Accounting System Research Articles

Production Costs Recognition: Time-Based Methodologies

This analysis presents a review of time-based costing methodologies: Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC), Duration-Based Costing (DBC) and Program Accounting Costing (PAC). Cost accounting systems are crucial for businesses to allocate costs to make informed business decisions. TDABC, DBC and PAC are approaches in this domain, offering unique advantages and applications. The concepts, methodologies, advantages, and limitations of each approach are explored to provide insights into their suitability for different industries and organizational contexts. The analysis finds comparing Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing, Duration Based Costing and Program Accounting Costing are analogous methodologies with different applications relating to timing cost recognition and are like comparing triples wearing the same but different colored outfits.

О некоторых вопросах формирования бухгалтерской (финансовой) отчетности

The article is devoted to the analysis of the content of the new normative document regulating the composition of accounting (financial) statements, the content of its forms, the procedure for submission, the conditions for compliance with the criteria of its reliability. The author explains some issues, the understanding of which is associated with the process of reforming the national accounting system in accordance with the requirements of the International Financial Reporting Standards. The new standard is assessed as a timely, relevant and in-demand document that contributes to increasing the reliability of information presented in accounting (financial) statements.

Measuring Total Factor Productivity in General Technical Progress Framework

The classical Solow's total factor productivity accounting assumes that technical progress is Hicks neutral, which is a special situation in the reality of world economy. This paper expands the setting of technical progress into general technical progress framework, which can cover Hicks neutral technical progress, Harrod neutral technical progress, Solow-neutral technical progress, and various factor-biased technical changes. According to the principle of statistical index number, this paper decomposes the output index into a total factor input index and a total factor productivity index, and adopts normalized CES production function with factor-augmenting technical progress to derive the calculation formulas of the total factor input index and the total factor productivity index, and constructs a new economic growth accounting system, and finds the counteraction and compensation mechanism for diminishing marginal returns. If the factor substitution elasticity is 1 or there is no technical progress bias and factor allocation bias, then the new accounting equation degenerates into the classic Solow growth accounting equation. The new accounting system can measure the influence of total factor input and total factor productivity to economic growth, but also can measure the influences of factor input intensity and factor allocation bias in the growth rate of total factor input, and the influences of technical progress intensity and technical progress bias in the growth rate of total factor productivity. Therefore it is more precise and accurate than classical method.

Exploring the Realization Level and the Obstacles Affecting Different Types of Ecological Product Value—A Typical Case from Zhejiang, China

The realization of ecological product value (EPV) is a crucial pathway for green economic development and the practical implementation of both the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and China’s “Two Mountains Theory”, which emphasizes the need for harmony between ecological protection and economic growth. While China has initiated several pilot projects, there remains no consensus on the classification of ecological products or the measurement of EPV realization levels, largely due to limitations in the existing accounting systems, which fail to address EPV’s complexity. This study introduces a novel framework for measuring EPV realization, categorizing ecological products into pure public, quasi-public, and operational types. It demonstrates the economic value of ecological conservation, providing viable economic incentives for green development. This framework allows governments and businesses to see that protecting and sustainably utilizing natural resources can also yield economic benefits, thus offering a new feasible pathway for green development. Using Zhejiang Province as a case study, the authors present an improved coupling coordination model and a mechanical equilibrium model to assess EPV levels, emphasizing the importance of tailored regional strategies. Additionally, an obstacle degree model is employed to identify and analyze the factors limiting EPV realization. The results show that (1) different types of ecological products follow distinct value realization paths within the “economic–ecological–social” system; (2) EPV realization varies significantly across regions, with a trend of being lower in the southwest and higher in the northeast; (3) obstacles to value realization differ across subsystems, with particular attention needed to improve quasi-public ecological products in the ecological and social domains; (4) factors such as pesticide use and the number of tourist attractions affect EPV realization at the provincial and municipal levels, respectively. This study presents a new EPV measurement framework and highlights the spatial–temporal variability of EPV realization across regions. It provides valuable insights for developing countries and ecologically vulnerable areas seeking to optimize their EPV realization, supporting sustainable development and advancing “Two Mountains Theory” transformation.

CONTENT AND IMPORTANCE OF MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS

At the present moment, the entities are operating under conditions of tough competition, which imposes the need to organize a viable management accounting system. Currently, in most of the entities in the Republic of Moldova, managerial accounting is not kept or only unreliable attempts are made to organize it. The created situation can be explained by the lack of a basis and some methodological recommendations regarding its organization. In this context, it is proposed to develop at entity level a managerial accounting policy that would include three key compartments: organizational, technical and methodological. The article proposes the basic elements that must be included in each of its compartments. As a result, the managerial accounting policies will help to ensure the efficient management of financial resources by internally regulating the principles, methods and procedures used to record, report and analyze accounting information needed by management in the decision-making process.

Designing natural capital accounting for agriculture: perceptions of farm accountants

PurposeThis paper aims to accelerate the development of natural capital accounting via an early report of farm accountants responses to prototype natural capital accounts. The authors test an approach to co-development with this important group who are both preparers and users of natural capital accounts but are not presently included in the research or development of natural capital accounting.Design/methodology/approachSeven practicing farm accountants and three accountants with an interest in this area were interviewed to gather responses to prototype farm natural capital accounts and make changes to improve the clarity, relevance and usefulness of the accounts. The paper calls for more work in participatory co-development to speed up the development and implementation of natural capital accounting.FindingsThe authors found that all participants were supportive of the concept of natural capital accounting and the consideration of agricultural ecosystems as assets of a farm business. Most participants could interpret the accounts and saw them as useful and important to improve sustainability outcomes. Participants highlighted the need for 1) the development of reliable, consistent valuation methods that resist manipulation; 2) natural capital accounting to be affordable and provide value to users; and 3) farmers to be supported to apply and report the methods for different objectives and contexts.Research limitations/implicationsSince agriculture is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions and changes to natural capital in the economy, information included in natural capital accounts of farm businesses is important to inform policy as well as farm management decisions. This research reveals strategies for policy makers to accelerate the supply of this information to enable market and other incentives to address urgent issues related to sustainability. Results of this study are from a limited sample of well-informed individuals and are thus preliminary. However, they highlight the need (and opportunity) to further co-design natural capital accounts in agriculture with farm accountants.Practical implicationsFarm accountants are important stakeholders in the development and implementation of natural capital accounting processes and systems, yet they are currently excluded from the science and standard-setting processes underpinning natural capital accounting. Co-development represents a fundamental shift in how the science around natural capital accounting is done and is an important step towards creating a more transdisciplinary approach to working with users. The authors show how users can be involved in developing natural capital accounting methods, standards and reports.Social implicationsNatural capital accounting is a promising method to help reverse sustainability problems, if it is co-developed with stakeholders to be useful and useable.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is the first to report on farm accountants’ perceptions of natural capital accounts in agriculture and to present a case study of co-developing natural capital accounts with farm accountants.

A multiobjective optimization model for allocating water quantity and quality in the Yangtze and Yellow River basins

Rapid urbanization and industrial growth have led to water quantity and quality problems. Most current water allocation models focus solely on physical water and neglect the optimization of the water quantity and quality considering the water footprint. Therefore, this study aimed to establish an optimal water resource allocation model for industrial sectors based on the water footprint to identify the most effective strategies for determining the water quantity and quality distribution in river basins. First, we constructed an improved water footprint accounting system using input‒output tables to quantify the total water footprint, grey water footprint, and virtual water trade. Second, we constructed a multiobjective optimal water resource allocation model by considering the water footprint as a decision variable and combining regional economic development and productivity differences. Finally, we compared the water allocation results obtained for the Yellow River Basin, a typical “water-quantity water-scarce region” in China, with those of the Yangtze River Basin, a “water-quality water-scarce region.” The results indicate that the total water footprints of the Yellow and Yangtze River Basins were 211.37 and 317.83 billion m³, respectively, prior to optimization. After optimization, the footprints were 199.54 and 306.03 billion m³, respectively. Water resources have been reallocated through virtual water trade strategies to effectively alleviate both water quantity and quality problems. Virtual water trade strategies have emerged as policy tools capable of mitigating mismatches between industrial systems and regional water resource allocation and providing a solution to physical–virtual water system challenges within river basins.

The CFO financial performance and the financial market scenario: A Review

This article introduces a literature review on the CFO's financial performance in the ever-challenging Brazilian financial market scenario. Key findings pointed out that the CFO of unlisted companies shows a lower inclination to estimate the cost of equity. The study also highlighted the need for technical and organizational solutions to agency problems, such as sound corporate governance practices, computer-aided accounting systems, incentive-based compensation, clear performance goals, and delegation of operational decisions. The study also examined the CFO's perspective and the companies' strategic ecosystem, finding that duality in the roles can negatively impact financial reporting quality.

‫‬‬‬‬‬The Role Of Modern Techniques Of Management Accounting and Cost Accounting in Improving Cost Efficiency and Quality Of Care in Urology: a Theoretical Study

Economic and demographic developments in the past few decades have increased the pressure on efficiency in the healthcare industry. Modern management accounting and cost accounting techniques are a critical component in improving the efficiency and quality of care in urology. With the ever-increasing costs of healthcare, the need for a sophisticated accounting system that can provide accurate data on costs and revenues is more important than ever. The aim of this research was to investigate the role of modern techniques in management accounting and cost accounting as a means of enhancing cost efficiency and quality of care in urology. The research highlights the importance of training medical staff in these techniques, as this can improve overall performance and reduce costs without compromising the quality of care provided to patients. These techniques have been shown to help physicians and administrators make informed decisions, which helps improve the efficiency and quality of care. They also contribute to improving communication between medical teams, enabling better patient care. By focusing on improving resource and cost management, these techniques can play a pivotal role in achieving superior and effective health outcomes.

The Impact of Accounting Information System Implementation on the Quality of Financial Report Results of the Department of Education, Youth and Sports of Buleleng Regency

The Quality of Regional Government Financial Reports is an assessment related to the level of conformity of reporting in regional financial management for each budget period. The quality of Regional Government Financial Reports can be seen from the opinion submitted by the Financial Supervisory Agency as the party that examines and assesses the Regional Government Financial Reports. This study aims to test the influence of the Regional Financial Accounting System and human resource competence on the quality of Regional Government Financial Reports. This study includes quantitative research. The sample in this study were employees at the Education, Youth, and Sports Office according to the criteria. The results of this study are that the Regional Financial Accounting System affects the quality of Regional Government Financial Reports.

The Use of Blockchain Technology in Improving the Reliability and Security of Accounting Information Systems: Impacts and Challenges

The use of blockchain technology in the context of Accounting Information Systems (SIA) has become an important topic in the academic and industry literature. By leveraging blockchain, the Triple Entry Accounting System application can improve information transparency and reliability while reducing fraud in business, improving audit efficiency, and improving data protection. This study aims to analyze the impacts and challenges associated with the implementation of blockchain technology in improving the reliability and security of accounting information systems. The research method used in this scientific paper is a type of qualitative method through the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) study. The results of this analysis show that the use of blockchain technology has a significant impact on the reliability and security of accounting information systems. Blockchain allows financial transactions to be recorded transparently, immutable, and trustworthy automatically through network consensus. However, there are several challenges that need to be addressed in implementing this technology, including scalability issues, high transaction fees, complex regulations, and a lack of understanding and awareness of blockchain technology among accounting practitioners. The reason for the choice of the title is that blockchain technology in Accounting Information Systems is not only relevant, interesting, and offers great opportunities, but also has the potential to make a significant contribution to the field of industry practice.

Examining the Influence of Sustainable Management Accounting on Sustainable Corporate Governance: Empirical Evidence

This study, with its practical implications, is a valuable resource for organisations. It examines the impact of Sustainable Management Accounting (SMA) practices on the implementation and effectiveness of Sustainable Corporate Governance (SCG) within organisations. It also investigates the various dimensions of SMA and explores the mediating roles of the Internal Control System (ICS) in the relationships between SMA and SCG. The empirical data, collected from 512 individuals across India using a purposive sampling technique, represent a diverse cross-section of the population, including shareholders, investors, finance officers, executives, and professionals such as chartered accountants, lawyers, bankers, and company secretaries. The findings of this study are actionable, indicating that SMA has a positive and significant impact on SCG. Furthermore, it was found that SMA is influenced by factors such as the accounting system, reporting method, transparency policy, and stakeholder involvement. Moreover, the results suggest that companies with well-developed sustainable accounting systems have enhanced ICS and corporate governance metrics, which in turn result in improved board oversight and stakeholder engagement. Finally, the outcome of this study not only assists in developing sustainable corporate governance through sustainable accounting management but also contributes to the UN’s sustainable goals through accounting and governance in the corporate culture and approach.

Analisis Penerapan Akuntansi Lingkungan (Green Accounting) pada Pengelolaan Limbah Industri di PT Atsumitec Indonesia

This research primarily investigates the application of environmental accounting, often known as green accounting, in the management of industrial waste. Ecological accounting is an accounting system that incorporates environmental factors into the process of making economic decisions. The objective of this study is to investigate the application of environmental accounting in waste management for the purposes of cost reduction, delineation of environmental responsibilities within the organization, and generation of environmental cost reports to facilitate decision-making by management. This study employs a comparative descriptive methodology, including data collection methods such as interviews, archival recordings, and direct observation. Research findings indicate that PT Atsumitec Indonesia currently lacks a dedicated financial report for waste management. Thus, in order to effectively manage accountability, this study must include environmental accounting methods for waste management.

Penganggaran dan Pembiayaan Pendidikan yang Efektif dan Efisien

In several ways, the sharia accounting system is different from conventional accounting. However, there are axiomatic technical similarities between the two. By using descriptive qualitative methods, this research aims to provide the author with an understanding of accounting theory and practice in Islamic economics. The research results show that the perspective of accounting science in Islamic economic practice focuses on the use of an accounting system that is in accordance with sharia principles, which prioritizes truth, accuracy and fairness. Surah Al-Baqarah verse 282 emphasizes clear and accurate transaction recording, the use of honest writers, financial accountability, zakat, and transparency and fairness in accounting. The results of this research conclude that there are many ways to see the economic implications of Islam today. First, Islamic economics must adapt to technological changes because they have influenced the way people think and act. Second, the history of Islamic economics has changed in the modern era, and third, Islamic economics is now real and relevant with the development of digital technology. Fourth, the concept of Islamic economics is based on the Koran and Sunnah. Compared to Conventional Accounting: Sharia accounting systems differ from conventional accounting in several key aspects. However, there are axiomatic technical similarities between the two.

Panel-based assessment of ecosystem condition as a platform for adaptive and knowledge driven management.

Ecosystems are subjected to increasing exposure to multiple anthropogenic drivers. This has led to the development of national and international accounting systems describing the condition of ecosystems, often based on few, highly aggregated indicators. Such accounting systems would benefit from a stronger theoretical and empirical underpinning of ecosystem dynamics. Operational tools for ecosystem management require understanding of natural ecosystem dynamics, consideration of uncertainty at all levels, means for quantifying driver-response relationships behind observed and anticipated future trajectories of change, and an efficient and transparent synthesis to inform knowledge-driven decision processes. There is hence a gap between highly aggregated indicator-based accounting tools and the need for explicit understanding and assessment of the links between multiple drivers and ecosystem condition as a foundation for informed and adaptive ecosystem management. We describe here an approach termed PAEC (Panel-based Assessment of Ecosystem Condition) for combining quantitative and qualitative elements of evidence and uncertainties into an integrated assessment of ecosystem condition at spatial scales relevant to management and monitoring. The PAEC protocol is founded on explicit predictions, termed phenomena, of how components of ecosystem structure and functions are changing as a result of acting drivers. The protocol tests these predictions with observations and combines these tests to assess the change in the condition of the ecosystem as a whole. PAEC includes explicit, quantitative or qualitative, assessments of uncertainty at different levels and integrates these in the final assessment. As proofs-of-concept we summarize the application of the PAEC protocol to a marine and a terrestrial ecosystem in Norway.

The Application of Behavioral Aspects to the Accounting System Pt Perkebunan Nusantara Vi (Ptpn Vi) Jambi Region

The purpose of this study was to present empirical support for the use of behavioral features in the accounting system. We carried out our investigation at PT Perkebunan Nusantara VI (PTPN VI). The sample technique used was called purposeful sampling. The research sample consisted of 45 respondents. two types of statistical analysis: descriptive and inferential. It is anticipated that the literature on accounting information systems and behavioral accounting will benefit from the study's examination of the behavioral components of the accounting system. Because understanding the behavioral characteristics of the accounting system can be taken into account when making decisions or policies for the company's advancement, the practical benefits of the research's findings assist the business. The results demonstrated that the accounting system is impacted by motivation. At PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VI (PTPN VI) Jambi Region, perception has no discernible impact on the accounting system, learning has no effect, and emotion has a partial impact.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF IMPLEMENTING A DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY-BASED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF MSME’S IN INDONESIA

The primary objective of this study is to examine the impact of introducing a digital technology-driven accounting system on the financial outcomes of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. In today's digital age, integrating technology into accounting systems plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and transparency of financial reporting in MSMEs. The research employs a quantitative approach, utilizing a survey method to gather data from 150 MSMEs operating across various industries. Through the analysis of data using multiple linear regression, the study aims to assess the correlation between the implementation of a digital accounting system and financial performance, as measured by metrics such as profitability, cost effectiveness, and liquidity. The findings of this study reveal a positive and significant impact of incorporating a digital technology-based accounting system on the financial performance of MSMEs. The results suggest that MSMEs that embrace accounting technology demonstrate superior financial performance in comparison to those that adhere to traditional approaches. Consequently, this research imparts practical implications for MSME operators, encouraging them to actively adopt digital technology as a means to enhance financial performance and gain a competitive edge in the market.

Perancangan Sistem Akuntansi Persediaan Pakan Ikan Berbasis Google Spreadsheet pada Usaha Budidaya Perikanan

This study aims to design a fish feed inventory record at UD Bless using Google Spreadsheets. The research method is qualitative. Primary data in this study were obtained by conducting direct interviews with business owners. Secondary data in this study are in the form of transaction evidence, inventory records arranged in archives. The results of the study are the design of a feed inventory accounting system at UD Bless which consists of a list of feed inventory, inventory purchases and sales, cash and credit inventory purchases, cash and credit inventory sales, and profitability of each type of inventory.

Research on Accounting Treatment of China's Carbon Emission Right under Low Carbon Economy

Carbon accounting plays an important role in the balance between economic development and environmental protection. It is an effective tool to push enterprises to reduce emission. Under the guidance of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, along with the establishment and development of China's carbon emission trading market, the Ministry of Finance also issued the Interim Provisions on Accounting Treatment of Carbon Emission Trading to guide the standardized accounting treatment of relevant businesses of key emission enterprises in China. In this paper, the existing research on carbon accounting was discussed, and the views of the industry on the recognition and measurement of carbon emission quotas before and after the promulgation of the Provisional Provisions were reviewed. Moreover, the shortcomings of the Provisional Provisions were analyzed, hoping to contribute to the improvement of China's carbon accounting system and the development of the carbon emission trading market.

Methodological study on carbon sequestration accounting for emission reductions from the whole-chain utilization of livestock and poultry manure

Effective livestock manure management is crucial for carbon neutrality. Scientific accounting methods and integrated management strategies can help guide reductions in carbon emissions and promote green development. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions by livestock manure, this study analyzed current accounting systems and focused on the complete chain of “collection-treatment-storage-use-returning” of manure based on the theoretical framework of greenhouse gas emissions accounting in the IPCC 2019 Guidelines. Combined with a life cycle assessment, the accounting list and boundaries were clarified, and the whole chain of livestock and poultry manure greenhouse gas accounting methodology system was proposed. Using swine breeding as a case study, this study evaluated the carbon emission reduction and sequestration effect of the whole manure chain using a typical technology model and a typical technological framework. It predicted the carbon reduction potential and sequestration benefits of utilizing swine manure in 2025 and 2030 in four scenarios. The findings indicated that the greenhouse gas emission factor of the whole chain of the six typical swine manure utilization modes in China was −48.82–40.54 kgCO2et−1. In 2022, the net greenhouse gas emissions from swine manure in China totaled approximately 2.0 × 107 tCO2e, with manure resource utilization reducing emissions by 3.2 × 107 tCO2e. Our projections suggest that emissions from swine manure in China may range from −1.8 × 107 to 1.3 × 107 tCO2e by 2025 and from −3.1 × 107 to 4.5 × 106 tCO2e by 2030. This can help guide optimal greenhouse gas emission reduction pathways for livestock and poultry farming and aid in the formulation of policies.