Acceptance Of Norms Research Articles

THEORY OF RECEPTION AND CRITICISM OF FILMS BASED ON THE RECEPTION AND CRITICISM OF THE FILM “ANNA KARENINA” (1997)

The word reception means the acceptance of foreign ideas, norms and values or behaviors. Reception history elaborates the reception that a literary text, a film, or in this case an adaptation of a novel, has found in its audience over time. This paper delves into the core concepts of film reception theory, shedding light on how audiences interpret and actively engage with cinematic narratives. The theoretical part includes different perspectives, recognizing that audience responses are shaped by individual experiences, cultural contexts, and societal influences. This study also delves into the concept of criticism, whether that from the audience or from theorists and critics. This study after the theoretical part of the reception elaborates the reception and criticism of the film Anna Karenina (1997) directed by Bernard Rose. As an adaptation of the novel Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy (1887), criticism and reception in this case focuses, among other things, on the stallings and deviations of the adapted story. Additionally this paper addresses the evolving landscape of film reception in the digital age, considering the impact of online communities, social media and interactive platforms on audience engagement. This study aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on film reception theory by providing insights into the multifaceted nature of audience engagement and its implications for the wider field of film studies. During this study, I came to the conclusion that coded messages and pre-existing expectations also influence the audience’s reception of a film. The coded message is deciphered by the audience based on the knowledge they possess and not the way the producer thought. In this case, the producer too should not convey messages that are not easily decoded by the audience.

Are Heavier drinkers’ Views on Situational Drinking Norms Affected by Recent Experience of Harm from others’ Drinking?

Objective The relation is investigated between situational drinking norms which accept heavier drinking and the experience of harm from others’ drinking. How does the experience of such harm relate to the acceptance of heavier drinking in drinking situations? Methods Respondents in a 2021 combined sample from random digitally dialed mobile phones and a panel survey of Australian adults (n = 2,574) were asked what level of drinking is acceptable in 11 social situations, including 3 “wet” situations where drinking is generally acceptable. Besides their own drinking patterns, respondents were also asked about their experience of harm from others’ drinking in the last 12 months. Focussing on respondents’ answers concerning the wetter situations, regression analyses were used to examine the relation between experiencing such harm and views on how much drinking was acceptable in the situations. Results Heavier drinkers were more likely to have experienced harm from others’ drinking. Among heavier drinkers, those who experienced such harm generally did not differ significantly in their normative acceptance of any drinking in “wet” situations but were more accepting of drinking enough to feel the effects. Discussion From these cross-sectional results, experiencing harm from others’ drinking does not seem to result in less acceptance of drinking to intoxication; rather, experiencing such harm was associated with more acceptance of heavy drinking. However, these findings may be the net result of influences in both directions, with the acceptance of intoxication in wet situations being more common among heavier drinkers, whose drinking exposes them to harm from others’ drinking.

PSYCHOLOGICAL DYNAMICS AND COPING MECHANISMS OF WOMEN INVOLVED IN ISLAMIC POLYGAMOUS MARRIAGES

This study explores the coping mechanisms and religious beliefs employed by women in polygamous relationships to manage emotional distress, and the extent to which this approach challenges or reinforces patriarchal structures within these relationships. Data collected a closed Facebook group for Muslim women only reveal that women in polygamous relationships often experience psychological and emotional distress. To cope, they commonly resort to religious faith, acceptance of fate, and compromise with co-wives. While these strategies help manage emotional distress, they can potentially reinforce patriarchal structures within these relationships. The research provides a nuanced perspective, arguing that these coping mechanisms can be seen both as a form of resistance against and an acceptance of patriarchal norms. The study also underscores the need for further research into factors such as stress levels, coping skills, and marital factors that can impact behavioral, emotional, and cognitive outcomes in polygamous marriages. To conclude, in polygamous relationships, women often use avoidance and religious justification as coping mechanisms. While these strategies provide temporary relief or spiritual comfort, they don't address the long-term psychological harm or inherent gender inequalities.

THE UN ILC’S DRAFT CONCLUSIONS ON THE PEREMPTORY NORMS OF GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE TALE OF THE ANNEX

This paper examines the implications of the General Assembly's failure to adopt a resolution on the International Law Commission's Draft Conclusions on Peremptory Norms (“Draft Conclusions”) during its seventy-seventh session. While the non-decision does not affect the legal status of the Draft Conclusions, it raises questions about its reception and the underlying reasons for the lack of resolution adoption. The inclusion of an Annex with a non-exhaustive list, particularly addressing the right to self-determination, led to opposition from a subset of States. Despite the strong pedigree of the norms in the Annex, dissenting voices, primarily questioning the status of certain norms, played a pivotal role in the non-decision. This paper contends that the dissenters' success in preventing the adoption of a resolution could prompt the International Law Commission to exercise greater caution in its future work. The Commission may become more inclined to avoid addressing sensitive issues, potentially leading to a tendency to seek the lowest common denominator in its outputs. The analysis delves into the potential impact on the Commission's approach and the broader implications for the development and acceptance of peremptory norms of general international law.

“She Should be Smart Enough To Know, Hey, These Things Can Happen”: Identifying Men’s Perceptions, Attitudes and Beliefs About Sexual Aggression Toward Women in Drinking Venues and The Implications for Prevention

Sexual aggression (SA) by men toward women, including harassment and unwanted sexual touching, is ubiquitous in drinking venues. Focus groups with 38 male volunteers aged 19-26 were used to articulate men’s perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs (PABs) related to SA in drinking venues for future development of a comprehensive questionnaire. Three cross-cutting themes relevant to prevention emerged from discussions structured using a 6-dimensional theoretical model: drinking venues culture with normative acceptance of SA as harmless fun, gender scripts that hold female targets responsible for SA, and alcohol attributions that reduce blame for intoxicated men perpetrators and increase blame for women targets.

An Overview of the Beneficial and Detrimental Consequences of Codes of Ethics in A Practical Environment

The piece of writing aims to contemplate the possibility of a scenario where codes of ethics are unnecessary or unsuitably used. The potential benefits of codes of ethics are well recognized, and there is much research available on this topic. There is a significant amount of literature available on the factors that influence the acceptance of ethical norms. There is a much less number of publications discussing the ineffectiveness of ethical norms within a specific framework of reality. Insufficient attention is given to the adverse effects that arise from the incomplete use of codes of ethics. The study findings demonstrate the circumstances in which a code of ethics may be ineffective and lacking in actual impact. The study highlights how certain components of a code of ethics might result in harmful outcomes when they are embraced and put into practice.

“Getting Back on the Bike”: Risk, Injury, and Sport-Related Concussion in Competitive Road Cycling

A clear and consistent finding across three decades of sociological work focused on performance sports is that various sports can be considered social spaces in which risk, pain, and injury are accepted, normalized, and valorized. In recent years, the emergent scientific and popular concern around the short- and long-term consequences of sport-related concussion has seen a resurgence in the use of classic sociological ideas to help understand why athletes appear to downplay, continue competing, and sometimes ignore potential brain injuries. Using data from interviews, this paper explores these social processes in the sport of road cycling in Britain. We present the argument that the enduring utility of classic sociological concepts in explaining athlete behaviors toward risk, pain, and injury may be indicative of the obdurate nature of the cultural norms which circulate in performance sport settings. With regard to the ongoing problems with concussion in sport, we show the continued need to understand the social context in which much sport is imagined and practiced. This leads to our suggestion that sociocultural and interactional processes in many sporting subcultures that support the normative acceptance of behaviors which often prioritize performance over health need to be more readily challenged if we wish to achieve comprehensive change toward improved athlete welfare.

Factors and consequences associated with intimate partner violence against women in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a global public health issue, with notably high prevalence rates observed within Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). This systematic review aimed to examine the risk factors and consequences associated with IPV against women in LMICs. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review using three databases: Web of Science, ProQuest Central, and Scopus, covering the period from January 2010 to January 2022. The study included only peer-reviewed journal articles in English that investigated IPV against women in LMICs. Out of 167 articles screened, 30 met the inclusion criteria, comprising both quantitative and mixed-method studies. Risk factors of IPV were categorised as: demographic risk factors (23 studies), family risk factors (9 studies), community-level factors (1 studies), and behavioural risk factors (14 studies), while consequences of IPV were categorised as mental health impacts (13 studies), physical impacts (5 studies), and societal impacts (4 studies). In this study, several risk factors were identified including lower levels of education, marriage at a young age, poor wealth indices, rural residential areas, and acceptance of gender norms that contribute to the prevalence of IPV in LMICs. It is essential to address these factors through effective preventive policies and programs. Moreover, this review highlights the necessity of large-scale, high-quality policy-driven research to further examine risk factors and consequences, ultimately guiding the development of interventions aimed at preventing IPV against women in LMICs.

Revisiting Self-Objectification Among Black Women: The Importance of Eurocentric Beauty Norms

Models of self-objectification utilized by the existing literature have been normed with predominantly White samples and may not account for the unique pressures on Black women to engage in beauty practices that prioritize European appearance expectations. Additionally mainstream media have historically rejected Black women’s bodies and beauty, instead reifying Western European aesthetics. We expand the existing literature by testing the contribution of body surveillance using serial analyses via endorsement of Eurocentric appearance norms (i.e., feminine appearance, thinness, and Eurocentric appearance), mainstream media consumption, mental health (i.e., depression, anxiety, and hostility), and body shame. Based on a sample of 561 Black women, combined serial/parallel mediation models revealed that total media consumption was not associated with body surveillance; however, there was an indirect effect of media consumption through acceptance of European body image norms predicting mental health and body shame. Findings suggest that to fully understand the impact of sexual- and self-objectification among Black women, researchers must also examine their negotiations of Western European norms of femininity and beauty. Implications for Black women’s body image beliefs are discussed.

Continuing in a creative career: Claiming an artistic identity and aligning trajectories among early career novelists

Most artists who venture into an artistic career discontinue after their debut work. This article contributes to the understanding of early artistic career discontinuation and continuation by drawing on 53 mainly longitudinal interviews with early-career Swedish novelists. The article develops interactionist theories of careers and social worlds, and suggests that continuation of literary careers depends on realizing an artistic identity and the alignment of trajectories in life, thereby providing time for creative work to emerge. The alignments are arrangements of trajectories that work together, and aligning trajectories makes it possible to legitimize an artistic identity in relation to competing identity claims (and roles) from other trajectories in life. The legitimation creates normative acceptance of the writing identity and activity. The ease of claiming a literary writing identity depends on a person's author type, finances, engagements in work and family, and time management skills. The article proposes that creative career continuation is influenced by historical, situational and cultural availability, as well as the ability to claim an artistic identity and manage intermingling trajectories and priorities in life.

Critical media attitudes as a buffer against the harmful effects of pornography on beliefs about sexual and dating violence

ABSTRACT Pornography often depicts traditional gender norms and aggression paired with sexual behaviour. Among adolescents, exposure to pornography is related to unhealthy beliefs about gender, sex and relationships. Critical thinking about media may reduce the internalisation of unhealthy messages in pornography. However, there is a dearth of research examining how critical media attitudes are protective of youth in early adolescence. Using a US sample of ninth- and tenth-grade students (n = 558; M age = 14; 53% female), this study examines how the relationship between frequency of pornography use and acceptance of traditional gender norms, dating violence and rape myths may be moderated by critical media attitudes. More frequent pornography use was related to greater acceptance of rape myths and gender norms, but only for adolescents who were less sceptical about media messages. For adolescents who were sceptical of media messages about sex, there was no relationship between pornography use and their acceptance of rape myths and gender norms. This study provides preliminary evidence of the protective influence that critical media attitudes may have on adolescents’ sexual and relationship health. In an increasingly digital world, it is critical to provide early media literacy education as part of sexuality education to promote adolescents’ health.

ULOGA AKADEMSKE ZAJEDNICE I VISOKOG OBRAZOVANJA U UPRAVLJANJU KRIZOM I STVARANJU DRUŠTVA PRIPRAVNOG NA GLOBALNE IZAZOVE / THE ROLE OF THE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY AND HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND SOCIETY PREPAREDNESS FOR GLOBAL CHALLENGES

According to the WHO data from May 2022, the COVID-19 pandemic caused a global health crisis with more than 515 million infected and over 6 million deaths as a result of COVID-19. Just over 11.5 billion vaccines have been administered to prevent severe disease and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition to that, COVID-19 had dramatic effects on all aspects of the society, including the fundamental factors of its functionality - education and health, preventing the continuity of its "normal" functioning. Crisis management measures have had more or less successful results in different countries, but no health system has been able to fully address the effects of the pandemic on the health of the population. The course of the epidemiological crisis and the success of the implementation of global vaccination measures are directly related to the adaptability of individual societies / its capacity to change and adapt. in analyzing the situation and predicting the course of the pandemic. Analytical ability, reliability of prediction, but also flexibility of legislative and executive power, are the most prominent parameters of a society that is ready for the unpredictability of the course and outcome of the global social crisis caused by the pandemic. In the local concept of the development of higher education until 2030, it is necessary to include the mentioned, global principles of adaptability to crises in all spheres of social activity. One of the most powerful instruments of social understanding is education, and here lies the potential of society to adapt and change in order to adapt to the challenges of the modern world through the acceptance of values and norms based on knowledge.

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL INFLUENCES ON THE BOARD OF DIRECTOR´S EXPECTED BEHAVIOURS

This article is assess whether directors' decisions are influenced by external and internal factors to the company. The article explores whether directors' decision-making tendency, measured through their values, is influenced by other factors, specifically their professional experience, the governance rules to which they are subject and must follow, and the size of the companies. An quantitative, applied, descriptive and correlational study was carried out. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire, based on the Schwartz Value Inventory – IVS (1992), applied to a sample of 121 counselors in Brazil. Decisions are significantly influenced by different levels of external constraints, especially in higher conservatism, which represents a restriction of actions and impulses that may violate social norms, as well as acceptance of society's norms and traditions. The article is original in using individual values as an instrument to measure, through a quantitative methodology that encompasses an inventory of values, the decision-making tendencies of directors, mainly because it includes the individual dimension in the decision-making process, escaping from the academic "mainstream" on the results of group work. The importance of directors' personal values cannot be underestimated when it comes to corporate social responsibility and ESG principles. With the study of human values and their influence on decision-making in boards of directors, it is possible to minimize conflicts, facilitate the exchange of ideas and decision-making, and promote sustainability and the generation of organizational value, directly and indirectly mitigating business risks and their social impacts.

THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL INFLUENCES ON THE BOARD OF DIRECTOR´S EXPECTED BEHAVIOURS

This article is assess whether directors' decisions are influenced by external and internal factors to the company. The article explores whether directors' decision-making tendency, measured through their values, is influenced by other factors, specifically their professional experience, the governance rules to which they are subject and must follow, and the size of the companies. An quantitative, applied, descriptive and correlational study was carried out. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire, based on the Schwartz Value Inventory – IVS (1992), applied to a sample of 121 counselors in Brazil. Decisions are significantly influenced by different levels of external constraints, especially in higher conservatism, which represents a restriction of actions and impulses that may violate social norms, as well as acceptance of society's norms and traditions. The article is original in using individual values as an instrument to measure, through a quantitative methodology that encompasses an inventory of values, the decision-making tendencies of directors, mainly because it includes the individual dimension in the decision-making process, escaping from the academic "mainstream" on the results of group work. The importance of directors' personal values cannot be underestimated when it comes to corporate social responsibility and ESG principles. With the study of human values and their influence on decision-making in boards of directors, it is possible to minimize conflicts, facilitate the exchange of ideas and decision-making, and promote sustainability and the generation of organizational value, directly and indirectly mitigating business risks and their social impacts

Bystander Behavior and Sexual Harassment: The Case of the Fashion Industry.

This study examines the role of bystander behavior in cases of sexual harassment within the cultural economy's fashion industry. Using grounded theory to explore 34 sexual harassment narratives posted on Instagram, this analysis revealed that while some bystander victim-alliance behavior occurred in the forms of verbal objections and a strong physical presence to thwart perpetrators, bystander facilitation of perpetrator abuse was much more common. Types of facilitation included active bystander complicity, bystander inaction, and what is termed automatic industry bystander deference, whereby seemingly widespread acceptance of certain norms in the business prevented intervention. Implications for victim counseling, bystander intervention training, and public policy reforms are discussed.

My Gender is Precolonial: Transtemporal Minoritarian Aesthetics in “Diwata”

Abstract This paper takes up the visual art piece “Diwata: Queering Pre-Colonial Phillipine Mythology” by the artists Renz (he/him/they/them), Natu (he/him), and Ram (she/her) at the 2021 Southeast Asia Queer Cultural Festival. I argue that in performing tactics of transtemporal minoritarian aesthetics, the artists destabilize contemporary cultural acceptance of anti-queer and anti-trans norms. Engaging the transformative artistic embodiments of pre-colonial mythologies, I highlight these acts of performing within a queer affective spatio-temporal arc. I approach “Diwata” through the provocation that the artists’ embodied art enacts a performative: “My gender is pre-colonial.” Through this focus, I unpack several of the cultural figures embodied by the artists. I attend to the figures in three primary ways: aesthetic reading, mythological/historical reference, and artists’ reflection. Understanding the importance of embodiment to the politics of “Diwata,” I analyze the visual works as both image and performance. Working across studies in folklore, religion, and historiography, I expand the figures in relation to how their practices of gender and sexuality subvert contemporary norms. These artists from the Philippines enact a disobedient epistemological orientation to LGBTIQ expression. The artists do not simply announce that what would now be characterized as queer and trans histories were a part of their culture before colonial oppression; they instead reanimate these oral histories, mythological narratives, and persistent practices as manifest through their bodies. I argue that “Diwata” offers an alternative rendering of queerness and transness that thickens the topography of what counts as queer and trans theory. I also want to suggest that this queer Southeast Asian perspective provides a necessary alternative to the continual focus on the recent past as originary. The recent decades are continually posited as the most vital historical precursors for queer theory. These movements and theoretical formations are genealogically important in the United States and the reach of the US abroad. And, even as there is still much to unpack about the transnational currency of the term queer, the recent decades’ dominance in narratives about where queer theory might come from often reaffirms white Western centrality, even while attending to decolonial and anti-racist commitments. Working through the far distant past, this paper instead builds with transtemporal minoritarian aesthetic tactics animate gender-variant possibilities of embodied queer worldmaking.

The relationship between women’s breastfeeding empowerment and conformity to feminine norms

BackgroundWomen empowerment is effective in successful breastfeeding. Hence,identifying the relationship between psychosocial factors, such as acceptance of feminine norms, and empowerment can be beneficial in designing interventions.. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between breastfeeding empowerment and conformity to feminine norms.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 288 primiparous mothers in the postpartum period using validated questionnaires of conformity to gender norms and breastfeeding empowerment in the following domains: “sufficient knowledge and skills for breastfeeding,” “a sense of breastfeeding competence,” “conscious belief in the value of breastfeeding,” “overcoming breastfeeding problems,” “negotiation and obtaining family support” and “self-efficacy in breastfeeding” which were completed through the self-report method. Data were analyzed using the multivariate linear regression test.ResultsThe mean score of ‘conformity to feminine norms’ and ‘breastfeeding empowerment’ were 142.39 and 144.14, respectively. The score of breastfeeding empowerment was positively related to conformity to feminine norms (p = 0.003). Among the dimensions of breastfeeding empowerment, ‘mothers’ adequate knowledge and skills for breastfeeding’ (p = 0.001), ‘belief in the value of breastfeeding’ (p = 0.008), and ‘negotiation and obtaining family support’ (p = 0.01) were positively related to conformity to feminine norms.ConclusionsThe results indicate a positive relationship between the level of conformity to feminine norms and breastfeeding empowerment. Accordingly, it is recommended that supporting breastfeeding as a valuable role of women be considered in programs designed to improve breastfeeding empowerment.

Effect of justification of wife-beating on experiences of intimate partner violence among men and women in Uganda: A propensity-score matched analysis of the 2016 Demographic Health Survey data.

In some communities, rationalization of men's controlling attitudes is associated with the justification of gender norms such as wife-beating as a method of correcting spouse behaviour. In this quasi-experimental study, we investigate the causal effects of the acceptability of gender norms justifying wife-beating on experiences of sexual, emotional, and physical intimate partner violence (IPV) among Ugandan men and women. We analysed the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey data using propensity-score matching. The exposure variable is the acceptability of gender norms justifying wife-beating measured on a binary scale and the outcomes are the respondent's lifetime experiences of sexual, physical, and emotional IPV. We matched respondents who accepted gender norms justifying wife-beating with those that never through a 1:1 nearest-neighbour matching with a caliper to achieve comparability on selected covariates. We then estimated the causal effects of acceptability of gender norms justifying wife-beating on the study outcomes using a logistic regression model. Results showed that a total of 4,821 (46.5%) out of 10,394 respondents reported that a husband is justified in beating his wife for specific reasons. Among these, the majority (3,774; 78.3%) were women compared to men (1,047; 21.7%). Overall, we found that men and women who accept gender norms justifying wife-beating are more likely to experience all three forms of IPV. In the sub-group analysis, men who justify wife-beating were more likely to experience emotional and physical IPV but not sexual IPV. However, women who justify wife-beating were more likely to experience all three forms of IPV. In conclusion, the acceptability of gender norms justifying wife-beating has a positive effect on experiences of different forms of IPV by men and women in Uganda. There is, therefore, a need for more research to study drivers for acceptance of gender norms justifying wife-beating to enable appropriate government agencies to put in place mechanisms to address the acceptability of gender norms justifying wife-beating at the societal level.

The Democracy Effects of Legal Polarization: Movement Lawyering at the Dawn of the Unitary Executive

The success of the conservative legal movement in reshaping the Supreme Court has unquestionably helped transform the substance of constitutional law in ways that advance the movement’s longstanding political agenda: reverse the civil rights-era constitutionalization of civil and social equality rights, and reduce government regulation of private sector business enabled by the modern administrative state. Less well understood is the movement’s role beyond the courts, and the range of ways it has shifted once shared norms that helped distinguish the practice of law from the practice of politics in the United States. This Article surfaces one example of that phenomenon, tracing the movement’s efforts beginning in the 1980s to advance a unitary exec-utive theory of constitutional power inside the Executive Branch. Inside the Department of Justice, these efforts functioned to kneecap a suite of post-Watergate ethics reforms designed to guard against cor-ruption or other misconduct by government lawyers. Outside the Department, aided by an increasingly polarized system of professional incentives the movement likewise pioneered, inadequate ethics ac-countability at the top of the profession functioned to undermine acceptance of professional norms more broadly. Among the norms most damaged: the belief that lawyers are bound by professional duties that transcend commitments to partisan loyalty. This recovered history in part underscores the extent to which judicial rulings are at best lag-ging indicators of legal revolutions. It likewise offers a case study of the structural consequences of theories of constitutional power engineered around circumstantial partisan interest. Above all, it illustrates how de-stabilizing the norms that support rule-of-law systems can weaken constitutional democracy across the board.

Intercultural communication as a medium future specialists’ ecological culture formation

A significant role in intercultural communication is assigned to language as a means by which representatives of different linguistic and ethnic communities are mutually understood and interacted. The relevance of given study is in the fact that intercultural communicative competence ensures the development and acceptance of general rules and norms of behavior that constitute international communication etiquette. The object of this article is the university educational system. The subject of the paper is intercultural communication as one of the mechanisms for an individual’s ecological culture formation. The study is aimed to identification of the role of intercultural communication in an individual’s ecological culture formation. The author presents intercultural communicative competence as a skill of mutual understanding of different cultures representatives. Experimental training using interactive technologies and test the effectiveness of the designated conditions in the process of forming intercultural communication was conducted. It was established that intercultural communication was an effective mechanism in the formation of an individual’s environmental culture.