Accessory Maxillary Ostium Research Articles

Frequency, localization, and diameter of the accessory maxillary ostium and its relationship with sinus pathologies and nasal cavity variations: an anatomical study based on cone beam computed tomography.

The aim of the present study was to determine the presence, frequency, and characteristics of the accessory maxillary ostium (AMO) in a specific Turkish population using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to evaluate the frequency of pathologies and anatomical variations in the nasal cavity and maxillary sinus and to assess their relationship with the AMO. This study retrospectively evaluated the presence of AMO in CBCT images of 543 patients, the patients' age, gender, and dentition status, the presence of nasal cavity variations and maxillary sinus pathologies, and their relationship to the presence of AMO. Descriptive values of the data and comparative results were included. 249 males and 294 females participated in the study. The majority of right and left sinus pathologies were irregular type mucosal thickenings (right/left; 14%, 14.9%). The majority of nasal variations were concha bullosa (right/left; 37.9%, 39.2%). There were 148 (27.3%) and 138 (25.4%) AMOs on the right and left sides, respectively, with the majority in the middle position (right/left; 21.2%/17.5%). The frequency of right and left AMOs was significantly higher in men (P = 0.019 and P = 0.020, respectively). The left AMO frequency was significantly higher in patients with left-sided sinus pathology (P = 0.003). AMO diameters were larger in men (right/left P = 0.010 and P = 0.021, respectively), and left AMO diameter was significantly larger in patients with left sinus pathology (P = 0.006). Before any surgical intervention in the maxillary sinus and osteomeatal region, the presence and location of the AMO, existing pathologies, and variations in the region should be carefully checked to avoid complications.

Relationship of the accessory maxillary ostium to mucosal thickening and maxillary sinus cysts: a 3D segmentation study

ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate the relationship between the presence of the accessory maxillary ostium (AMO) with mucosal thickening (MT) and maxillary sinus cysts (MSCs). Study DesignThis single-center retrospective study included patients who underwent paranasal sinus CT between November 2022 and February 2023. We excluded patients with natural maxillary ostium (NMO) occlusion. Two radiologists evaluated the presence of AMOs, MT, and MSCs in CT images and measured their dimensions using a 3D volumetric analysis program. ResultsWe included 125 patients (mean age: 36.47± 16.0 years; male/female: 67/58). In total, 65 patients (52%) had single or multiple AMOs. No significant relationship was found between the presence of an AMO and the presence of MT on either side (P ≥ 0.306). There was a statistically significant difference between the presence of an AMO and MSC on the right side (P = 0.002), but not on the left side (P = 0.477). The diameter of the AMO and the distance from the AMO to the maxillary floor were not correlated with mucosal thickness or MSC volume, but the distance from the AMO to the sinus floor had a small positive correlation with total maxillary sinus volume. ConclusionThe presence of an AMO and its increased diameter may not contribute to ipsilateral maxillary sinusitis in patients whose unilateral or bilateral NMOs are not occluded.

The anatomical variations of paranasal sinuses may be related to the formation of antrochoanal polyp by computed tomography imaging study.

There is little investigation into the connection between anatomic variations and the development of antrochoanal polyp (ACP), and the etiology of ACP remains unclear. The study aims to explore the relationship among anatomic variations, maxillary sinus volume, nasal meatus-related parameters, and the occurrence of ACP. There were 127 patients included in this retrospective cross-sectional study with unilateral ACPs hospitalized at Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital between February 2010 and February 2020. Evaluation indicators included anatomic variations, maxillary sinus volume, and nasal meatus-related parameters in 45 children and 82 adults, which were evaluated twice by 3DSlicer software. Parameters were assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, followed by paired t-test and Chi-squared test for multiple comparisons. Significant differences were found in the accessory maxillary ostium (AMO) and maxillary sinus retention cyst between two sides (both P<0.001). Maxillary sinus volume and sex had an association of statistical significance on adults' ACP side (P=0.026) and non-antrochoanal polyp (non-ACP) side (P=0.032). The affected side's maxillary sinus volume was significantly larger than the healthy side (P<0.001). The length from the maxillary sinus orifice to the plane of the most lateral margin of the middle turbinate of the ACP side was larger than the non-ACP side in children (P=0.044). Males' length from the maxillary sinus orifice to the plane of the most lateral margin of the middle turbinate of the ACP side was considerably greater than the healthy side (P<0.001). The length from the maxillary sinus orifice to the plane of the most lateral margin of the middle turbinate (P=0.014) and the length from the inferior turbinate to the nasal septum (P=0.013) on the non-ACP side was higher than the affected side in adults. Males' length from the inferior turbinate to the nasal septum was higher on the healthy side than the affected side (P<0.001). Males had a greater maximum length from the maxillary sinus lateral wall to the nasal septum (P=0.024) and the length from the inferior turbinate to the nasal septum (P=0.003) on the non-ACP side than females. Males had a larger maximum length from the maxillary sinus lateral wall to the nasal septum on the ACP side than females (P=0.011). In our study, the occurrence of the AMO, the maxillary sinus's expanded size, and the stenosis of the associated channels around the ostiomeatal complex and common meatus are regarded as probably connected to the formation of ACPs. In addition, the anatomic variations that involve the ostiomeatal complex and may lead to a change in maxillary sinus pressure and nasal ventilation are important factors in the formation of ACPs.

Evaluation of the relationship between the presence of an accessory maxillary ostium and the presence and types of nasal septum deviation: A computed tomography study.

The maxillary accessory ostium (AMO) has been associated with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal septal deviation (NSD), but AMO may also be present in healthy individuals. AMO's purpose, origin, and effects are uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the types and frequency of AMO and NSD, as well as their relationship. In our retrospective, single-center study, paranasal sinus tomographs performed in our clinic between 2022 and 2023 were scanned, and 200 patients who met the inclusion criteria were evaluated in terms of AMO direction (right/left), accessory ostium location (superior/middle/inferior 1/3), presence of NSD, and deviation type according to the Mladina index. 60.5% of the patients were female and 39.5% were male. AMO distribution was similar between the groups (p>0.05). There was no significant correlation between the presence and localization of AMO and the presence of NSD (p>0.05). NSD was detected in 93 patients (89.4%) with AMO and 78 patients (81.3%) without AMO (p=0.16). The distribution of NSD presence and types was similar in right or left localization, AMO (+) and AMO (-) patients (p>0.05). The evidence that AMOs cause chronic sinusitis and FESS failure is insufficient and cannot explain the presence of AMOs in healthy individuals or children. There are very few studies in the literature examining the NSD-AMO relationship. In our study, high rates of NSD and AMO were found in individuals without paranasal disease, but no statistically significant relationship was found between the presence, location, and type of NSD and AMO. Early-onset, long-term prospective studies on the relationship between NSD and AMO may help to explain the etiopathogenesis of paranasal diseases that reduce quality of life.

Frequency of Accessory Maxillary Ostium in Patients With/Without Sinusitis, and Its Correlation with Anatomical Variations of Paranasal Sinuses: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study.

This study assessed the frequency of accessory maxillary ostium (AMO) in patients with/without sinusitis and its correlation with anatomical variations using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).In this cross-sectional study, 244 CBCT scans were evaluated in two groups: with maxillary sinusitis having > 2mm mucosal thickening and without max sinusitis as a normal group having normal or less than 2mm mucosa. The CBCT scans of each group were carefully evaluated for the presence/absence of AMO, patency/obstruction of the primary maxillary ostium (PMO), and the presence of anatomical variations of the paranasal sinuses. Data were analyzed by independent t-test, Pearson Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test (alpha = 0.05).CBCT scans of 134 females (54.9%) and 110 males (45.1%) with a mean age of 34.16 ± 19.01 years were evaluated. The presence of AMO had no significant correlation with maxillary sinusitis (P = 0.104). The two groups had no significant difference in the frequency of Haller cell, nasal septal deviation, and concha bullosa (P > 0.05). However, the frequency of paradoxical concha (PC; P < 0.001) and bifid concha (BC; P = 0.017) was significantly higher in the normal group, and the frequency of PMO obstruction was significantly higher in the sinusitis group (P < 0.001). AMO had no significant correlation with any anatomical variation in any group (P > 0.05). Gender had a significant effect on the presence of AMO (P = 0.013).The presence of AMO had no significant correlation with maxillary sinusitis. However, its frequency was significantly higher in females in normal group and males with sinusitis. The presence of AMO had no significant correlation with anatomical variations.

Comparative study of anatomical features of primary and accessory maxillary ostia between patients withobstructive sleep apnea and healthy controls.

The purpose of this study was to examine how the size and shape of the maxillary sinus and its ostia (the primary maxillary ostium and accessory maxillary ostium) relate to each other in patients with OSAusing computed tomography (CT) scans. Additionally, the study aimed toexplore whether or not obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) had an effect on these structures. CT images of patients diagnosed with OSAS and healthy participantswere evaluated tocompare the patency, location, dimension, and presence of PMOs and AMOs using the Mann-Whitney U, Student t, and chi-square tests. Also, intragroup correlations were analyzed by Spearman's correlation test. Among 139 patients with OSA and healthy controls, there were significant variations in the average length (p = 0.001) and width (p = 0.008) of PMOs among the study groups. The mean maxillary sinus volume was significantly decreased in the OSA group (p = 0.001). A significant decrease in the maxillary sinus volume was observed in the OSA group (p = 0.001). In the OSA group, a significant correlation was observed between PMO obstruction and the presence of AMO (p = 0.004). The healthy group had significant correlations (r = 0.755, p = 0.000) between the vertical height and the distance between PMO and the maxillary sinus floor. Correlation analyses revealed positive, strong correlations between study variables such as the mean length and width of AMO and the vertical height of the maxillary sinus (r = 0.566, p = 0.000) in the OSA group. The current study indicated significant differences in sinus volume, PMO occlusion, and AMO-related dimensions between patientswith OSA and healthy controls.

Characteristics of maxillary sinus ostia and their correlation with anatomic variations of the osteomeatal complex: Indications for sinus floor elevation.

Knowledge of the anatomy and variations of the maxillary sinus is essential for reducing oral surgery complications, such as sinus floor elevation, and increasing surgery success. The CBCT images of 385 patients were examined. The prevalence, localization, and height of PMO (Primer Maxillary Ostium) and AMO (Accessory Maxillary Ostium) were evaluated with respect to sex, dentition, dental treatment, Schneiderian membrane (SM) thickness, concha bullosa, Haller Cells, and septal deviation. The PMO was present in 87.3% of all patients. Further analysis showed that the mean PMO diameter was 1.42 ± 0.62 mm. Although 11.6% of the PMO was in the inferior region, 60.4% was in the middle and 28% in the superior region. The effect of age and SM on the height and diameter of the PMO was found to be statistically significant. An AMO was present in 20% of the CBCT images. The mean AMO diameter was 2.55 ± 1.25 mm. Although 45.4% of the AMO was in the inferior region, 48% was in the middle and 6.6% was in the superior region. Moreover, SM thickness seemed to influence the height. A significant positive relationship was found between the PMO and AMO height. Also, a significant relationship was observed between the presence of the AMO and septum deviation. The presence of the AMO, PMO diameter, and height should be added to the preoperative evaluation criteria for the success of sinus floor evaluation. Specifically, sinonasal and demographic conditions should be carefully examined preoperatively for the long-term success of the surgery.

Relationship Between Ostiomeatal Complex Variations and Maxillary Sinus Pathologies in Children and Adolescents Using CBCT

&#x0D; Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate relationship between ostiomeatal complex variations (OMC) and maxillary sinus pathologies in children and adolescents using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Methods: CBCT images of 72 patients (44 males and 28 females) aged 7-18 years were evaluated retrospectively. Presence of nasal septal deviation (NSD), nasal septal pneumatization (NSP), concha bullosa (CB), accessory maxillary ostium (AMO), agger nasi cell (ANC), Haller cell (HC), Onodi cell (OC), ethmoid sinusitis and maxillary sinus pathologies were investigated. Maxillary sinus pathologies were classified. Correlations of OMC variations with each other, maxillary sinus pathologies and ethmoid sinusitis were investigated. Chi-square test was used to analyze relationships among variables and distribution of parameters. &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Results: NSD was determined in 70.8%, NSP in 40.3%, ethmoid sinusitis in 75%, maxillary sinus pathology in 34.8% of images. OMC variations rates were detected as CB 31.3%, AMO 16%, ANC 16%, HC 24.3% and OC 18.8%. The most common maxillary sinus pathology was localized mucosal thickening, with a rate of 15.3% on right and 22.2% on left. Statistically significant differences were determined between almost all OMC variations with each other, and between anatomical variations in OMC with maxillary sinus pathologies except for NSP and AMO (p &lt; 0.05). The presence of ethmoid sinusitis was more common in males (p =0.026). &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: Anatomical variations in OMC had no significant effect on maxillary sinus pathology except for NSP and AMO. Besides, most of anatomical variations in OMC were statistically significantly correlated with each other. CBCT visualization of these variations is important for sinonasal surgery and is an effective method in children and adolescents with low radiation dose and high image quality compared to computed tomography.&#x0D;

Investigation of the Frequency of Accessory Ostium in the Maxillary Sinus in Patients Referred to the Radiology Department of the Faculty of Dentistry, Azad University of Isfahan in 2021-2022

Introduction: Maxillary sinus drains through the primary maxillary ostium into the infundibulum, then flows through the hiatus semilunaris into the middle meatus and communicates with the nasal cavity. The maxillary sinus ostium is located approximately at the most superior part of the medial wall of the sinus. Accessory maxillary ostium (AMO) may play a role in sinusitis, but the effect of heredity or environment on the presence or absence of AMO is unknown.The aim of this study was to assess the primary and accessory maxillary ostium.&#x0D; Methods: In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, 130 Cone Beam Computed Tomography scans (260 sinuses in total) from the maxilla of patients referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry of Isfahan Azad University were examined in Isfahan City, Iran (in the year 2021-2022). Measurements were performed in the coronal section by On Demand 3D software. Statistical analysis was performed by T-Test, Exact fisher, Shapiro-Wilk and Spearman tests through SPSS statistics version 16.&#x0D; Results: The mean diameter of primary maxillary ostium was 1.33 ± 0.45 on the right and 1.33 ± 0.5 on the left, respectively. AMO was observed in 64% of the left sinuses and 38.5% of the right sinuses. Increased sinus mucosal thickness was seen in 26% of the right sinuses and 28% of the left sinuses, and finally Mucous Retention Cyst in 9% of the right sinuses and 8% of left sinuses, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: Primary maxillary ostium size was not statistically significant related to the variables of age, sex and the presence of AMO, but on the right side, the average primary maxillary ostium size is less if there is increase in the thickness of the sinus mucosa than when there is no increase in the thickness.

Saudi female patient with three accessory maxillary ostia: A case report and review of the literature

Saudi female patient with three accessory maxillary ostia: A case report and review of the literature

The relationship between accessory maxillary ostium, maxillary sinus pathologies, and sinonasal region variations

The relationship between accessory maxillary ostium, maxillary sinus pathologies, and sinonasal region variations

Rejuvenating The Shunned Art of Diagnostic Nasal Endoscopy Using Angled Endoscopes- A Descriptive Study

Nasal endoscopy is a minimally invasive, routine outpatient diagnostic procedure. With 0 degree scope being used as the first and often only endoscope in diagnostic nasal endoscopy, this study will explicate use of angled scopes to identify anatomical variants and common disease pointers. A Cross-sectional descriptive study involving 756 subjects, between age group of 12-80 years with chronic nasal complaints. All subjects underwent diagnostic nasal endoscopy with 0-, 30- &amp; 70-degree endoscopes. Common anatomical variants along with disease markers were identified. Anatomical variants embedded in lateral wall of nose such as accessory maxillary ostium (AMO) &amp; medialized uncinated (MU), were seen better on 30 &amp; 70 degree scopes (AMO -12% &amp; 12.8% respectively &amp; MU -7.6 and 8.1% of study population respectively), when compared to 0 degree scopes (AMO-5.6% &amp; MU-7 %). Disease pointers projected a general trend of being better visualized on angled scopes of 30 &amp; 70 degree endoscopes. It included discharging meati (27.9 % &amp; 26.3% subjects on 30 &amp; 70 degree vs 25 % subjects on 0 degree), polyposis (20.2 &amp; 19.6% on 30 &amp; 70 degree vs 13% on 0), eschar (6.1% &amp; 5.7% on 30 &amp; 70 degree vs 4.5% on 0), CSF rhinorrhoea (1.3% &amp; 2.1% on 30 &amp; 70degree vs 0.5% on 0). With inclusion of angled scopes in routine nasal endoscopies, one gains capability to diagnose early disease processes, mucosal changes and learn intra nasal anatomy better. The angulation of lenses provides a better field of vision with appropriate magnification and illumination.

Prevalence of Haller Cell and Accessory Maxillary Ostium

Introduction: Haller cell and accessory maxillary ostium (AMO) do not represent a diseased state, but they can be responsible for the development of maxillary sinusitis. Aim and Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the frequency and volumetry of Haller cell and the prevalence of AMO on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: The two hundred CBCT scans of patients (400 bilateral maxillary sinus region) were evaluated for the presence of Haller cell, and AMO coronal, axial, and sagittal plane was inspected; then, volumetric measurement was carried out at the maximum mediolateral dimension. Based on the size, two observers arbitrarily categorized the Haller cell into small, medium, and large. Finally, descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were done. Results: Fifty-six Haller cell were identified with a prevalence of 28%, of which 20% were unilateral, and 8% were bilateral. Small-sized Haller cell was seen in 11%, medium-sized was seen in 13%, and large sized was seen in 4%. AMO was present unilaterally in 5% of the studied scans. Conclusion: Knowledge of Haller cell and accessory maxillary ostium may aid in interpreting CBCT, which may also forewarn surgeons before surgeries.

Anatomical Characteristics of the Accessory Maxillary Ostium in Three-Dimensional Analysis.

Background and Objectives: The accessory maxillary ostium (AMO) can interfere with ventilation and drainage of the maxillary sinus, and therefore the importance of evaluating the anatomical features of the AMO has been emphasized. This study aimed to evaluate anatomical characteristics of the AMO together with the natural ostium (NO) using three-dimensional (3D) analysis and to assess the relationship between the AMO and maxillary sinus pathologies. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 394 sinuses in 197 patients. Using 3D computed tomography images, the prevalence of the AMO and concurrent sinus pathologies were examined. For patients with an AMO, 3D spatial positions of the AMO and NO related to adjacent anatomic structures and dimensions of the AMO and NO were evaluated. Results: A total of 84 sinuses showed single or multiple AMO, with a prevalence of 21.3%. The AMO was located superiorly by 30.1 mm from the maxillary sinus floor, inferiorly by 1.3 mm from the orbital floor, and posteriorly by 22.4 mm from the anterior sinus wall. The AMO was located 5.4 mm posteriorly and 0.7 mm inferiorly from the NO. On the same coronal plane as the NO or AMO, height from the maxillary sinus floor to the NO and AMO ranged from 19.4 to 45.8 mm and 14.5 mm to 41.9 mm, respectively. The mean horizontal and vertical dimensions were 5.9 mm and 4.6 mm for the NO and 2.8 mm and 3.0 mm for the AMO. We detected a significant association between the presence of the AMO and the mucosal thickening (p = 0.029). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that, although the AMO and NO are mostly located in positions that do not limit sinus-related surgeries, such as maxillary sinus floor augmentation, the AMO and NO are also found in lower positions, which may be a detriment to the postoperative physiological function of the maxillary sinus and affect treatment outcomes.

The Relationship between an Accessory Maxillary Ostium and Variations in Structures Adjacent to the Maxillary Sinus without Polyps.

Introduction The maxillary sinus and its variations are very important to dentistry and rhinology. Objective To investigate the effect of the accessory maxillary ostium (AMO) on the variations of adjacent structures of the maxillary sinus. Methods The computed tomography (CT) images of 400 patients were retrospectively evaluated. The prevalence of AMO was calculated. The relationship between morphological variations of adjacent structures of maxillary sinus such as agger nasi cell (ANC), Haller cell (HC), nasal septum deviation (NSD), hypertrophy of inferior concha (HIC), pneumatization of middle concha (PMC), mucus retention cyst (MRC), mucosal thickening (MT), and maxillary sinusitis (MS), as well as the presence of AMO, were investigated. Results Presence of AMO was diagnosed in 42 patients (10.5%), having been found in 4.5% of the patients only on the right side, in 1.25% of the patients only on the left side, and in 4.75% of the patients on both sides. There is an increasing incidence of ANC, HC, NSD, HIC, and PMC in the presence of AMO and MS. There is a decreasing incidence of MRC in the presence of AMO. Furthermore, AMO does not affect the incidence of MT. Conclusion This study showed that most parameters, except for MRC and MT, had increasing incidence in the presence of AMO. It is important for radiologists and rhinologists to have knowledge about the location of AMO and the presence of variations of MS adjacent structures to avoid surgical complications.

Association between accessory maxillary ostium, Haller cell, and sinus pathologies in cone-beam computed tomography

ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Yalcin ED, Meltem Aslan Ozturk E. Association between accessory maxillary ostium, Haller cell, and sinus pathologies in cone-beam computed tomography. Journal of Stomatology. 2022:187-194. doi:10.5114/jos.2022.119184. APA Yalcin, E. D., & Meltem Aslan Ozturk, E. (2022). Association between accessory maxillary ostium, Haller cell, and sinus pathologies in cone-beam computed tomography. Journal of Stomatology, 187-194. https://doi.org/10.5114/jos.2022.119184 Chicago Yalcin, Eda D, and Elif Meltem Aslan Ozturk. 2022. "Association between accessory maxillary ostium, Haller cell, and sinus pathologies in cone-beam computed tomography". Journal of Stomatology: 187-194. doi:10.5114/jos.2022.119184. Harvard Yalcin, E., and Meltem Aslan Ozturk, E. (2022). Association between accessory maxillary ostium, Haller cell, and sinus pathologies in cone-beam computed tomography. Journal of Stomatology, pp.187-194. https://doi.org/10.5114/jos.2022.119184 MLA Yalcin, Eda et al. "Association between accessory maxillary ostium, Haller cell, and sinus pathologies in cone-beam computed tomography." Journal of Stomatology, 2022, pp. 187-194. doi:10.5114/jos.2022.119184. Vancouver Yalcin E, Meltem Aslan Ozturk E. Association between accessory maxillary ostium, Haller cell, and sinus pathologies in cone-beam computed tomography. Journal of Stomatology. 2022:187-194. doi:10.5114/jos.2022.119184.

A study on the association between accessory maxillary ostium and maxillary sinus mucosal thickening using cone beam computed tomography

BackgroundAccessory maxillary ostium (AMO) has a major role to play in the aetiology of maxillary sinusitis. Mucosal thickening is one of the key radiographic features of chronic maxillary sinusitis. The aim of this study was to identify the location of the AMOs and investigate the association between Mucosal Thickening [MT] and AMO using Cone Beam Computed Tomography [CBCT].MethodsCBCT scans of 400 maxillary sinuses from the records of 200 patients who seeked various dental treatments at the Thumbay Dental Hospital, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates were evaluated. The incidence, anatomical position and maximal length of accessory maxillary ostia (AMO) in the maxillary antrum were reviewed using CBCT by two examiners. The association between MTs and AMOs were also analysed.ResultsAmong the 200 CBCT scans, 131 belonged to male patients and 69 scans belonged to female subjects within the age group of 18–65 years (mean age 41.32 years). AMOs were found in 142 maxillary antra (35.5 %). The inter-observer reliability for using CBCT to detect AMO was (k = 0.83). There was no significant difference in the frequency of AMOs when the age (P = 0.19) and gender (P = 0.54) distribution were considered. Sinuses with AMOs, showed significantly greater frequency of MTs (p = 0.001). AMOs with maximal length of less than 1mm were most commonly observed (51.40 %). AMOs with larger greater maximal length were associated with higher degrees of MT. The location of the AMOs, were not affected by the degree of MT.ConclusionsThe study demonstrates a clear association between degree of MT and occurrence of AMO in the maxillary sinus. However, the location of the AMO is independent of the degree of the MT. There is a greater probability of finding an AMO in the maxillary sinus if the MT in the sinus is more than 3 mm.

Investigation of the accessory maxillary ostium: a congenital variation or acquired defect?

We sought to determine whether an accessory maxillary ostium (AMO) is a congenital or acquired condition and we investigated concomitant sinus pathologies associated with this structure. Paranasal sinus CT examinations of individuals aged ≥13 years and <13 years were compared retrospectively. In total, 552 sinuses of 276 patients aged ≥13 years (Group 1) and 284 maxillary sinuses of 142 children aged <13 years (Group 2) were evaluated. Patients were classified as AMO-positive or -negative. The following features were evaluated in Group 1: AMO presence, mucus retention cysts, mucosal thickening, sinusitis of the maxillary sinus, nasal septum deviation, concha hypertrophy, concha bullosa, primary ostium obstruction, uncinate process atelectasis, paradox concha, Agger nasi and Haller cells, and sinus hypoplasia. The sizes and locations of AMOs were also evaluated. The presence of an AMO and sinusitis were evaluated in Group 2. AMOs were detected in 122 sinuses in Group 1. In the AMO-positive group, sinusitis, mucosal thickening, and primary ostium obstruction were significantly more common than in the AMO-negative group (p < 0.00001). Statistically significant associations were not observed between AMO presence and other parameters. AMOs were present in two sinuses in Group 2. Our results suggest that AMOs are acquired defects caused by sinus diseases. The rare occurrence of these structures in patients aged <13 years suggests that they may be a perforation or secondary drainage pathway in patients with sinusitis or primary ostium obstruction.

CBCT analysis of haller cells: relationship with accessory maxillary ostium and maxillary sinus pathologies.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of Haller Cell (HC) in a group of the Turkish population and to evaluate its relationship with accessory maxillary ostium (AMO) in presence of maxillary sinusitis. 621 CBCT images which were performed for various dental complaints between December 2015 and December 2017 were evaluated retrospectively. Presence of HC, AMO and maxillary sinus pathologies was analyzed. The Pearson's Chi-square test was used between the groups. The incidence of HC in our patients was 7.73%. 36 female and 12 male patients with HC were found; thus, the female:male ratio was 3:1 (p < 0.05). Among 1242 maxillary sinuses, 61maxillary sinuses have HC (4.9%) which makes 27.1% of the HC as unilateral cases. 307 of the 1242 maxillary sinus had AMO (24.7%). The relationship between the presence of AMO and maxillary sinus pathology was found significant (p < 0.05); however, the relationship between HC and maxillary sinus pathology was not significant (p > 0.05). Although HC is a possible predisposal factor, it is not a determinant for maxillary sinus pathologies per se.

Accessory Maxillary Ostia: Prevalence of an Anatomical Variant and Association with Chronic Sinusitis.

IntroductionThe role of the accessory maxillary ostium, a common anatomical variant, in the development of chronic sinusitis remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the association between chronic sinusitis and presence of an accessory maxillary ostium using computed tomography (CT) of the paranasal sinuses.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of 1188 paranasal sinus CT scans performed in a major tertiary medical center between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2016. Axial and coronal and views were reviewed to evaluate the presence of accessory maxillary ostia and maxillary and ethmoid sinusitis.ResultsNine hundred twenty-eight patients were included for analysis. A 52.8% were male. Mean patient age was 33.8 years. A right accessory maxillary ostium was detected in 274 patients (29.5%), which was the same number of patients with a left accessory maxillary ostium. Bilateral accessory maxillary ostia were found in 172. The presence of right maxillary sinusitis was significantly associated with male gender and the presence of a right accessory maxillary ostium. Male gender was the only factor significantly associated with the presence of left sinusitis. Left or right ethmoidal sinusitis was significantly associated with male gender and the presence of left or right maxillary sinusitis, respectively.ConclusionThe presence of an accessory maxillary ostium may contribute to the development of maxillary and ethmoidal sinusitis. Further studies are needed to elucidate this association and determine indications for incorporating the natural and accessory ostia when performing middle meatus antrostomy during endoscopic sinus surgery.