxic containing large amount of suspended particles and many heavy metals above than their permissible limits. Mycoremediation of CWE was also performed to decontaminate heavy metals from the CWE using a macrofungi Pleurotus ostreatus. Efficiency of Pleurotus for remediation of heavy metals was found to be highest in the 50% diluted effluent (57.2% Mn, 82.6% Zn, 98.0% Ni, 99.9% Cu, 99.3% Co, 99.1% Cr, 89.2% Fe and 35.6% Pb) followed by 25% diluted effluent (33.0% Mn, 55.1% Zn, 97.8% Ni, 99.7% Cu, 97% Co, 84.4% Cr, 87.1% Fe and 73.4% Pb) and raw effluent (23.3% Mn, 73.1% Zn, 78.7% Ni, 87.5% Cu, 59.3% Co, 64.6% Cr, 34.6% Fe and 11.3% Pb) respectively. Increased activity of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, concentration of metallothionein proteins and changes in peaks of FTIR spectra were also observed in fungal mycelia grown on the CWE containing media due to accumulation of different metals. Overall this study suggests that Pleurotus can be used as promising option for removal of heavy metals from the effluent released from washery plants and dilution of effluent could increase the efficiency of remediation.

Galvanic manufacturing in the cities of Russia: potential source of ambient nanoparticles.

Galvanic manufacturing is widely employed and can be found in nearly every average city in Russia. The release and accumulation of different metals (Me), depending on the technology used can be found in the vicinities of galvanic plants. Under the environmental protection act in Russia, the regulations for galvanic manufacturing do not include the regulations and safety standards for ambient ultrafine and nanosized particulate matter (PM). To assess whether Me nanoparticles (NP) are among environmental pollutants caused by galvanic manufacturing, the level of Me NP were tested in urban snow samples collected around galvanic enterprises in two cities. Employing transmission electronic microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and a laser diffraction particle size analyzer, we found that the size distribution of tested Me NP was within 10–120 nm range. This is the first study to report that Me NP of Fe, Cr, Pb, Al, Ni, Cu, and Zn were detected around galvanic shop settings.

Metals and Histopathological Alterations in the Kidneys of Schizothorax niger, Heckel from the Dal Lake of Kashmir Valley

The study was conducted to evaluate the metal induced abnormalities in the kidneys of Schizothorax niger, Heckel from Dal lake seasonally for a period of two years. The varied seasonal metal concentrations for copper (64.61 ± 3.10 to 78.90 ± 3.42 ppm), zinc (88.77 ± 3.52 to 101.99 ± 4.03 ppm), iron (200.99 ± 5.04 to 292.61 ± 4.25 ppm) and manganese (0.84 ± 0.06 to 06.95 ± 0.93 ppm) were observed during the entire period of study. The highest concentration of metals was observed in the summer seasons and the lowest concentrations in the winter seasons during the study period. Further, histochemical analysis demonstrated high levels of metal ion (Cu, Fe and Zn) in the kidneys of the fish in summer seasons during the study period. Analysis of these levels demonstrated by wet digestion-based Atomic Absorption and combined with histochemical methods, showed probable relationship between these high metallic levels and gill pathology. The general changes in the kidneys of the host included atrophy of the glomerulus with hypercellularity and hyperplasia. The other changes in the kidneys included mild congestion during winter seasons to severe tubular degeneration during summer seasons. The accumulation of different metals in the kidneys of the host can be attributed to the water pollution of Dal Lake by various metals and the subsequent histological abnormalities can be speculated to be due to the higher sensitivity of the host to different contaminants. From the present study it was concluded that the metals in the environment are polluting the water bodies and their subsequent deleterious effects harm the aquatic fauna particularly the native fish Schizothorax niger which would be one of the reasons for its decline from fresh water resources of the Kashmir Valley.

Effect of Circulation on Wastewater Treatment by Lemna Gibba and Lemna Minor (Floating Aquatic Macrophytes)

In this study, laboratory tests were performed in order to examine growth characteristics of floating aquatic macrophytes (Lemna gibba and Lemna minor) in the presence of wastewater with circulation. The results showed that circulation of the waste water enhanced the kinetics of the process, as compared to the control systems. However, prolonged application of high circulation level had a different effect. In the presence of circulation with aquatic plants, there was additional 85.3–88.2% for BOD5 and 59.6–66.8% for COD decreases in the water quality indicators. In this study, the effectiveness of L. gibba and L. minor with circulation addition for the removal of four heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Mn, and Cu) from waste water was also investigated. Results from analysis confirmed the accumulation of different metals within the plant and a corresponding decrease of metals in the waste water. At the end of the study of circulation, L. gibba provided the metal removal for Cu, Pb, Ni, and Mn in the waste water as the ratio of 57%, 60%, 60%, and 62%, respectively. In this context, the best results were obtained when the action of L. gibba and L. minor plants, was combined with that of circulation. It is shown that in the presence of L. gibba and L. minor plants that are supplemented with circulation, the national standards of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) 27–33 mgL−1 and chemical oxygen demand (COD) 62–78 mgL−1 for L. minor and L. gibba, respectively, were reached after treatment. The new results can be used for design calculations regarding expected removal of pollutants by aquatic floating plants.

Concurrent removal and accumulation of heavy metals by the three aquatic macrophytes

Under the present investigation effectiveness of three aquatic macrophytes Pistia stratiotes L. (water lettuce), Spirodela polyrrhiza W. Koch (duckweed) and Eichhornia crassipes were tested for the removal of five heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr and Cd). These plants were grown at three different concentrations (1.0, 2.0 and 5.0mgl−1) of metals in laboratory experiment. Result revealed high removal (>90%) of different metals during 15 days experiment. Highest removal was observed on 12th day of experiment, thereafter it decreased. Results revealed E. crassipes as the most efficient for the removal of selected heavy metals followed by P. stratiotes and S. polyrrhiza. Results from analysis confirmed the accumulation of different metals within the plant and a corresponding decrease of metals in the water. Significant correlations between metal concentration in final water and macrophytes were obtained. Plants have accumulated heavy metals in its body without the production of any toxicity or reduction in growth. Selected plants shown a wide range of tolerance to all of the selected metals and therefore can be used for large scale removal of heavy metals from waste water.