Accommodation Of Muslims Research Articles

Muslim American physicians' experiences with, and views on, religious discrimination and accommodation in academic medicine.

To assess Muslim physician experiences with religious discrimination and identify strategies for better accommodating Muslim identity in health care. Interviews were conducted with Muslim physicians from three US-based Muslim clinician organizations between June and August 2021. In-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews used a phenomenological approach to describe experiences of religious discrimination and accommodation. A team-based framework approach to coding was used to inductively generate themes from interview data. Physicians from the Islamic Medical Association of North America, American Muslim Health Professionals, and the US Muslim Physicians group were invited to participate using closed organizational listservs. Inclusion criteria sought English-speaking, self-identifying Muslims with current or past affiliation with a university hospital in the United States. Potential participants were segmented into groups based on responses to questions about perceived religious discrimination and accommodation. Purposive sampling was used to iteratively approach participants within these groups in order to capture a diverse respondent pool. Interviews stopped after thematic saturation was reached. Eighteen physicians (11 women and 7 men; mean age: 41.5 [standard deviation=12.91] years) were interviewed. Nearly all (n= 16) held Islam to be important in their lives. Three overarching themes, with several subthemes, emerged. Participants (1) struggled to maintain religious practices and observances due to unaccommodating organizational structures; (2) experienced religious discrimination, which, in turn, impacted their professional trajectories and, at times, their personal well-being; and (3) believed that institutions could implement specific educational and policy interventions to advance the religious accommodation of Muslims in health care. Muslim physicians frequently encounter religious discrimination, yet there are concrete ways in which health care workplaces can better accommodate their religious needs and combat discrimination. To improve workforce diversity, equity, and inclusion, educational forums and policies that support the religious practices of physicians need to be established.

What is at stake when Muslims join the ranks? An international comparison of military chaplaincy

In this article I analyse the ‘strategic action field’ evolving in five European countries around the inclusion of Muslims into military chaplaincy. I show that cross-national institutional differences in particular with regard to the state–religion relationship have an influence on the accommodation of Muslims in military chaplaincy: countries with a strong focus on equality in their state–religion relationship are the European forerunners in setting up a Muslim military chaplaincy, whereas countries whose state–religion relationship explicitly allows for the differential treatment of religious groups lag behind, in particular if Muslims are among the groups for whom official cooperation with the state is impossible since they have not acquired the requested legal status. At the same time, I show that organisation-specific arguments that push for religious accommodation and equal treatment in the military lead to a convergence of practices across the various European countries. Similar things are ‘at stake’ in the strategic action field that evolves around the inclusion of Muslims into military chaplaincy: the distribution of scarce chaplaincy posts; training and education of chaplains; security and control of religion; attracting new recruits; and assuring social cohesion, as well as being in line with principles of equality and religious liberty. France stands out in this comparison because it reached a high level of Muslim accommodation in military chaplaincy that stands in stark contrast with the limited accommodation of religion reached in state schools. An additional cross-national comparison shows that all European countries in the study differ fundamentally from the USA, where the distribution of chaplaincy posts is organised along a relatively easy market-based system that does not depend on the European institutionalisation of faith-specific military chaplaincies.

What is at Stake in Military Chaplaincy When Muslims Join the Ranks? An International Comparison

This paper analyzes the ‘strategic action field’ (Fligstein and McAdam 2013) evolving in five European countries (and the U.S.) around the inclusion of Muslims into military chaplaincy. The paper shows that cross-national institutional differences in particular with regard to the state-religion relationship have an influence on the accommodation of Muslims in military chaplaincy: countries with a strong focus on equality in their state-religion relationship are more advanced in setting up a Muslim military chaplaincy, whereas countries whose state-religion relationship explicitly allows for the differential treatment of religious groups lag behind, in particular if Muslims are among the groups for whom official cooperation with the state is impossible since they have not acquired the requested legal status. At the same time, the paper shows that organization-specific arguments that push for religious accommodation and equal treatment in the military lead to a convergence of practices across the different European countries. Similar things are ‘at stake’ in the strategic action field that evolves around the inclusion of Muslims into military chaplaincy: the distribution of scarce chaplaincy positions, training and education of chaplains, security and control of religion, attracting new recruits and assuring social cohesion as well as being in line with principles of equality and religious liberty. France stands out in this comparison because it reached a high level of Muslim accommodation in military chaplaincy that stands in stark contrast with the limited accommodation of religion reached in public schools. All European countries in the study differ fundamentally from the U.S. where the distribution of chaplaincy positions is organized along a relatively easy market-based system that does not depend on the European institutionalization of faith-specific military chaplaincies.

On the Viability of State-Church Models: Muslim Burial and Mosque Building in France and the Netherlands

Do national institutional repertoires of religious governance still have an effect on the accommodation of Muslims' religious needs in France and the Netherlands? Or do they become inconsequential because of increasing European pressures on liberal democracies to accommodate? Comparing the institutional accommodations towards Muslims in the burial domain and the building of mosques, this article argues the impact of national repertoires to be visible when sensitive to differences in kind. The relevant comparative question should no longer be whether governments accommodate Muslim demands for recognition, but which demands are accommodated, in what ways, and for what reasons.

Islam and Muslims in the Republic of Ireland: An Introduction to the Special Issue

This article serves as an introduction to the special issue on Islam in the Republic of Ireland. The introduction gives a brief overview of previous studies on Islam and Muslims in Ireland and shows their links with the studies published in this issue. Second, it presents in a concise manner the historical development of Islam in Ireland with respect to the increasing numbers of Muslims. As Ireland became a new destination for immigrants during the years of the economic boom, nicknamed the “Celtic Tiger Years”, immigrants and refugees arrived in a manner that would not have been anticipated some decades ago. The article also examines the subsequent process of the institutionalization of Islam in the country. Third, issues concerning the accommodation of Muslims in the Irish educational system, which in similar fashion to other European countries are also debated in Ireland, are discussed in order to investigate questions around the integration and accommodation of Muslims and the place of Islam in “religious” Ireland in general. The article concludes with suggestions for areas of future research on Islam and Muslims in Ireland.

Moderate Secularism and Multicultural Equality

Tariq Modood argues that European states are only ‘moderately secular’ and that this kind of secularism is compatible with public accommodation of religious groups and provides a model of Muslim integration appropriate for European states. Although attention to the fact of moderate secularism provides a response to a prominent argument against multicultural accommodation of religious minorities, what is really at stake in discussions of multiculturalism and secularism are political principles. Modood's case for accommodation of Muslims along the lines of moderate secularism presupposes a normative conception of equality, but his characterisation of multicultural equality is inadequate in several respects.

Islam Italiano: Prospects for Integration of Muslims in Italy's Religious Landscape

Despite daunting political and social challenges to the insertion of Islam in Italy's spiritual geography, there is much evidence to suggest that integration is already underway and will move slowly but steadily forward to realization. Factors that impede the efforts of Muslims to achieve integration in the Italian religious landscape include the diversity and divisions found within the Muslim community itself, deep-seated mistrust of Islam in Italian society, media coverage that tends to be biased and inaccurate, and ambivalence on the part of the Catholic Church hierarchy toward Islam and other religious minorities. Among the factors that portend eventual accommodation of Muslims in Italy are the relatively tolerant attitudes among Italians toward immigrants and religious minorities, the increasingly effective measures adopted by Muslims to promote their cause in the public arena, the role of second-generation Muslims in reconstructing Islamic identity for the Italian context, and examples from the history of religion that illustrate how religious minorities in other societies have been successfully integrated.

Religious Institutions, Church–State History and Muslim Mobilisation in Britain, France and Germany

With more than 10 million Muslims living in Western Europe, states are struggling to accommodate the religious needs of Muslims in state-supported institutions. Such issues include whether to fund separate Islamic schools and how or whether to teach Islam in state-supported schools. Despite these common concerns, national governments vary widely in their response to the religious needs and practices of Muslim citizens and permanent residents. This paper looks at how Britain, France and Germany have resolved these issues. We explore how pre-existing Church–State practices and institutional arrangements structured the politics of state accommodation of Muslims’ religious needs in each country.

Multiculturalism, Muslims and citizenship: a European approach

1. European Challenges to Multicultural Citizenship: Muslims, Secularism and Beyond Anna Triandafyllidou, Tariq Modood, Ricard Zapata-Barrero 2. Multiculturalism, citizenship and Islam in problematic encounters in Belgium Hassan Bousetta and Dirk Jacobs 3. British Muslims and the Politics of Multiculturalism Tariq Modood 4. French Secularism and Islam France's Headscarf Affair Riva Kastoryano 5. The Particular Universalism of a Nordic Civic Nation: Common Values, State Religion, and Islam in Danish Political Culture Per Mouritsen 6. Enemies Within the Gates - The Debate about the Citizenship of Muslims in Germany Werner Schiffauer 7. Religious Diversity and Multiculturalism in Southern Europe: The Italian Mosque Debate Anna Triandafyllidou 8. The Muslim Community and Spanish Tradition: Maurophobia as a Fact, and Impartiality as a Desideratum Ricard Zapata-Barrero 9. Secularism and the Accommodation of Muslims in Europe Tariq Modood and Riva Kastoryano 10. Europe, Liberalism and the 'Muslim Question' Bhikhu Parekh

Muslims and the state in Britain, France, and Germany

Over ten million Muslims live in Western Europe. Since the early 1990s, and especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, vexing policy questions have emerged about the religious rights of native-born and immigrant Muslims. Britain has struggled over whether to give state funding to private Islamic schools. France has been convulsed over Muslim teenagers wearing the hijab in public schools. Germany has debated whether to grant 'public-corporation' status to Muslims. And each state is searching for policies to ensure the successful incorporation of practicing Muslims into liberal democratic society. This 2004 book analyzes state accommodation of Muslims' religious practices in Britain, France, and Germany, first examining three major theories: resource mobilization, political-opportunity structure, and ideology. It then proposes an additional explanation, arguing that each nation's approach to Muslims follows from its historically based church-state institutions.

Toward an Islamic Ethics of International Relations

This study is an examination of the tole of ethical imperatives andconst&ts in the realm of international relations from the perspective ofclassical and modern Islamic theory. The study focuses upon three interrelatedquestions: (1) To what extent is an amoral conception of intemationalpolitics possible within an Islamic framework? (2) To what extentis classical and/or modem Islamic theory compatible with the contemporaryintemational system based upon the sovereign, independent nationstate?(3) What are the ramifications of Muslim accommodations with thetheory of the sovereign nation-state in the aEas of just war, nuclear deterrence,and distributive justice?The historical development of Islamic thought and contemporaryMuslim perspectives will be compared with the historical development ofWestern theories and contemporary Western perspectives on the tole ofethics in international relations. The purpose of this thesis is both toevaluate critically classical and contemporary Islamic perspectives onintemational relations and to develop systematically an Islamic ethicalframework for issues still largely neglected by modem Muslim theorists:just war, the morality of nuclear detemce, and distributive justice.Theoretical ArgumentIs ethical theory applicable in the realm of international relations? Ifso, what role does or should it play in the conduct of foreign policy?The late international relations theorist Hedley Bull suggests h ephilosophical strands in Western conceptions of intemational relations.'Each is to some extent both descriptive as well as prescriptive. Each providesdifferent answers to the questions above. (1) The Hobbesian or"realist" paradigm views international relations as a state of natm dominatedby independent, self-reliant states struggling for power and prestigein a milieu inimical to cooperation and devoid of international norms ormomlity. (2) The Grotian or "internationalist" tradition views intemationalElations as the arena of sovereign states, but acting in a milieu characterizedby pervasive interdependence in economic, military, legal, andpolitical concerns. The possibility of ethical considerations is stronger inthis environment since a rudimentary international society of commonvalues, interests, and institutions does exist. (3) The Kantian or ...