Acculturation Strategies Research Articles

The effects of Latino immigrants’ acculturation strategy and U.S. Americans' assimilation attitudes on perceptions of accommodation satisfaction and willingness to communicate

Guided by the acculturation framework (Berry, 1980, 2011) and communication accommodation theory (CAT; Giles, 1970, 2016), this study examines the effects of an immigrant target’s acculturation strategy on U.S. Americans’ accommodation satisfaction and willingness to communicate with the target and the potential interaction effect between the immigrant’s acculturation strategy and the participant’s assimilation attitudes. Supporting the hypotheses, results indicated participants with lower assimilation attitudes were most satisfied with the integrated target’s accommodation behaviors, followed by the assimilated and separated targets. In addition, participants with higher assimilation attitudes were equally satisfied by the integrated and assimilated targets’ accommodation, followed by the separated target. Across all levels of assimilation attitudes (i.e., low, moderate, and high), participants were more willing to communicate with the integrated or assimilated (no significant difference) target than with the separated target. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed regarding acculturation and inter-ethnolinguistic group relations.

Host-Country Parent Perspectives on International Schooling: A study from Bahrain

Despite the rapid growth in international schooling worldwide, little attention has been paid to understanding why parents choose this kind of schooling and what they believe their choice has meant for their child. Most saliently, the extant literature has not considered the views of Arab parents, although a number of GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries are seen as hubs of international schooling. This study explores international school choice in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Drawing on survey and interview data from Bahraini parents whose children attend international schools in Bahrain, this paper contributes to school choice literature, exploring what the parents see as the consequences of their choice. The concepts of acculturation strategies (Berry, 2003; Berry, 2005) and school choice as a technology of subjectification (Leyton & Rojas, 2017) are used to understand the social meaning of these parental decisions.

Single Motherhood of Refugees in Poland and the Challenges of Socialization in the Face of Cultural Alienation

Abstract Maternity is an extremely important aspect of self-determination regardless of the culture of origin. In the case of refugee women (functioning without the support of close relatives, the family, and their own society with its cultural norms), it additionally plays a crucial role in the construction of self-image. Women are often taken care of their children, which largely determines their adaptation strategies focused primarily on providing offspring with safety, development conditions, and stability. No less important it is also for their self-perception and self-determination, which are to a large extent conditioned by the gender roles in their culture of origin. In the article, I discuss the most common dilemmas of mothers-refugees among whom I conduct research since 2014 (coming from former Soviet Republics: Chechnya, Dagestan, Tajikistan) and I analyse their impact on the upbringing of offspring. At the beginning of the article, I present the basic terminological issues related to socialization and enculturation. These processes are considered to be one of the most important and difficult challenges faced by refugee women living in Poland. In the following part, I analyse the relationship between the self-assessment of the parental and educational activities effectiveness made refugee mothers and their adaptation attitudes and acculturation strategies.

The differentiated role of language knowledge and linguistic acculturation strategies in the configuration of occupational aspirations: the case of the descendants of migrants in Western Catalonia

ABSTRACT One of the most influential factors in the future access to the labour market of a young descendant of migrants is their occupational aspirations. Sociodemographic, socio-cultural, and socio-professional family elements or knowledge of languages are key in their formation. But in bilingual societies like Catalonia, the symbolism associated with languages is an added complexity. Thus, this article aims to analyse the influence and predictive power of linguistic knowledge and linguistic acculturation profiles on occupational aspirations, using a questionnaire completed by 205 young people of African, European, and Latin American origin in Lleida. The findings indicate that better knowledge of Catalan and a profile of linguistic acculturation which emphasises this language predict above-mean occupational aspirations. Knowledge of Spanish has an unclear role and a profile prioritising Spanish is a negative predictor. We conclude that language knowledge becomes a resource ‘through’ its symbolic value, questioning theories postulating that multilingualism always allows/facilitates access to better occupations.

Community coherence and acculturation strategies among refugee adolescents: How do they explain mental-health symptoms?

BackgroundAgainst the backdrop of 10 years of civil war in Syria, with millions of refugees, this study aimed to explore sense of community coherence and the acculturation strategies of separation and competition as factors that might explain mental-health problems among adolescent Syrian refugees in Greece. MethodsData were gathered from 173 adolescents aged 13–18 (M = 15.85; SD = 1.49); female adolescents accounted for 60.7% of the sample. Participants filled out a self-reported questionnaire regarding internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They were also asked about their sense of community coherence, their use of different acculturation strategies, and sociodemographic factors (i.e., gender, age, amount of time spent in the camp, and parents' education), as well as contextual factors such as exposure to war events, appraisal of danger, and whether they had received aid from various organizations. ResultsThe female adolescents reported a stronger sense of community coherence and that they had received more aid from organizations than the male adolescents reported receiving. The male adolescents reported more externalizing problems. Exposure and appraisal of danger, as well as sense of community coherence and the use of the acculturation strategies of separation and competition all significantly explained the various mental-health problems. ConclusionsThis article underscores the significance of gender, community coherence, and acculturation strategies in the prediction of mental health. It presents the results of this research in the context of the salutogenic and acculturation models.

Acculturation strategies of multi-cultural family adolescents in South Korea: Marginalization, separation, assimilation, and integration

Little is known about acculturation strategies among multicultural family adolescents in South Korea. This study examined whether the life satisfaction of multicultural family adolescents differed by acculturation strategy. In addition, this study examined the factors that predict acculturation strategies. For this purpose, we used a one-way analysis of variance and multinomial logistic regression. The data for this study were taken from the Multi-cultural Adolescents Panel Study. The frequencies of acculturation strategies were: marginalization, 297 (18.2 %); separation, 97 (6.0 %); assimilation, 839 (51.5 %); and integration, 395 (24.3 %). The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that life satisfaction was highest for integration and decreased for assimilation, separation, and marginalization. Gender, national identity, self-esteem, resilience, parental neglect, parental acculturative stress, family support, friends’ support, and teacher support were found to be significantly associated with the categorized acculturation strategies. Based on the results, implications with suggestions for future research are discussed.

Acculturation Strategies and Parenting Attitudes Among Belgian Turkish Immigrants

The aim of this study is to investigate the acculturation strategies and parenting attitudes of Turkish immigrants living in Belgium. Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants such as gender, age, and socio-economic status were also examined in this study. For the purpose of the study, a questionnaire consisting of demographic information form, Parent Attitude Scale and Acculturation Scale was administered to a total of 81 Turkish parents consisting of 56 women and 25 men living in Belgium. The data obtained from the questionnaire were used in validity and reliability analyses and correlational analyses. According to the findings, both scales were found to be valid and reliable measurement tools for Belgian Turkish immigrants. It was found that the integration acculturation strategy had a positive relationship with democratic parenting attitude and a negative relationship with authoritarian attitude, and assimilation acculturation strategy had a negative relationship with authoritarian and protective parenting attitudes. Additionally, it was seen that parenting attitudes showed differences across generations. The findings obtained in the study show that the acculturation strategies of Turks living in Europe show differences and these strategies are related to their parenting attitudes. The observation of intergenerational differences in parenting attitudes also confirms that immigrants' educational, economic and social-cultural characteristics are related to their child-rearing behavior.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СТРАТЕГІЇ АКУЛЬТУРАЦІЇ ТА СОЦІОКУЛЬТУРНОЇ АДАПТАЦІЇ СТУДЕНТІВ-ПЕРЕСЕЛЕНЦІВ ЗІ СХОДУ УКРАЇНИ

The article investigates the acculturation strategies chosen by Ukrainian Inner Displaced Persons (UIDPs) who were students from the uncontrolled territories of Eastern Ukraine within the longitudinal experiment (2015-2019 pp.). Among the acculturation strategies, we analyzed, first of all, integration and assimilation. The correlations among variables such as acculturation strategies and Ukrainian languages proficiency, psychological and social-cultural adaptation, psychological well-being, ambiguity (frustration) tolerance, anxiety and dominant acculturation attitudes of local students toward migrated ones were analyzed. The examined young people were living in the metropolis of Dnipro and the small town of Sievierodonetsk - suburb of Lugansk, which was previously a Ukrainian city and is at ORDLO’s territories currently. The results indicated differences in chosen acculturation strategies by UIDPs students depending on their places of residence (Dnipro metropolis or the small town) and on the types of their psychological adaptation. The direct correlations were found between intention to stay in Ukraine and the Ukrainian-language proficiency, psychological well-being, and vice versa, іndirect correlations were determined between intention to stay in Ukraine and ambiguity (frustration) tolerance and anxiety. Dominant acculturation attitudes of local students from both cities toward migrated young people included expected high assimilative potential which had an indirect negative effect on UIDPs students’ psychological well-being. The problem of the Eastern Ukraine students’ acculturation can be solved in the perspective if theoretical, empirical models and political decisions are coordinated, because chosen acculturation strategies and psychological well-being of such students and their efficient adaptation depend on specific-helping, accompanying, or indulging-neutral support of forced migrants from Eastern Ukraine.

Attitude Towards Other Countries — Aggravation on the Background of Pandemic

The attitude of the population to other countries is considered, taking into account two tendencies of the last one and a half centuries: globalization, which is based on economic processes with their interdependence of individual players from each other in the international market, and glocalization, as a phenomenon of “rebellious periphery” opposing the dominant culture that refuses such an acculturation strategy. The role of mass information sources in shaping the attitude of the population to different countries is discussed on the example of Russian data from public opinion polls, in particular, to the events in Belarus. The factor of trust in information sources is considered

Acculturative Experiences of An Immigrant Filipino Faith-Based Community

This paper tackled the migration experiences of Filipino members of a Protestant church located in Newton, Massachusetts. Most of the members are nurses who migrated to the United States in the 1980s. Members were interviewed by face-to-face, telephone, and by group discussions. Differences in acculturation strategies were observed between the first-generation (parents) and second-generation (children). Acculturative stressors and adjustments were also discussed. Likewise, the migration waves that brought Filipinos to the U.S. and their cultural background were partly presented. Religiosity, mental health, and ethnic identity were some of the factors cited in the literature to be affecting the Filipino acculturative experiences. Contemporary issues and outlook were also stated.

СПЕЦИФІКА КРОС-КУЛЬТУРНОГО ПІДХОДУ ДО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНИХ ЧИННИКІВ АКУЛЬТУРАЦІЇ

Acculturation is a popular term in cross-cultural psychology, cultural psychology and ethnocultural psychology. The term itself is now used in the study of interaction or more ethnocultural communities, the result of which is the choice of a particular strategy of interaction as an individual and a group. Selected interaction strategies are called strategies, and they include: integration, assimilation, separation, marginalization. The choice of a particular strategy depends on a number of factors, both socio-demographic and psychological. A large number of studies of acculturation to date are implemented in either cross-cultural or psychological-anthropological approaches. The article presents the results of a study of migrants from Ukraine in the United States and presents the factors of acculturation within the cross-cultural approach to its study. The results of the study show that it is necessary to distinguish between socio-demographic and psychological factors. Detailed results and a model of the influence of each individual factor based on the results of a study of Ukrainian migrants are presented. Socio-demographic variables define the distribution of values of individual psychological characteristics. According to the results of t-test, men and women choose integration and separation as acculturation strategies identically. There is a noticeable difference in the choice of marginalization and assimilation. Younger respondents tend to choose assimilation and integration, while older respondents choose marginalization and separation. Integration is often handled by people with strong femininity, openness and purposefulness, mostly young people with a medium cultural distance. Assimilation is mainly chosen by individuals who have a strong openness to new experience, who have a low cultural distance. Separation is chosen by sensual people, often hysterical, purposeful, impulsive, and with high levels of personal aggression. Marginalization is mainly chosen by infantile individuals who are unstable and vulnerable.

International student migrants from Asian countries: features of their ethnic identity and acculturation strategies

Ethnic identity as the main type of social identity and a key component of ethnic self-consciousness is the main regulator of ethnic interaction between international students and the host society. The harmonious ethnic identity’s formation is associated with the choice of acculturation strategy and directly affects the health and self-realization of the student’s personality in the learning process. The purpose of this research is to study the features of the content of the Asian students’ ethnic identity in the process of their contact with the new culture, as well as to determine the interconnectedness between the international student migrants’ ethnic identity and their acculturation strategy. The study involved 173 international students from East and Central Asia studying at universities in Siberia (Russia). The research methods included a questionnaire (survey), the method of ethnic identity studying developed by J. Phinney, and the framework for measuring acculturation strategies by J. Berry. Features and differences of international student migrants’ acculturation from the Central Asia countries and China are revealed. Students from the Central Asia countries have a positive ethnic identity (Mn=40,89), and the most frequent acculturation strategy is separation (Mn=8,91). International students from China are characterized mostly by having marginalization (Mn=8,89) as their acculturation strategy. The results of the present study can indicate the value and semantic orientations’ transformation in the new conditions of life and settlement.

Intercultural Adaptation and Acculturation Strategies of Overseas Chinese Teachers — A Survey Study on Volunteer CPKI Chinese Teachers of 2019-2020 Term in South Korea

With the increasing demand for native Chinese teachers from all over the world, more and more Chinese teachers are going abroad. As the intercultural adaptation and adaptation strategies of these teachers directly impact the promotion of overseas Chinese education, this survey study explored the intercultural adaptation and adaptation strategies of a sample of 170 CPIK (Chinese Program In Korea) volunteer Chinese teachers of 2019-2020 term in South Korea by the approaches of interview, questionnaire and statistical analysis.<BR> Drawing upon the Integrative Theory of Cross-cultural Adaptation (Kim, 2005) and the Theory of Acculturation Strategies （Berry, 1992), this paper developed 3 questionnaires and initiated an online automatic assessment system to implement the investigation. By applying statistical software such as SPSS23.0 and AMOS 24.0, quantitative analyses were explored and findings revealed that the overall intercultural adaptation of CPIK Chinese teachers was pretty good and the group with male gender, higher education background and higher Korean proficiency evidently achieved better intercultural adaptation. Among the 7 scopes of intercultural adaptation, the Chinese teachers generally performed best in the scope of Ethic Social Communication, while performing worst in the scope of Host Social Communication. The levels of Host Social Communication and Teaching Adaptation were positively related to the status of intercultural adaptation，and the Predisposition could predict whether or not the Intercultural Transformation could be achieved. The Chinese teachers showed an evident preference to integration strategy followed by separation strategy, and those who had integration strategy preference performed best in intercultural adaptation. The findings can not only provide empirical evidence for how to improve CPIK Chinese teachers’ cross-cultural adaptability, but also offer the potential professional value for helping to train overseas Chinese teachers conveniently on a large-scale service by the online automatic assessment system developed by this research.

İki Dillilik ve İki Kültürlülük: Göç, Kimlik ve Aidiyet

İki dillilik ve iki kültürlülük kavramları ilintili olmalarına karşın çoğunlukla farklı araştırma alanlarının konusu olmuşlardır. Oysa dil ve kültür, devamlı etkileşim halindedir ve birbirinin ayrılmaz parçasıdır. Dil ve kültür arasındaki bu devingen ilişki tek dilli bireyler ve toplumlar için geçerli olduğu gibi iki dilli bireyler ve toplumlar için de geçerlidir. Göçmenler söz konusu olduğunda bu iki kavramı birlikte ele almak daha da önemli hale gelmektedir. Bu betimsel çalışmada geleneksel tarama yöntemi kullanılarak bir alanyazın taraması yapılmıştır. Makalenin amacı: iki dilliliğin ve iki kültürlülüğün güncel tanımlarını ve sınıflandırmalarını ele almak, iki dillilik ve iki kültürlülük arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamak ve özellikle göçmenlerde bu iki kavramın nasıl geliştiğini incelemektir. Bunun için, birinci bölümde ilk önce iki dillilikte var olan minimalist ve maksimalist tanımlar ele alınmıştır. Daha sonra iki dilliliğin farklı türleri ve iki dillilikte güncel yaklaşımlar açıklanmıştır. “Kimlik ve Aidiyet” başlıklı ikinci bölümde kimlik, kültür ve iki kültürlülük kavramlarına değinilmiştir. Bu bölümde Toplumsal Kimlik, Kültürel Kimlik, Etnik Kimlik, Kültürlenme ve Kültürleşme gibi kavramların tanımlarına yer verilmiştir. Sonraki bölümde iki dillilik ve iki kültürlülük arasındaki ilişkiye değinilmiş, Kültürel baskınlık, Kültürleşme yaşı, Kültürel Kimlik ve bireyin öz algısı, Kültürel ‘Rahatlık’ gibi iki kültürlülüğün, iki dillilik tanımlarıyla benzeşen unsurları vurgulanmıştır. Son olarak iki dillilik ve iki kültürlülük kavramlarının göç ortamında nasıl geliştikleri ayrıntılı şekilde ele alınmış, göçmen bireylerin azınlık ve çoğunluk dilleri arasındaki saygınlık ilişkisi çerçevesinde gelişen iki dillilikleri ve benimsedikleri kültürleşme stratejileri irdelenmiştir.

Cultural Rapprochement of Russians and Students from the Countries of Central Asia as a Result of the Impact of “Soft Powerˮ of the Higher Education System

Introduction. The cultural rapprochement between Russia and the countries of Central Asian that are members of global alliances is facilitated by various social institutions, including the system of higher education. The article is of relevance as it analyzes the system of higher education in the context of cross-country interactions in terms of the theory of “soft power”. The purpose of the study is to assess the potential of higher education system as an element of “soft power” of the country in the cultural rapprochement of students from Central Asia and Russians. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted in April–June 2019 using the method of in-depth interview in Ekaterinburg, a Russian megalopolis with a high concentration of universities, attractive for educational migration from the countries of Central Asia in terms of geographical location and economic development. Twenty-two students and ten graduates of Ekaterinburg universities who came from this region were interviewed. The technique of typical case sampling was employed. Results. The following results of the impact of “soft power” of the system of higher education have been revealed: in the course of training, attractiveness of Russia, as the country of residence for students from the Central-Asian region, increases; the majority of students have chosen such a strategy of acculturation as integration into the host community; the education system has promoted specific cultural mechanisms for integration of migrants into the host community. Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained results make it is possible to assert, that the collective efforts of universities to increase their attractiveness for applicants and students from the Central-Asian region have promoted their loyalty to Russia as a whole, have affected further migratory plans, associated with residing in Russia, of a considerable part of students, and promote their cultural integration into the host community. The results may be useful for regional scientists to understand the opportunities and limitations of a deeper cultural rapprochement between people of different cultural background.

МОВА І МОВЛЕННЯ ЯК ЧИННИК АКУЛЬТУРАЦІЇ ІНОЗЕМНИХ СТУДЕНТІВ

The abstract reveal the problem of acculturation by international students. There are four main types of acculturation strategies: assimilation, separation, marginalization and integration. We agree that the most successful is integration. It is well known, that the language and speech belong to the important part of the acculturation proses. The language skills can help or slack the acculturation of the international students to the new environment. That means that the langue skills make the adaptation easier and more comfortable and provide successful learning proses. On the other hand the acculturation can take much more time and affect their mental health. It is important for the universities to work out some acculturation programs in order to help and support their international students.

МОВА І МОВЛЕННЯ ЯК ЧИННИК АКУЛЬТУРАЦІЇ ІНОЗЕМНИХ СТУДЕНТІВ

The abstract reveal the problem of acculturation by international students. There are four main types of acculturation strategies: assimilation, separation, marginalization and integration. We agree that the most successful is integration. It is well known, that the language and speech belong to the important part of the acculturation proses. The language skills can help or slack the acculturation of the international students to the new environment. That means that the langue skills make the adaptation easier and more comfortable and provide successful learning proses. On the other hand the acculturation can take much more time and affect their mental health. It is important for the universities to work out some acculturation programs in order to help and support their international students.

UGA SUNDANESE AHMADIYYA: LOCALITY OF MAHDIISM IN WEST JAVA

Studies on Ahmadiyah have been very extensive both in their focuses and approaches. However, few scholars consider local culture as an important means of the Ahmadiyya movement. This study focuses on the use of local culture in the form of uga in the Sundanese Ahmadiyya tradition. Uga is an oral tradition of ancestor mystical prophecy in Sunda on the coming of an important change in a situation of crisis. This is an ethnographic study of the Sundanese uga among Ahmadiyya followers in Kuningan, Tasikmalaya, and Bandung. The uga of Ahmadiyya is then analyzed using an interpretive approach. This study shows that there are at least six ugas of Ahmadiyya in Bandung, Garut, Singaparna, Tasikmalaya, Ciamis, and Manislor Kuningan. These ugas represent a symbolic meeting point between the expectations of Sundanese on the change of a situation with the messianic beliefs in Ahmadiyya. Ugas can shape the experience, identity and strengthen the roots of mystical ideology of Ahmadiyya in Sundanese people. Hereby, the case of ugaSundanese Ahmadiyya is a strategy of acculturation of local culture which added other categorization in the context of Ahmadiyya movement in various countries around the world.

Longer Residence in the United States is Associated With More Physical Function Limitations in African Immigrant Older Adults.

Acculturation and racial discrimination have been independently associated with physical function limitations in immigrant and United States (U.S.)-born populations. This study examined the relationships among acculturation, racial discrimination, and physical function limitations in N = 165 African immigrant older adults using multiple linear regression. The mean age was 62 years (SD = 8 years), and 61% were female. Older adults who resided in the United States for 10 years or more had more physical function limitations compared with those who resided here for less than 10 years (b = -2.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [-5.01, -0.23]). Compared to lower discrimination, those with high discrimination had more physical function limitations (b = -2.51, 95% CI = [-4.91, -0.17]), but this was no longer significant after controlling for length of residence and acculturation strategy. Residing in the United States for more than 10 years is associated with poorer physical function. Longitudinal studies with large, diverse samples of African immigrants are needed to confirm these associations.

Exploring Acculturation Experiences of Korean Immigrant Older Adults Through Expressive Writing

Korean immigrant older adults residing in areas without well-established Korean ethnic enclaves experience acculturative stress and depressive symptoms due to their lingual and cultural barriers. Expressive writing can be used as a culturally sensitive intervention to help those immigrants disclose their deepest thoughts and feelings related to their immigration and acculturation experiences. This study gathered qualitative data from the author’s experimental study using expressive writing for first-generation Korean immigrant adults 60 to 88 years of age residing in Midwestern cities. Participants were instructed to write for 15-20 minutes per day in three consecutive days at their convenience in a comfortable and private setting and asked to return their writings by mail. A total of 22 participants returned their writings: 14 wrote about their past and current stressful experiences related to their immigration and acculturation, while eight wrote about their daily lives. Eight themes emerged from thematic coding processes guided by the grounded theory approach: (1) survival, resilience, hardiness, tenacity, pride; (2) lingual barriers; (3) religious faith; (4) gender difference in roles and values; (5) racial discrimination; (6) traditional strategies of acculturation; (7) family and intergenerational gap; and (8) aging. The themes illustrate the participants’ lifelong efforts to shape their unique voices through heart-wrenching struggles, haunting wounds, and ethnic pride and resilience. The study findings suggest that culturally relevant programs and services are needed to facilitate social relationships and reduce lingual and cultural barriers for Korean immigrant older adults residing in non-ethnic enclaves.