Access To Scientific Information Research Articles

Cross-sectional survey of sources of information accompanying veterinary product advertisements in two professional print publications.

Veterinarians should be able to easily access scientific evidence about medical products and devices to incorporate into their clinical decision making. While the characteristics and quality of supporting information accompanying device and pharmaceutical advertisements have been studied in human medicine, little is known about this topic in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to characterise the supporting information provided by manufacturers of prescribed products, tests or devices in promotional material found in two commonly read UK-based veterinary publications. Advertisements contained in issues of two veterinary periodicals published between July 2017 and July 2018 were analysed for advertisement and product characteristics and for items of accompanying information. Literature searches were conducted to assess the availability of peer-reviewed sources of information on advertised products. A minority (16%) of the 451 analysed advertisements were accompanied by references to peer-reviewed literature, despite the availability of scientific literature for many of the products advertised. This study sampled two professional publications over a narrow time period. There may be insufficient evidence being provided to veterinary professionals via marketing features; this may limit the accessibility of scientific information for clinical decision making around advertised products.

The Best Scientific Data for the Establishment of Zonally Linked Management Instruments: International Legal Characteristics

The use of the criterion «best available scientific data» when establishing zonally linked management tools is a reflection of the common practice of their formation. The widespread use of this criterion in numerous regulatory acts and guidance documents is accompanied only by prescriptions for improving the quality, reliability and accessibility of scientific information, without its legal content consolidation. The purpose of the study is to identify the normative content of the criterion «the best available scientific data».The formation of the criterion the «best scientific data available» is associated with the strengthening of environmental cooperation between states and is a reflection of the precautionary principle. When scientific evidence is insufficient and there is a risk of harm, it is necessary to act in accordance with the due care obligation and precautionary requirements.The practice of applying the criterion under study allows us to distinguish its three essential elements: the best nature of data, the scientific nature of data and the availability (availability) of data. The best nature of data is disclosed by the national courts through a number of features: completeness of the information, its proper nature, reliability, taking into account and evaluation of various scientific data. The presence of «minor inaccuracies» does not indicate that the data are not the best. The availability of data implies that authorities should make decisions based on scientific data received by them or presented by the scientific community at the time of decision-making. The best «available» data does not mean the best «possible» data. The authorities are not obliged to produce new scientific data. The scientific nature of data implies the use of appropriate, objective, impartial, transparent, final, interpretable data obtained using appropriate research methods, reflecting any inaccuracies and risks of their use, as well as having passed an independent expert assessment.International and national judicial authorities avoid defining scientific data and consider issues related to the assessment of scientific nature of information through the prism of scientific research requirements.

CONCEPTION OF CREATING THE NATIONAL ANTI-PLAGIARISM SERVICE IN AZERBAIJAN

Currently, fighting against plagiarism is one of the most actual problems in the scientific community and society. The fast development of information and communication technologies, the openness and accessibility of scientific information in the Internet, create a favorable environment for plagiarism. Every author may encounter such situations unintentionally or for some other reason. The article highlightes conception of creating the national anti-plagiarism service in Azerbaijan. It provides brief information about plagiarism and its types. Information about characteristics of anti-antiplagiarism systems is also provided. In the example of Azerbaijan, the stages of rendering national anti-plagiarism service are listed. The proposed national anti-plagiarism service can be used by teachers, students and researchers of all universities and research organizations. Thus, with the submitted reference for each scientific work, it is possible to decide whether it is original or not.

Science-based Stakeholder Dialogue for Environmental Policy Implementation

Science-based stakeholder dialogue is a strategy to bring science closer to decision-making with increasing importance for the design of environmental policies. The need for such an approximation has been stressed, but documented implementations are rare. We present our experience of developing a science-based dialogue for the Brazilian Forest Code implementation and share the lessons learned. We departed from a mix of participatory methods to conduct six meetings with stakeholders. During the process, we were able to reduce the gap between science and practice, meeting stakeholders' expectations and increasing the accessibility of scientific information. Avoiding falling back to top-down science and keeping stakeholders' participation constancy were challenges faced. Despite the project achievements, important scientific outcomes were disregarded by higher instances of decision-making. Thus, although we were able to start the dialogue successfully, we also come across the fact that external political factors impaired its reach. By reporting our experience, we expect to help to establish science-based dialogues applied to environmental policy implementation, narrowing the science-practice gap and contributing to more effective environmental policies.

Exploring scientific information for policy making under deep uncertainty

Each actor evaluating potential management strategies brings her/his own distinct set of objectives to a complex decision space of system uncertainties. The diversity of these objectives and uncertainties requires detailed and rigorous analyses that respond to multifaceted challenges. The utility of this information depends on the accessibility of scientific information to decision makers. This paper demonstrates data visualization tools for presenting scientific results to decision makers in two case studies, La Paz/El Alto, Bolivia, and Yuba County, California. Visualization output from the case studies combines spatiotemporal, multivariate and multirun/multiscenario information to produce information corresponding to the objectives and uncertainties described by key actors. These tools can manage complex data and distill scientific information into accessible formats. Using the visualizations, scientists and decision makers can navigate the decision space and potential objective trade-offs to facilitate discussion and consensus building. These efforts can help identify stable negotiated agreements between different stakeholders.

The Use of Metaphor as a Science Communication Tool: Air Traffic Control for Your Brain

Science is currently under-utilized as a tool for effective policy and program design. A key part of this research-to-practice gap lies in the ineffectiveness of current models of science translation. Drawing on theory and methods from anthropology and cognitive linguistics, this study explores the role of cultural models and metaphor in the practice of science communication and translation. Qualitative interviews and group sessions, along with quantitative framing experiments, were used to design and test the effectiveness of a set of explanatory metaphors in translating the science of executive function. Developmental and cognitive scientists typically define executive function as a multi-dimensional set of related abilities that include working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility. The study finds one metaphor in particular—the brain's air traffic control system—to be effective in bridging gaps between expert and public understandings on this issue and in so doing improving the accessibility of scientific information to members of the public as they reason about public policy issues. Findings suggest both a specific tool that can be used in efforts to translate the science of executive function and a theory and methodology that can be employed to design and test metaphors as communication devices on other science and social issues.

Finding hidden relevant documents buried in scientific documents by terminological paraphrases

Technical terms play an important role of effective queries for many users to search scientific databases. However, authors of scientific literature often employ alternative expressions to represent the meanings of specific terms, in other words, Terminological Paraphrases (TPs) in the literature for certain reasons, which leads to producing relevant documents that are not captured by conventional terms above. In this paper, we propose an effective way to retrieve "de facto relevant documents" which only contain those TPs and cannot be searched by conventional models in an environment with only controlled vocabularies by adapting Predicate Argument Tuple (PAT). The experiment confirms that PAT-based document retrieval is an effective and promising method to discover those kinds of documents and to improve the recall of terminology-based scientific information access models.

Media-Savvy Scientific Literacy: Developing Critical Evaluation Skills by Investigating Scientific Claims

Students must learn content knowledge and develop scientific literacy skills to evaluate and use scientific information in real-world situations. Recognizing the accessibility of scientific information to the average citizen, we developed an instructional approach to help students learn how to judge the quality of claims. We describe a project-based applied learning (PAL) approach that utilizes engaging questions about biological issues relevant to students. Working through these projects, students are challenged to evaluate sources of information and communicate their understanding of scientific claims. We discuss challenges that students encounter and offer suggestions for enacting this approach in a general-education college classroom.

Recursos de información en medicina: presente y perspectivas defuturo

We are immersed in a new paradigm for scientific information access that, in the future, will be only be available and transmitted in electronic format. The concept of using internet as information storage has changed, with emphasis on its interactivity and possibility to share contents. The Web 2.0 has revolutionized the way of internet is understood, promoting the participation of those who access it, collaborating in its construction per se through intuitive and easy-to-use tools. Medicine 2.0 means supposes the participation of the user in the design, selection and evaluation of the contents. The future of access to information is through Medicine 2.0 services. The aim of this paper is to review the tools and instruments available for health care professionals to access scientific information, with special emphasis on web 2.0tools.

Leading dental journals availability through academic network of Serbia

In the last century a great progress was noted in all scientific disciplines. With the increasing number of scientific research, researchers and investment, the number of publications has grown exponentially. Besides, the development of information technologies and the emergence of the Internet, communication between scientists as well as the traditional roles assigned to the institutions responsible for information processing and provision has been changed. Due to the rapidly increasing subscription rates, libraries, although the primary participants in the scholarly communication process, lose their ability to meet user information needs. In order to overcome commercialization of scholarly publishing, libraries intensify use of different electronic resources, coordinate acquisition policy and form consortia. In November 2001, leading research libraries in Serbia launched an initiative to form the Consortium for Coordinated Acquisition of Serbian Libraries (KoBSON). Subscribed services, funded by the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of Serbia, currently include over 35,000 scientific journals, about 40,000 books and several citation databases. In the field of Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Medicine, 73.4% of total number of the most relevant dental journals is available in electronic form to Serbian academic community. This article presents a comprehensive overview of basic information about available journals: impact factor, productivity, publication continuity and frequency, language, services that they are available through, size of archives and existing formats. At present Serbian academic institutions have access to more than two thirds of the world?s most relevant dental journals, which justifies the Consortium founders? initial idea of wide accessibility of scientific information and requires greater involvement of librarians in introducing available services to researchers in order to ensure their full utilization.

Globalization: a Physical Geography perspective

Although globalization is a term usually restricted to economics and the social sciences, there are aspects of the phenomenon that are intimately linked to the practice and purpose of the physical and environmental sciences and exemplified through Physical Geography. At a fundamental level, Physical Geography has always sought to describe and understand the multiple subsystems of the environment and their connections with human activity: it is global and globalizing at its very roots. Globalization may be seen historically in the global export of western science, including Physical Geography, that underpinned colonial resource exploitation, and which subsequently laid the foundations for the worldwide conservation movement, and for critiques of environment-development relations, such as Political Ecology. Globalization is evident today in the burgeoning productivity and increasing organization of science as well as in the growing accessibility of scientific information. It is also at work in setting contemporary scientific agendas that are focused on larger-scale issues of environment and development and environmental change, particularly in an emergent Earth System Science, and also in Sustainability Science. These global agendas are not simply shared with but also co-produced by the public, politicians and commercial interests, providing both opportunities and challenges for traditional disciplines and traditional disciplinary practices such as Physical Geography.

European Commission - Green Paper: Copyright in the Knowledge Economy - Comments by the Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law

This paper focuses on an important subset of the knowledge economy: the area of scientific research. Wide dissemination and accessibility of scientific information in the online environment are at the core of today's knowledge economy. To a large degree, scientific information is embedded within scholarly works, such as journal articles, which are subject to copyright protection. Limitations most relevant to scientific research provided for in Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonization of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society (InfoSoc Directive) are important tools to ease access to relevant information for purposes of scientific research on the end-user level. They need to be preserved and, where possible, adequately extended. However, even if widely introduced in all Member States and made immune against technological protection measures, these limitations alone may not guarantee wide dissemination and accessibility. The more publications become available in electronic form only, the greater the risk that libraries and scientific end users will face a single-source situation, forcing them to pay unreasonable prices or accept unreasonable conditions for accessing (for the most part publicly financed) scholarly contents, or to desist from using the relevant contents at all. Contractual arrangements between rightholders and users - as addressed in the Green Paper - are likely to benefit rightholders more than users. Limitations allowed for in the InfoSoc Directive cannot cope with these problems since they only take effect at the user level, i.e. when the content has already been procured. Wide dissemination and accessibility may need to be addressed also on the level of the intermediaries, e.g. by securing the existence of multiple sources and fair competition among publishers and other intermediaries with respect to the individual piece of scholarly work, such as an individual journal article. In this paper, we suggest certain elements that should be considered in the course of a legislative reform on the EU level, following a two-tier approach: (1) At the end-user level, limitations most relevant to scientific research should be mandatory, immune towards contractual agreements and technological protection measures, and should be construed as providing a bottom line, which national legislation should not fall below. In return, original rightholders should receive adequate compensation. (2) At the level of intermediaries, it is strongly recommended to follow up closely the developments in the scientific publication market, in particular concerning the situation of (publicly funded) research institutions vis a vis publishing companies and database producers. If certain negative effects cannot be mitigated otherwise, additional legal measures may have to be considered, which may be based on copyright or competition law, or even combine elements of the two, as will be addressed in part 2 of this paper.

Sowing the Seeds of Dialogue: Public Engagement through Plant Science

With enhanced public accessibility of scientific information, increased demand for a scientifically literate workforce and citizenry, stipulations from funding agencies to broaden the impact of science research, and changing rewards systems at universities, scientists are looking for ways to engage

QFT-based robust/fault-tolerant flight control design for a remote pilotless vehicle

The following topics were dealt with: mobile multimedia applications guaranteed service resource allocation; Web search for general and scientific information access; Internet online databases and infocash concept; scalable open-architecture media server; ATM to IP European trials; programmable router IP services creation; Russian academic and research networks remote collaboration services; SMARTS-information support for Russian SMES in information society technologies; advanced packet switching network arrival processes characteristics estimation; ATM networks path delay reduction, multicasting performance evaluation; reliable multicast using IP/CMP protocol; multiservice networks threshold based admission control; speech processing and IP-telephony human perception statistical model; scientific library; library catalogues Internet representation; mobile IP and security; wireless Internet over LMDS; Russian Internet information search; YANDEX.RU search and research engine

Searching the Web: general and scientific information access

The World Wide Web has revolutionized the way that people access information, and has opened up new possibilities in areas such as digital libraries, general and scientific information dissemination and retrieval, education, commerce, entertainment, government and health care. There are many avenues for improvement of the Web, for example in the areas of locating and organizing information. Current techniques for access to both general and scientific information on the Web provide much room for improvement, search engines do not provide comprehensive indices of the Web and have difficulty in accurately ranking the relevance of results. Scientific information on the Web is very disorganized. We discuss the effectiveness of Web search engines, including results that show that the major Web search engines cover only a fraction of the publicly indexable Current research into improved searching of the Web is discussed, including new techniques for ranking the relevance of results, and new techniques in metasearch that can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of Web search. The creation of digital libraries incorporating autonomous citation indexing is discussed for improved access to scientific information on the Web.

Medical Information on Demand

Hoffmann-LaRoche's Drug Information Department was facing up to 500 requests every month for information about Roche products. Many were repetitive and routine, but their sheer numbers required the full-time dedication of four drug information professionals. The department's mandate is to deliver medical information quickly to Roche customers: health care providers and Roche field representatives, as they request it.The challenge then was how to handle an increasing demand for information on drug products without adding to headcount. A fax back system with a toll free number was decided upon, making available more than 600 documents, in both official languages (English and French), on commonly asked about topics on Roche drugs to health care providers. While Fax-on-Demand is not the answer to all questions, it can handle most repeat questions, and may become the preferred venue when health care professionals need fast access to scientific information.

Do World Leaders Have Adequate Access to Scientific Information?

Do World Leaders Have Adequate Access to Scientific Information?

Scientific information—access and opportunities

Scientific information—access and opportunities

Deficiencies of scientific information access and output in less developed countries

AbstractThe problems of scientists working in “less developed countries” (LDCs) have recently attracted considerable attention, as has their low level of scientific output This article presents an examination of the editorial evaluation of papers which LDC authors are able to produce, in an attempt to illuminate their problems through analysis of their output. LDC authors are shown to experience far higher rejection rates than authors in developed countries (57% vs. 17%) and to be faulted on specific points which tend to indicate that their major problems are those of maintaining current awareness. It is thus indicated that the problems LDC researchers experience in accessing scientific information are a major factor in inhibiting the quality and quantity of their own scientific information output.