Accident Situations Research Articles

Unexpected uncertainty in the use of simple sample machining technique for gamma-spectrometry.

Elementary processing techniques such as cutting or grinding of foodstuffs are deemed adequate, particularly in the context of post-nuclear accidental situations, ensuring expeditious and effective testing for the gamma-ray spectrometry. Nevertheless, it is worth acknowledging that this straightforward procedure may predispose itself to appreciable variances in the detection efficiency of gamma-ray spectrometry, primarily attributable to the heterogeneity of the radioactivity distribution within the sample container, thereby incurring unexpected discrepancies or uncertainties. To investigate this impact, the precision of the actual sample measurements was scrutinised through statistical analysis.

The study on the wood candidates for the impact limiter of a spent fuel cask

The nuclear fuel transportation package is meticulously designed to enclose radioactive materials, guaranteeing containment even after undergoing a free-drop impact test and considering potential accident situations to prevent radioactive leakage. The impact limiters attached to the transport cask are engineered to absorb impact energy. Wood, renowned for its strong energy absorption capacity, is often specified as the core material within impact limiters. It is crucial to accurately determine the wood material employed in the impact limiter. This study carried out crushing experiments on various common wood materials to obtain stress versus strain data for the selection of the appropriate wood material. Indicators such as density, crushing strength, and densification strain are utilized to assess the suitability of wood as the filler material of the impact limiter. Paulownia wood is chosen based on density, the appropriate energy absorption value per unit volume, and response acceleration. The dispersity of the strengths of Paulownia wood is taken into account with the weakest-link models. The finite element method is adopted to precisely design and verify the impact limiter. The arrangement of the glulam wood is designed to balance the energy absorption in hypothetical accident conditions. Finally, tests on the application of the impact limiter in the transportation cask were conducted to validate the proper design of the impact limiter. This study can offer reference and data support for the research on wood filler materials.

Comparative analysis of machine learning techniques for enhanced vehicle tracking and analysis

The past few years have seen a marvellous growth in technology and science. This rapid improvement has proven to be a blessing, making human life easier. Technological developments such as autonomous driving systems and electric cars have made it easier to travel in a dependable and economical manner, satisfying the increasing need for convenient and environmentally friendly travel. However, the increase in traffic has led to a surge in accidents and road casualties. Despite efforts to enhance automobile design and traffic control, there remains a significant need for implementing a system for vehicle tracking, accident detection, and notification. Delays in information and unfulfilled medical needs often result in the loss of lives following accidents. This study reviews and compares different automatic accident detection and notification systems that use accelerometers, vibration detectors, and GPS technology to notify registered contacts of an accident's location via SMS or email. The analysis that follows will specifically look at the benefits, drawbacks, and future uses of various technologies that are used in these systems. In this study, different machine learning-based methods for improving the accuracy of car tracking and cutting down on reaction times in accident situations will be looked at and compared. For testing their usefulness, we used deep learning models like CNN, SVM, and YOLOv3 on a number of different datasets. According to our data, these methods greatly enhance the accuracy of spotting, with YOLOv3 showing the best level of accuracy. Furthermore, the study talks about the pros, cons, and possible future uses of these technologies. It stresses the need for more research into improving model performance in different situations.

Putting workers’ safety front and center: Employee-organization exchange and employee safety performance

Introduction: The global occupational accident situation remains severe. As enhancing employee safety performance constitutes a crucial part of accident prevention and safety management, the study aims to examine, from an employment relationship perspective, the cognitive, motivational, and behavioral mechanisms through which employee-organization exchange (EOX), as a social exchange type of employment relationship, can affect employee safety performance. Method: Data were collected from 672 subordinates and their immediate 100 supervisors in three large manufacturing firms in Guangdong province, China. Results: The results shows that: (1) EOX has a positive effect on employees’ safety risk perception, psychological ownership of safety promotion, and safety communication; (2) safety risk perception, psychological ownership of safety promotion and safety communication (as cognitive, motivational and behavioral mechanisms) mediate the relationship between EOX and safety performance (both safety compliance and safety participation); and (3) management commitment to safety moderates the direct effect of EOX on safety risk perception, psychological ownership of safety promotion, and safety communication, and its indirect effect on two forms of safety performance via the three mediating mechanisms. The moderating effect and moderated indirect effect are stronger when management commits more to safety. The study contributes to the employee safety literature. Practical Applications: Employers should establish a long-term oriented social exchange relationship with their employees for effective safety management.

Young generations facing post-nuclear accident situations: from Chernobyl to Fukushima

Young generations facing post-nuclear accident situations: from Chernobyl to Fukushima

РАЗРАБОТКА МЕТОДИЧЕСКИХ ОСНОВ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ УЧЕНИЙ АВАРИЙНО-СПАСАТЕЛЬНЫХ СЛУЖБ ДЛЯ ОТРАБОТКИ ДЕЙСТВИЙ В ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНОЙ СИТУАЦИИ АВАРИИ ВОЗДУШНОГО СУДНА

The tasks that need to be worked out during exercises to improve the safety and efficiency of the organization of air traffic are considered. The main problem in solving the problems of fire safety is the time to make a single correct decision when carrying out rescue operations. Recently, exercises involving all responding units have become widespread because they can help to work out the practical tasks of rescuing people and the most rational management decisions in conditions of limited initial information and the presence of many criteria that can not be foreseen. This article considers the issues of management and interaction of fire-fighting, rescue, canine and other services during fire-extinguishing and tactical exercises to organize fire-fighting and rescue of people in situations of aircraft accidents. On the basis of the accumulated world experience in aircraft accidents and the analysis of the consequences of various aircraft accidents, the methodological recommendations for training of rescue units in simulating emergency situations of aircraft in various variants of abnormal situations were worked out.

의료사고에 있어 과실범의 양형판단과 특수성

Many people receive treatment at the hospital to cure the disease. However, medical accidents that have been damaged by doctors' negligence or hospital errors often occur. It is not an exaggeration to say that the victim is suffering damage in various directions as the burden of proof is left to the victim (patient) for the damage caused by such a medical accident. In addition, our criminal law is so-called 'justifiable act (Article 20), so even if the result is not good, it is considered to be a reason for illegal sculpture. However, if it does not fall under the grounds for illegal sculpture, punishment is made according to the law of the negligent offender. Negligence offenders are weaker in illegality than intentional offenders, and the Korean Criminal Law also requires that negligence offenders be punished only when there are separate provisions (Article 14). If a constituent requirement result occurs due to medical negligence, the legal principles of negligence offenders may be applied, and as mentioned, negligence offenders are subject to punishment only when there are separate constituent requirements, so the criteria for punishment are not clear. Accordingly, it seems necessary to set the criteria for determining sentencing. In Japan, many discussions began to take place on the sentencing of medical accidents at medical institutions and academic societies in the wake of the Fukushima Prefectural Ono Hospital case regarding criminal responsibility for medical accidents. In this situation, many precedents related to medical accidents have been accumulated in Japan. Regarding the liability of negligent offenders, it is necessary to review the aspect of negligence, the duty of care, and the contents of negligence, and in relation to sentencing, it is necessary to review what factors are necessary for determining sentencing. However, in the case of medical accidents, they are considered negligent offenders, and the criteria for determining sentencing have not been clearly established, so it seems necessary to review them. Therefore, this paper examined similar accident cases among medical accident cases in both countries so that they can be compared. As a result, common factors to be taken into account were found along with the situation of medical accidents, and this confirmed that there was a tendency to be different from sentencing judgments in other negligence crimes, especially general occupational negligence and injury crimes. Most medical accidents were sentenced to probation except for fines, and imprisonment or higher was extremely rare. In addition, with regard to the imposition of punishment, Korea and Japan seem to have strong preventive and educational aspects as a function of punishment rather than the imposition of retributive sentences. In this paper, we reviewed the criteria for sentencing judgment based on medical accident cases in Korea and Japan, and based on this, we hope that it will be of great help in discussing sentencing in future medical accident related cases.

Checking the fitness to drive of senior citizens under German law-pending corrective measures to ensure road safety

German driving licence law takes areactive approach to dealing with suitability deficiencies of senior citizens. If the driver is no longer fit to drive and nevertheless participates in traffic, an administrative offence has been committed. If this endangers or injures other people or causes significant damage to property, it may even be acriminal offence. In addition to prosecuting these offences, the driving licence authority may restrict or even withdraw the licence issued. In this respect, senior citizens have ahigh degree of personal responsibility when assessing their fitness to drive. This article presents the current driving license law and discusses the need for changes.Legally, various corrections are required to the current Driving Licence Ordinance and its annexes. At present, there is no clear regulation regarding the general reduction in performance in old age for an event-related assessment of fitness to drive. In addition, in the event of doubts about fitness to drive, the driving licence authority should be expressly granted the power to order standardised driving tests. Furthermore, the legislator must take preventive measures to ensure road safety. He must no longer ignore the current accident situation. In view of the fact that senior citizens aged75 and over are disproportionately involved in traffic accidents with personal injury in terms of their culpable behaviour, it is important to impose moderate restrictions on the personal responsibility of driving licence holders. This is especially true for sensory abilities, which are particularly important in road traffic. Seniors should therefore be required to undergo eye tests from the age of75. From this age onwards, it also seems sensible to introduce compulsory advice on fitness to drive, preferably from your family doctor.

Understanding of causality and its mathematical representation in accident modeling

Accident models are a critical element of safety science as they provide a profound understanding of accident causality, which helps develop accident prevention and control strategies. The evolving accident situations and complex engineering systems offer significant challenges in understanding causality. This limits the realistic representation of causality in the accident model, impacting its usefulness. This paper presents a framework to demystify the understanding of causality and its mathematical representation in accident modeling. The framework uses the theory of causality, understanding interdependencies, constructing these elements in mathematical representations to formulate a mathematical accident model, and subsequently utilizing advanced probability theory and machine learning for accident analysis. The methodology is demonstrated in the case of the Champlain Tower South collapse. The ultimate objective of this work is that readers can use this framework for any engineering system accident modeling (i.e., construction, road, or process systems). The framework will help develop accident preventive and control strategies.

Multi-unit PSA based risk evaluation framework for utilizing cross-tie systems for nuclear power plants

The Fukushima accident showed that the safety of multiple nuclear power plants (NPPs) at the same site could be jeopardized simultaneously. Since then, many studies have focused on developing strategies to prevent the spread of multi-unit accidents, with numerous countries establishing strategies to use mobile equipment. However, mobile equipment strategies are inherently accompanied by a high degree of uncertainty regarding operation success and duration because multiple organizations and personnel interact in various ways during multi-unit accident situations. Furthermore, supplementing current fixed equipment with additional mobile equipment requires extra resources. Therefore, cross-tie strategies that use currently installed fixed equipment can provide additional means to manage site risk with relatively few additional costs. This study proposes a multi-unit probabilistic safety assessment–based risk evaluation framework for utilizing cross-tie systems in NPPs and a modeling methodology to quantify the effectiveness of the cross-tie strategies. A case study was conducted to evaluate the risk reduction from using cross-tie strategies for emergency diesel generators and alternate AC diesel generators, which are power systems utilized in multi-unit loss of offsite power initiating events. It is expected that the developed framework and methodology can be utilized for other types of cross-tie strategies as well.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПОЖАРНЫМИ ПОДРАЗДЕЛЕНИЯМИ И РАЗРАБОТКА АЛГОРИТМА ПРИНЯТИЯ РЕШЕНИЙ РУКОВОДИТЕЛЕМ ЛИКВИДАЦИИ ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНОЙ СИТУАЦИИ ПРИ АВАРИИ ВОЗДУШНОГО СУДНА

This article discusses the problem of managing the emergency response process using the example of aircraft accidents. The mechanism of operation of fire and rescue units in extinguishing aircraft fires is investigated. The analysis of the origin of emergency situations of aircraft accidents has been carried out, on the basis of which the operations of aircraft operation in which the origin of emergency situations is statistically the most likely are determined. Based on the results of the analysis, typical situations of aircraft accidents are presented in the form of graph models. On these models, certain significant and critical situations are highlighted, divided by various aircraft operations. With the help of these graph models and the introduction into the system of dependence of the conducted rescue and other urgent work on the place of occurrence of an emergency, an algorithm was developed to support decision-making for the person responsible for coordinating units and conducting rescue and other urgent work related to the elimination of this kind of emergency situations, which reflects the full range of potential accidents that can happen to an aircraft. This algorithm can be used both for training the heads of fire and rescue units, and for creating emergency response techniques in case of aircraft accidents.

Test blanket modules piping systems calculation method according to RCC-MRx code

The ITER Test Blanket Modules (TBMs) are installed and operated inside the vacuum vessel (VV) at equatorial ports located within port plugs (PP). The Pipe Forest (PF) is a network of pipes connecting the Ancillary Equipment Unit (AEU) to the TBMs. Depending of the TBM, the Pipe Forest includes various piping system such as Water Coolant (350°, 188 bars), Helium Coolant (500°, 100 bars) Lithium Lead and Tritium Extraction System. During operating states, the Pipe Forest main function is to withstand loads in normal, incidental and accidental situations according to RCC-MRx code criteria (including design rules for mechanical components for fusion installations). It includes severe thermomechanical loadings due to the thermal expansion added to seismic and vertical displacements events. In addition, the PF layout must satisfy constructability in constraint environments and maximize the space available for man access, which constitutes a real challenge for design.Since no existing RCC-MRx post-processing tool exists off the shelves, a specific methodology for pipe stress analysis is being developed by ITER, CEA and ASSYSTEM. This methodology starts with a post-processing calculation tool of stresses and reaction forces for looping back into the structural calculation. Moreover, a specific extraction module from 3D model to processing tool allows the conversion of CAD data to calculation entry files. Finally, a feedback loop is also re-integrated into the core CAD model through an import module, enabling the tracking of displacements and evaluate the impact of incorporating pipe movements into the analysis.This paper describes the pipe stress analysis methodology and its application for Pipe Forest system design life cycle. It covers the historical evolution of the routing including introduction of expansion loops. More recently, it incorporates the integrated calculation of the entire port cell, spanning from the back of the TBM sets, up to the connection pipes of the vertical shaft.

DNBR Limit Analysis for the Inner channel of Annular Fuel

The departure from nucleate boiling ratios (DNBR) limit for annular fuel might vary from that of conventional nuclear fuel rod assemblies due to the distinct features of annular fuel assemblies. Precise estimation of DNBR is crucial for ensuring the safe and optimal functioning of nuclear reactors equipped with annular fuel assemblies. This study examines the DNBR limit of inner channel for annular fuel, using the look up table-2006 (LUT-2006).A comprehensive database having data for both normal operation and accident situations in pressurized water reactors (PWRs) using annular fuel was built to analyze the DNBR limit of the inner channel of annular fuel. The critical heat flux (CHF) data in this database were categorized into two groups with the limiting quality as the boundary. The prediction accuracy of LUT-2006 and the DNBR limits were evaluated respectively. Given that the inner diameter of the inner channel of annular fuel in mainstream designs typically ranges from 8-9 mm, and considering the potential occurrence of the limiting quality phenomenon in the inner channel, it would be more suitable to utilize the LUT-2006 based on an 8 mm tube standard to establish the DNBR limit for the inner channel of annular fuel. A conservative DNBR limit of 1.308 is determined for the inner channel of an annular fuel using the LUT-2006. In future thermal-hydraulic optimization designs of annular fuel, it is advisable to utilize LUT-2006 for calculating the DNBR of the inner channel of the fuel.

Android Accident Detection and Alert System

Increasing concern for road safety has led to the search for new technological methods to reduce the incidence of traffic accidents. This article describes the design, development, and evaluation of an Android-based incident detection and notifi- cation system that aims to improve emergency response capabili- ties and reduce incident severity. The system leverages ubiquitous smartphones and their built-in sensors by combining accelerom- eters, GPS, and image processing technology to instantly capture and share events. When detected, the system triggers an alarm to notify emergency services and first responders of the incident’s location and important information. The system also has features such as automatic emergency call initiation to provide immediate assistance to victims. The effectiveness of the system has been evaluated through various tests conducted in various simulated accident situations, demonstrating its accuracy, reliability and ability to shorten time in emergency situations. This research contributes to the advancement of smart transportation by using mobile technology to improve road safety and reduce the risk of accidents. Index Terms—Android-based system, accident detection, alert- ing, real-time monitoring, integrated sensor, accelerometer, GPS, imaging, emergency response, machine learning, automatic emer- gency calls, security, smart transportation, ubiquitous computing, smart mobile applications.

Android Accident Detection and Alert System

Increasing concern for road safety has led to the search for new technological methods to reduce the incidence of traffic accidents. This article describes the design, development, and evaluation of an Android-based incident detection and notifi- cation system that aims to improve emergency response capabili- ties and reduce incident severity. The system leverages ubiquitous smartphones and their built-in sensors by combining accelerom- eters, GPS, and image processing technology to instantly capture and share events. When detected, the system triggers an alarm to notify emergency services and first responders of the incident’s location and important information. The system also has features such as automatic emergency call initiation to provide immediate assistance to victims. The effectiveness of the system has been evaluated through various tests conducted in various simulated accident situations, demonstrating its accuracy, reliability and ability to shorten time in emergency situations. This research contributes to the advancement of smart transportation by using mobile technology to improve road safety and reduce the risk of accidents. Index Terms—Android-based system, accident detection, alert- ing, real-time monitoring, integrated sensor, accelerometer, GPS, imaging, emergency response, machine learning, automatic emer- gency calls, security, smart transportation, ubiquitous computing, smart mobile applications.

Blindness of intentions and metacognitive deficits during moral judgements in schizophrenia.

Previous research has shown that moral judgments are affected by social cognitive abilities, such as theory of mind (ToM). This study examines how information about an actor's beliefs and the consequences of their actions affect the moral evaluation of the character's behavior in social events. Our research builds upon previous studies, which have shown that these factors contribute differently to moral judgments made by both adults and young children. This study aimed to explore how participants with schizophrenia and healthy controls read stories about social situations in the context of moral judgments. The study used the research procedure that included 4 variants of 16 scenarios describing social situations, and thus comprising 64 stories. After each story, participants evaluated their confidence level on a 4-point scale. To assess delusional beliefs, the Polish adaptation of the Peters Delusion Inventory (PDI) questionnaire and the Paranoia Checklist (PCh) were used. Respondents completed these questionnaires after completing the scenario test procedure. In social situations, patients with paranoid schizophrenia were found to evaluate actions of protagonists who attempted to harm another person more leniently than when it was an accident. Conversely, healthy individuals judged those actors who expressed intentions to hurt another person significantly more harshly than in an accident situation. Metacognition measures show that paranoid schizophrenia patients make moral judgments with high confidence, despite being based on an incorrect reading of the other person's intentions. The study indicates that ToM has a significant impact on the moral judgment of others. Decreased moral cognition can result from both positive and negative symptoms. Deficits related to metacognition can also sustain such cognitive distortions.

An approach of radiological impact analysis due to a simulated accident of the TRIGA research reactor of Bangladesh

The present study focused on the radiological impact analysis by assessing radiological doses due to a postulated TRIGA Mark-II research reactor accident at AERE, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Core inventory and source term of radionuclides from different groups such as noble gas, halogen, tellurium, alkali metal, lanthanide, alkaline earth metal, cerium and transition metal were analyzed for 365 days of operation at full power (3 MWth) due to a postulated nuclear accident. The HotSpot code was used for the dose calculation, and the dose values of TED, and Thyroid were calculated for a 40 km radius from the reactor site. Local meteorological data from Bangladesh Meteorological Department were used for the dose assessment and doses were calculated in the three dominant directions such as South, Southeast, and West. The TED and Thyroid dose values are assessed and compared to the PAZs dose criteria of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It is found that doses are higher in stability class F, and evacuation, sheltering, and iodine prophylaxis are needed at longer distances. Since outside of the AERE campus is densely populated, these calculated data may help to ensure radiological safety by taking required protective actions like evacuation, sheltering, and iodine tablet consumption for the same type of accidental situation.

Risk assessment based on fault tree analysis and analytic hierarchy process in rural areas of Thailand

Introduction The importance of understanding the factors contributing to road accidents at schools cannot be overstated. This study aims to determine the risk of accidents in situations that could lead to accidents near schools. Methods A total of 10 kindergarten to junior high schools were selected for the study. The research used the Haddon Matrix to classify factors at risk of accidents, risk assessment through fault tree analysis, and the analytic hierarchy process (FTA-AHP) techniques. Fourteen sub-criteria were defined for risk identification, risk probability analysis, and risk assessment of the 10 roads. The likelihood of each event was analyzed using the AHP technique for all schools with an expert choice program. RI (random index) was calculated, and CR (consistency ratio) < 0.10 was considered satisfactory. Results The possibility of human accidents ranked highest in three areas: 1) Risk perception in SC 01, 03, and 02, with probabilities of 69.30%, 61.90%, and 57.4%, respectively. 2) The likelihood of accidents from vehicles/equipment, with the highest probabilities in a) Handling (SC01) at 64.70%, b) Braking (SC07) at 61.90%, and c) Lighting (SC03) at 57.80%. 3) The likelihood of accidents from the environment, with the highest probabilities in 1) driving at excessive speeds in areas SC01, 06, 03, and 09, which were 43.60%, 40.90%, and 40.00%, respectively. Conclusions The impacts of all three main factors were as follows: a) humans had the highest impact in the SC01 area (77.90%), b) vehicles/equipment had the highest impact in the SC01 area (75.90%), and c) the highest environmental impact in the SC01 area was 69.90%. The accident risk assessment revealed the highest risk score in three areas: 1) human risk perception, 2) environment with driving at excessive speeds, and 3) vehicle/equipment, including lighting, braking, and handling.

Design and Application of DG-FEM Basis Functions for Neutron Transport on Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Hexagonal Meshes

Reactor design requires safety studies to ensure that the reactors will behave appropriately under incidental or accidental situations. Safety studies often involve multiphysics simulations where several branches of reactor physics are necessary to model a given phenomenon. In those situations, it has been observed that the neutron transport part is still a bottleneck in terms of computational times, with more than 80% of the total time. In the case of hexagonal lattice reactors, transport solvers usually invert the discretised Boltzmann equation by discretising the regular hexagon into lozenges or triangles. In this work, we seek to reduce the computational burden of the neutron transport solver by designing a numerical spatial discretisation scheme that would be more appropriate for honeycomb meshes. In our past research efforts, we have set up interesting discretisation schemes in the finite element setting in 2D, and we wish to extend them to 3D geometries that are prisms with a hexagonal base. In 3D, a rigorous method was derived to shrink the tensor product between 2D and 1D bases to minimum terms. We have applied these functions successfully on a reactor benchmark—Takeda Model 4—to compare and contrast the numerical results in a physical setting.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПОДРАЗДЕЛЕНИЯМИ СЛУЖБЫ ПРОТИВОПОЖАРНОГО И АВАРИЙНО-СПАСАТЕЛЬНОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ПОЛЕТОВ ДЛЯ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ ЗАДАЧ ПО ТУШЕНИЮ ПОЖАРОВ И СПАСЕНИЮ ЛЮДЕЙ СОГЛАСНО ТРЕБОВАНИЯМ ПОЖАРНОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПРИСВОЕННОЙ АЭРОПОРТУ КАТЕГОРИИ

The normative and technical requirements are considered, according to which the assignment of categories to airports according to the unified All-Russian classification – the level of required fire protection, as well as a set of measures through which staffing of fire departments and emergency rescue units with forces and means is organized, as well as, according to these categories, staffing of units with personnel according to the staff of employees fire and rescue flight support services. Both the organization of preliminary planning and the combat management system for a real fire during the conduct of combat operations to extinguish fires, as well as emergency rescue operations in an aircraft accident situation, fully depend on these factors.