Acceptance Of Price Research Articles

Sustainable Foods: Consumer Opinions and Behaviour towards Organic Fruits in Poland

By producing high quality food with a low environmental impact, organic farming plays an essential role in developing sustainable food systems. Over time, consumer interest in organic food is systematically growing, which results in a generally positive attitude towards organic products. Many studies that are devoted to analysing organic food consumers’ behaviour aim to generalise the studied trends to the population of a given country or region. Given the varying rates of organic market development between countries, there is a need for more narrowly focused research, which could more profoundly facilitate local development of organic market. The aim of this study was to investigate the opinions of Polish consumers about organic fruit and to identify the socioeconomic and sociodemographic determinants of the propensity to choose and purchase organic fruit. Respondents were recruited via a market research agency using a consumer access panel. To collect responses, a formal, structured questionnaire was developed and distributed using the CAWI method. The general acceptance of price increases for organic apples amounts to less than around 30% (89% of responses). The effect of income and package size tend to interact with regard to the purchase preference of apples (p < 0.001). The highest frequency of organic fruit purchases were indicated for physical stores, in particular supermarkets (5.35 times/month, 95%CI). A relationship between willingness to consume organic fruits and the self-described economic situation (p = 0.005), as well as true household income (p = 0.007), has been shown. A relationship between the frequency of organic fruit purchases and the number of household members (p = 0.006), as well as number of household members under the age of 18 (p = 0.011), has also been shown. Marketing techniques for organic products should emphasize family welfare and be directed at younger consumers, especially at retail outlets where customers are most likely to buy them, namely physical supermarkets, local grocery stores and discount stores.

A Smart Grid Planning Method with Coal-to-electricity Based on Multifactor Adaptability

In order to reduce coal pollution and improve air quality in winter, many cities in northern China began to promote coal-to-electricity, and a series of policy subsidies were released accordingly. With the implementation of coal-to-electricity, the characteristics of power network has been changed significantly and the traditional planning method is no longer applicable. To meet the needs of coal-to-electricity engineering, a smart grid planning method with coal-to-electricity based on multifactor adaptability is proposed in this paper. First, the coal-to-electricity load characteristics is analysed, and typical parameters is proposed based on the actual operation data, which considers the impacts of different types of equipment and breaks through the modelling difficulties of coal-to-electricity characteristics. Then, a smart grid planning method with coal-to-electricity based on multifactor adaptability is set up, which combines the influence of transmission capacity for each equipment, the investment capacity for each participant, and the social acceptance of the electricity price. Based on this model, the technical, economic, and environmental benefits of coal-to-electricity modification are coordinated. The application shows that the proposed method is concise and effective and provides useful suggestions for determining the coal-to-electricity scale, network planning and compensation policy, which supports the implementation of coal-to-electricity.

Should a retailer bargain over a wholesale price with a manufacturer using a dual-channel supply chain?

In this paper, we investigate the problem of whether a retailer should bargain over the wholesale price of a product with a manufacturer or accept the price unilaterally determined by the manufacturer. To investigate the problem, we develop a game-theoretic model describing a supply chain organized by one manufacturer and one retailer. Intuitively, if there is a bargaining opportunity, a retailer is better off bargaining over the wholesale price rather than simply accepting the price determined by the manufacturer. Consistent with this intuition, we first show the benchmark outcome that the retailer achieves a higher profit through bargaining over the price when the manufacturer uses only a single-channel supply chain, in which the manufacturer sells only through the retailer. Conversely, however, we demonstrate that this intuitive result can be completely reversed in a dual-channel supply chain environment, in which the manufacturer is able to sell products not only through the retailer but also directly to end-consumers. Specifically, we find that if a retailer's bargaining power is sufficiently strong and if consumers' substitutability between channels is substantially high, full acceptance of the wholesale price dictated by the manufacturer earns the retailer a higher profit than bargaining. This counterintuitive result is a warning to retailers in dual-channel environments because if a retailer does not accept the wholesale price dictated by a manufacturer, but heedlessly exploits its strong power and bargains with the manufacturer, it may ultimately harm itself and reduce its own profits.

Consumer Preferences in Germany for Bio-Based Apparel With Low and Moderate Prices, and the Influence of Specific Factors in Distinguishing Between These Groups

Bioplastics are a potential alternative to conventional plastics when it comes to reducing the use of the fossil resource of crude oil. There have been so far very few studies on the consumption of bio-based apparel and consumer preferences relating to it. Within this study, an online survey was conducted with 1,673 participants that is representative of the German population over the age of 16, including a choice-based consumer experiment with a bio-based rain jacket. Using latent class analysis, two clusters of consumers (39% of respondents) were identified with acceptance of moderate prices for such bio-based products. The other 61% of consumers showed preferences for the lowest prices of the tested bio-based rain jacket. A discriminant analysis revealed that the intention to purchase bio-based apparel, the Green Consumer Value and subjective norms of bio-based apparel were the strongest significant factors when distinguishing between consumer groups of bio-based apparel with a “preference for a low price” and those showing “acceptance of a moderate price.” This study helps to better illuminate the heterogeneity of consumer preferences for bio-based apparel related to pricing strategies and supports building up of a supply chain for such products.

<p>Evaluation of Knowledge and Attitude Toward HPV and Vaccination Among Medical Staff, Medical Students, and Community Members in Fujian Province</p>

PurposeTo evaluate the level of human papilloma virus (HPV)-related knowledge and vaccination willingness of people in Fujian Province, and to explore the factors influencing doctors’ recommendation of HPV vaccine.MethodsWe conducted two cross-sectional surveys in Fujian Province. The study cohort included 248 medical staff and medical students and 1001 community members. Descriptive statistics were used to identify the general demographics of the participants, along with their knowledge and attitudes regarding HPV and vaccination. Analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with willingness to vaccinate and willingness to recommend vaccination.ResultsThe level of HPV knowledge in Fujian province was found to be low, but more than 80% of participants would like to accept HPV vaccine. Medical staff had a higher willingness to recommend HPV vaccine than students (OR= 4.696, CI: 2.698-8.175), which may be related to work experience and acceptance of vaccine price but not to knowledge level. ConclusionKnowledge of HPV in our community population appears to be lower than that in other regions in China. We suggest that a lack of knowledge may not be the main factor affecting the willingness to vaccinate, but we still needed to raise the level of knowledge about HPV to prevent misunderstandings. When the level of knowledge is high, education and per capita household income are not important factors influencing the willingness to vaccinate; only acceptance of vaccine prices significantly affects the willingness to vaccinate. Inclusion of the HPV vaccine in the national immunization program could help to alleviate public concerns regarding the vaccine to change present situation.

Application of Root Causes Analysis Techniques in The Contractor Selection for Highway Projects

Highway projects are one of the most important projects in this decade in Iraq. Highway projects suffer from corruption factors in the contractor selection phase. To succeed in transparency and best value contractor selection for awarding procedure for highway projects, the researcher used root cause analysis techniques to specify the main factors that lead to bad selection for the highway projects in Iraq. Many tools techniques used for the root cause analysis techniques like Fishbone, Pareto chart, and 5-Why. This study conducts the causes of bad contractor selection and analysis by root cause analysis techniques, Pareto chart conducted that internal relationships and administrative corruption are the main causes that covered near than 80% of the problem, and 5-Why conducted that the acceptance of the lowest price is the main cause for bad selection.

Ma’na Al-Sadaqah Fi Al-Qur’an (Dirasah Dalaliyyah Qur’aniyyah)

it is believed that “ Al-Shadaqah” is giving partially of the wealth to the poor. Al-Asfahani argued that “Al-Shadaqah” is a bride price to the woman. Prophet Muhammad SAW stated that every kindness is Shadaqah. This study aimed to reveal the meaning of Shadaqah based on the word derivation and context which include on semantic studies to disclose the secret meaning and the wisdom in language. It was found that there were five meaning of Shadaqah. In context, shadaqah means in all its forms, zakat, acceptance of repentance, apology and bride price of woman. In term of derivation, it was found that Al Shadaqah has some form of sentences. Here are singular form (Shadaqotun) , Plural form (Shadaqaat), Verb form ( Tashaddaqa ), Present form ( Ashaddaqa), imperative form ( Tashaddaquu) and Noun ( Mutashaddiqun)

Now or Never: Perceptions of Uniqueness Induce Acceptance of Price Increases for Experiences More Than for Objects

Seven studies test and support the prediction that consumers are more willing to accept a price increase for an experiential versus a material purchase; an effect explained by the greater uniqueness of experiences. Critically, the uniqueness model advanced here is found to be independent of the happiness consumers derive from the purchase. To gain a deeper understanding of the uniqueness mechanism, this investigation then advances and tests a four‐facet framework of uniqueness (unique opportunity, unique purchase, unique identity, and counterconformity). Together, the findings converge on the conclusion that consumers perceive the opportunity to have a particular experience (vs. object) as more unique, and this unique opportunity increases their willingness to accept a price increase. Overall, this work extends the experiential versus material purchases literature into a new domain—that of pricing; identifies the dimension—uniqueness—and its precise facet responsible for the effect—unique opportunity; and demonstrates that this model unfolds in a pattern distinct from the oft researched model centered on consumer happiness. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Dificuldades e desafios nos empreendimentos econômicos solidários ambientais na cidade de João Pessoa

Environmental solidarity ventures are those that work for environmental conservation or develop sustainable and natural economic practices. The objective of this study was to identify the difficulties and challenges of economic solidary environmental enterprises: Feira Agroecological Ecovárzea and Ecolanches , located in the city of João Pessoa. The methods and techniques used were: bibliographic review, field visits and interviews. For the analysis of the results, we used the Content Analysis (CA) technique. The main difficulties faced by the enterprises are the lack of structure, equipment, lack of social technologies and financial management. Whilst the challenges are: the insertion of social technologies, acceptance of the fair price of the product and expansion of the enterprise. We consider that the experiences reported in this study are consolidated as a solidary and environmental enterprise and present difficulties and possible challenges that need be overcome through the elaboration and implementation of specific public policies for solidarity economy, fundraising, specific training, socio-environmental feasibility studies for social technologies and strategies to promote solidarity economy practices

Customer Loyalty and its Influence on Price Wars’ Intensity in the Indonesian Lighting Industry

Several aspects of consumer behavior can increase the likelihood of price conflicts where organizations are subsequently influenced to engage in price wars. As the main aspect of business activities relates to the success of financial transactions, customer loyalty and price sensitivity becomes a decisive factor that defines market characteristics in the long run. Using quantitative survey data from respondents in the Indonesian lighting industry, this research is aimed to generate an understanding of how practitioners view their customer’s characteristics in relation to competitive interaction. The study found that within the context of competition, firms regard loyalty and sensitivity to be influenced by sufficient acceptance of price positioning strategies.

The Quality of Audit Cervices: Dreams and Illusions

A review of quality in the context of audit services leads to the conclusion that if the services fully conform to the customer’s expectations, these services are quality ones. The quality of audit services is analyzed from the perspective of the Law of Ukraine “Audit of Financial Reporting and Audit Activities” from 21.12.2017. Analysis of factors differentiating customer expectations of the results of audit services allow for the conclusion that because quality requirements set by various auditors for the same audit service may differ, a single set of quality criteria cannot be elaborated. 
 It is argued that given the specifics involved in auditor services, their quality assessment would be a difficult matter. The argument is supported by extracts from the abovementioned Law. It is concluded that the Law, not containing a definition of the quality of audit services, puts emphasis on formal professional characteristics in the assessment of professional capacities of audit firms rather than results of their work.
 It is shown that because the Law has no provisions about the auditor’s right to own professional opinion, arbitrariness in the quality assessment of audit is legally fixed in Ukraine, opening doors for corruption.
 Quality criteria for audit services are proposed, grouped by basic quality criteria and supplementary quality criteria. Factors preventing from fixation of price for audit services and from acceptance of price as a quality criterion are given. The reason why the criterion of staff number in audit firms cannot be used for quality assessment purpose is explained. The conditions that need to be put in place to have the quality of audit in Ukraine conform to social demands are highlighted.

Impact of Country of Origin and Brand Logo on the Acceptance of Luxury Price Based on Brain Evoked Potential Analysis

In order to reveal the Brain evoked potential analysis neuro-mechanism of the impact of external clues on consumers' acceptance of luxury price through the use event-related potentials (ERPs), this paper took the consumers’ purchase of luxury goods as background to simulate the shopping scenario of luxury goods through experiments. The event-related potential (ERP) method was used to record the brain electrical activities of the subjects during the decision-making process. This study designed experiment 1 and 2 to examine the impact of the clue of single-double country of origin and the existence of brand logo on the acceptance of luxury price. Studies have shown that the clue of single country of origin are more conducive to consumers’ acceptance than the clue of double country of origin; the logo design are also more conducive to consumers’ acceptance of price.

Experience and gender effects in acquisition experiment with value messages

In the bargaining experiment, the privately informed seller of a company sends a value message to the uninformed potential buyer who proposes a price for acquiring the company. Participants are constantly either seller or buyer and interact over 30 rounds with randomly changing partners. How are overstating the value of the company, underpricing the received value message and acceptance of price offers affected by experience and gender (constellation)? We control via treatments for awareness of gender (constellation) and show that gender (constellation) matters and that the main experience effects apply across gender (constellations).

Experience and Gender Effects in an Acquiring-a-Company Experiment Allowing for Value Messages

This paper focuses on a bargaining experiment in which the privately informed seller of a company sends a value message to the uninformed potential buyer who then proposes a price for acquiring the company. Participants are constantly in the role of either seller or buyer and interact over 30 rounds with randomly changing partners in the other role. We test how overstating the value of the company, underpricing the received value message and acceptance of price offers are affected by experience and gender (constellation). Like in our companion paper on single play (Di Cagno et al. 2015) we control via treatments for awareness of gender (constellation). One main hypothesis is that gender (constellation) matters but that the effects become weaker with more experience and that the main experience effects apply across gender (constellations).

Consumers' reaction to fair trade motivated price increases

Consumer perception of price increases and their reactions are a topic of great relevance for marketing research and practice. We investigate consumers' acceptance of price increases justified by higher costs due to company's corporate socially responsible activities by conducting two experimental studies. In the first study we examine perceived fairness and intentions following a price increase justified by a fair trade commitment. To assess the green attitude–behavior gap in consumer behavior our second study incorporates a real world experiment to explore actual consumer behavior against stated intentions. Our investigation adds nuance to our understanding of the effects of corporate social responsibility on consumer response to price increases. Our results reveal that a price increase due to a fair trade commitment is perceived as fair and does not have a negative impact on purchase behavior. We contrast our findings with a price increase due to higher taxes and due to profit increase. Our results demonstrate that fair trade justified price increases can skim twice the amount compared to tax justified increases. Furthermore, consumers' actual buying behavior reveals no difference to their stated intentions. Hence, prior research proclaiming an attitude–behavior gap in the context of consumers' socially responsible buying behavior has to be called into question.

Experience and Gender Effects in an Acquiring-a-Company Experiment Allowing for Value Messages

This paper focuses on a bargaining experiment in which the privately informed seller of a company sends a value message to the uninformed potential buyer who then proposes a price for acquiring the company. Participants are constantly in the role of either seller or buyer and interact over 30 rounds with randomly changing partners in the other role. We test how overstating the value of the company, underpricing the received value message and acceptance of price offers are affected by experience and gender (constellation). Like in our companion paper on single play (Di Cagno et al. 2015) we control via treatments for awareness of gender (constellation). One main hypothesis is that gender (constellation) matters but that the effects become weaker with more experience and that the main experience effects apply across gender (constellations).

Affecting Customer Behavior through ‘Made in Germany’ within the Healthcare Sector

German corporations working in the international business within the healthcare sector face a lot of challenges throughout the globalization and the rising battle for customers. Having the right argumentation for the own products in hands mostly leads for differentiation compared to competitor’s products. The classification of ‘Made in Germany’ is well known in the world markets and customers authenticate the quality level with its origin. As healthcare products affect directly the patient treatment, customers within the healthcare sector require the latest product technologies paired with highest quality standards. This article deals with the research question, if the classification of ‘Made in Germany’ is able to positively affect customer’s behavior for any buying decision. The results throughout this research represent great approaches about customer’s willingness to investment for latest standards in quality and technology, the importance of ‘Made in Germany’, as well as the acceptance of price for products that belong to that classification. Summarizing the results throughout this research, ‘Made in Germany’ influence positively customer’s behavior and is able to gain corporation’s competitiveness level. An early adaptation to corporation’s strategy is beneficial and recommended.

Cost Pass Through: An Impediment to Innovation?

This paper investigates a model of endogenous innovation which results in product differentiation. Prior to innovation the firms supplied an entirely homogeneous product. Unlike other models of product differentiation, the cost of innovation is passed on to consumers in the form of increased prices. However, some consumers do not immediately recognize the innovation and/or its benefits. Such consumers express an unwillingness to pay for this innovation by purchasing from a firm who does not innovate. A portion of this same fraction of consumers eventually realize the innovation and resume purchases with the innovative firm with an acceptance of the higher price. Under reasonably broad conditions it is shown that both the innovator’s and the non-innovator’s profits will increase after innovation. Despite the friction created by switching consumers, continued innovation on the part of the first firm to innovate is optimal.

Analyzing public awareness and acceptance of alternative fuel vehicles in China: The case of EV

The aim of this paper is to analyze consumers' awareness towards electric vehicle (EV) and examine the factors that are most likely to affect consumers' choice for EV in China. A comprehensive questionnaire survey has been conducted with 299 respondents from various driving schools in Nanjing. Three binary logistic regression models were used to determine the factors that contribute to consumers' acceptance of EVs, their purchase time and their purchase price. The results suggest that: (1) Whether a consumer chooses an EV is significantly influenced by the number of driver's licenses, number of vehicles, government policies and fuel price. (2) The timing of consumers' purchases of an EV is influenced by academic degree, annual income, number of vehicles, government policies, the opinion of peers and tax incentives. (3) The acceptance of purchase price of EVs is influenced by age, academic degree, number of family members, number of vehicles, the opinion of peers, maintenance cost and degree of safety. These findings will help understand consumer's purchase behavior of EVs and have important policy implications related to the promotions of EVs in China.

Consumers' purchase intention of organic food in China

The global market for organic food has developed significantly in the past decade. The organic food industry in China is export oriented, with production growing rapidly, although the domestic market remains relatively small. This paper surveys 432 consumers from three cities in China, consequently establishing a logit model to analyse the main factors affecting consumers' choice for organic food. The result indicates that Chinese consumers' intent to purchase organic food is strongly affected by factors such as income, degree of trust in organic food, degree of acceptance of organic food price, and consumers' concern on self-health. This intent is only slightly affected by factors such as consumers' age, education level and concern about environmental protection. Based on the results, the following measures are recommended: reduce the cost of organic food through multiple channels to cut down the market price; establish and perfect the supervision system of organic food; and promote organic food through various channels.