Acceptance Of Corruption Research Articles

Role of NAB in Eliminating Corruption from Pakistan: A Critical Analysis

Government and good governance are essential for social and economic progress. Nonetheless, Pakistan’s poor reputation in international relations makes these characteristics outdated in Pakistan. In most cases, corruption is a likely result of circumstances such as desire and materialistic greed, higher degrees of governmental and market monopolization, low levels of democracy, poor civic engagement, and opaque political processes. The acceptance of corruption has grown through time even though it is pervasive in the nation. The goal of this study is to examine corruption in Pakistan, concentrating on the National Accountability Bureau (NAB), the primary anti-corruption agency in the country. The study examines various causes for the prevalence of corruption in Pakistan and strategies to reduce it. The study uses doctrinal qualitative analysis to situate the research within the ethical, legal and social parameters. The research methodology adopted is evaluative, interpretive and analytical. The study finds that NAB remained ineffective to curb the prevailing corruption in Pakistan. This study recommends that corruption in Pakistan would be reduced by exposing corrupt practices, maintaining an honest and responsible public sector, aiding in the cessation of unethical behavior, and ensuring that public sector employees act in the public interest.

Does corruption rule the auditor's soul? Examining the auditors' attitude toward accepting corruption behaviors

AbstractThis study investigates individual auditors' attitudes toward various corrupt behaviors in Palestine, an underexplored context. We examine the perception and determinants of auditors toward corruption and introduce the link between gender, job position, exposure to other cultures, age, and level of education as factors affecting attitudes toward corruption perception. Our findings reveal that auditors' perception of corruption differs across corrupt behaviors. In most surveyed behaviors, age is negatively associated with acceptance of corruption, and female auditors exhibit a higher attitude toward accepting corruption across various forms. Additionally, the auditor's position and outside education significantly impact their attitude toward accepting corruption. Our work fills an existing literature gap and provides valuable information for targeted regulators and professional bodies aiming to reduce corruption.

CORRUPTION IS A HUMILIATION OF THE HONOR AND DIGNITY OF A PERSON

Since gaining independence, the issue of effective anti-corruption has become one of the most important concerns in Kazakhstan’s society and state. The most common definition of corruption is the abuse of an official position or power for personal gain. By a broader definition, corruption is an abuse of trust. Of particular concern is the destructive impact of corruption on the moral foundations of society, as it distorts the nature of the values historically developed by mankind and emasculates their content. Corruption, derived from the Latin term "corrumpere," is defined by the grim word "to corrupt," which should be understood as a moral and legal decline in society and the state. Objectively, moral harm manifests in the deteriorated psychological state of individuals, resulting in feelings of humiliation, helplessness, fear, and the inability to lead an active, creative, and initiative-driven life. In public consciousness, there arises a sense of indifference to societal interests, along with an acceptance of corruption and the illegal, insulting actions of state representatives. Therefore, there must be a growing recognition in our country that previous methods of combating corruption are ineffective and will not yield the expected results. The urgent need for a decisive reform of the entire public service system hinges on changing the consciousness of individuals, both within society and among civil servants.

Barriers to unethical and corrupt practices avoidance in the construction industry

PurposeComplying with the code of conduct by professionals in the construction industry worldwide has become a significant issue over the years. This has led to projects' failure, leading to losses to both the client and contractors. The study's objective is to identify the challenges of construction professionals in complying with their code of conduct and preventing corrupt practices.Design/methodology/approachQuantitative approach was used to collect empirical data by sending questionnaires to 56 construction professionals in South Africa. Data gathered were analysed through Excel statistical tool. Mean values were calculated for the quantitative data, whilst thematic content analyses were used to generate frequencies and percentages for qualitative data.FindingsThe findings indicate that construction professionals experience many unethical issues in their work duties such as inflated tender prices, overpricing the rates, tender-based kickbacks, bribes for projects, unethical methods of project execution, use of lower grade materials than specified, discrimination, among others. However, issues such as greediness, acceptance of corruption as usual practice, lack of knowledge about the code of conduct, the only way to get contracts, part of the process, and peer pressure create a challenge in complying with the code of conduct and preventing corrupt practices among construction professionals.Practical implicationsConstruction professionals face many unethical and corrupt practices in their project management and execution, which they cannot overcome due to many factors. Therefore, there is the need to sensitise the professionals in the construction industry regarding their code of conduct as well as the danger associated with engaging in corrupt practices in their work and their implication on project performance.Originality/valueThe findings give an insight into the critical factors curtailing the construction professional's ability to comply with their code of conduct and be corrupt-free in their line of duty. Thus, professional associations can use the findings in guiding their members.

Gender system and corruption: Patriarchy as a predictor of “fairness”

AbstractThis article tests gender system as a mediator in the relationship between gender and corruption. Using data from World Values Survey we find a robust, significant link between acceptance of patriarchy and acceptance of corruption. We also find a significant link between acceptance of male superiority and acceptance of corruption. In the relationship between gender and attitudes toward corruption, gender system is a consistently statistically significant predictor of acceptance of corruption whereas gender is not. The predictive power of acceptance of patriarchy and male superiority on corruption holds even with extensive controls. These results provide insight into the link between gender and corruption and suggest some of the wide‐ranging effects of gender system on the political system.

Assessing Indonesian Youth Acceptance of Corruption: Applying the Stimulus-Organism-Response Framework

Corruption is one of the old problems facing the Indonesian government to date. The Covid-19 pandemic has not reduced corrupt behaviour in Indonesia. In fact, state officials in Indonesia were arrested for corruption in providing government social assistance to communities affected by this pandemic. Based on this phenomenon, this study aims to predict corruption acceptance behaviour using a stimulus-organism-response framework. The research focuses on youth because youth are future adults who will be active in business, politics, community activities, and others. A total of 246 youth was respondents in this study. Judgmental sampling was applied in this study and questionnaires were distributed online. The data was then analysed using structural equation modelling. The results of the analysis show that 4 of the 8 research hypotheses are supported. The four hypotheses supported are that anti-social media exposure has a negative relationship with personal values of materialism and materialism has a positive relationship with acceptance of corruption. The results of the analysis also show that pro social media exposure has a positive relationship with religious involvement. Furthermore, religious involvement has a negative relationship with acceptance of corruption. Limitations and suggestions for further research are also presented in this paper.
 
 Received: 14 October 2021 / Accepted: 20 January 2022 / Published: 5 March 2022

Trust, civic self-efficacy, and acceptance of corruption among Colombian adolescents: shifting attitudes between 2009-2016

ABSTRACT Civic self-efficacy and trust are interrelated dimensions of citizenship that are important in adolescence and linked to educational contexts. Furthermore, they have been separately connected to corruption. However, the three factors are seldom looked at together and investigations of them using international education datasets are rarely contextualised within national histories and politics. The current study uses the 2009 and 2016 ICCS and multi-group multilevel confirmatory factor analysis to investigate differences in and relationships between adolescent Colombians’ trust, civic self-efficacy, and acceptance of corruption. During these years, the government was involved in a peace process that sparked political polarisation and embroiled in several corruption scandals. Analyses revealed lower institutional trust, but higher civic self-efficacy and acceptance of corruption in the 2016 cohort. The results indicate that declining trust and rising acceptance of corruption may not dictate negative civic outcomes, while highlighting possible areas for refocusing peace education in Colombia and beyond.

Job Tenure, International Work Experience, and the Acceptance of Corruption

In the past, management studies have paid insufficient attention to the relationship between professionals’ career-related backgrounds and their corrupt business practices Therefore, the aim of this paper is to gain deeper insights into career-related factors shaping professionals’ tendency to condone corruption. Specifically, we focus on two central career-related factors: job tenure and international work experience. Based on a survey of 184 professionals – employed and self-employed – we find an inverted u-shaped relationship between job tenure and the likelihood of condoning corruption meaning that in the middle of their career professionals show the highest tendency to condone corrupt behavior. Moreover, we find an almost J-shaped relationship between international work experience and the acceptance of corruption. This indicates that professionals who spent most of their business lives abroad, are the most likely to condone corruption. Based on these findings, we discuss theoretical explanations and implications for research and practice.

Condoning Corrupt Behavior at Work: What Roles Do Machiavellianism, On-the-Job Experience, and Neutralization Play?

Corruption continues to be a considerable challenge for internationally active companies. In this article, we examine personal and socioenvironmental antecedents of corrupt behavior in organizations. In particular, we aim to illuminate the links between Machiavellianism, on-the-job experience with corrupt behavior at work, neutralization, and the attitude of business professionals toward corruption. The empirical analysis is based on the responses of 169 professionals. At first, a positive relationship between both Machiavellianism and on-the-job experience and the acceptance of corruption appears in the model. However, an in-depth mediation analysis shows that neutralization is the keystone linking both Machiavellianism and on-the-job experience to the likelihood to condone corruption. Based on these results, we offer avenues for further research and implications for practitioners.

Understanding corruption in the lower levels of the Afghan police force

Definitions of police corruption are usually associated with bribery and extortion. Police culture entails internalised and uncodified norms, rules and values that may enhance susceptibility of corruption within a police force. This article provides an empirical study on police corruption within the lower levels of the Afghan police due to the lack of studies conducted with them. Undertaking a social constructivist approach, the aim of the study is to provide the perceptions from Afghan police officers on the causes and practices of police corruption. The findings reveal that the main causes are heavily linked to unprofessionalism, low pay and the lack of controls. Police accountability is low and solidarity appears high. Moreover, patronage and the acceptance of corruption as a means to getting things done are part of social practices engrained in Afghan culture which leads to the practices of biased recruitment, bribery and extortion. In relation to noble cause corruption, there is no sense of mission and the idea of policing, as part of a mandate, has been lost in the Afghan police force. An understanding of police corruption and police culture from the perspective of street-level police officers is relevant to understand the main causes and practices of corruption and mitigate them to restore public faith in the police as a main port of security. This can prevent potential Taliban resurgence by deterring alternative security promoted by the insurgency.

Religious Loyalty and Acceptance of Corruption

Summary This study investigates the relationship between religiously-induced internalized values of individuals and their specific attitudes regarding the acceptance of corruption. The dataset on which our study is based was collected by the World Values Survey from 141,326 individuals in 78 countries surveyed during a period of 13 years. We propose that individual attitudes towards corruption and religion are associated given certain societal and institutional contexts. Our results show that although there is a negative and statistically significant effect of religiosity on the acceptance of corruption on the individual level, this effect is small. We find that there is a threshold value of religiosity below which corruption is more easily accepted by individuals. Our interpretation for this result is simple: individuals with minimal religiosity are generally less constrained by religious norms; specifically, religious norms that are opposed to corruption are less binding on these individuals, resulting in them having a greater propensity to accept corruption. Religiosity, therefore, does lower the acceptance of corruption only when it exceeds a certain threshold for a specific individual.

Examining the Causes of Systemic Corruption: The Case of Kazakhstan

In this theory-based article, the author examines how the cultural and anthropological or ethnocentric theory of corruption by Van Roy (1970) explains the emergence of systemic corruption in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Research findings are based on the secondary data analysis, which allows establishing theoretical connections among the economic transition, the culture and the systemic corruption in Kazakhstan. Following the Van Roy’s theory, the author determines that the emergence of systemic corruption was incentivized by cultural factors such as the transformation of the society and the corresponding value shift, and by the ethnocentric factors such as the parochial traditions of the country. The author analyzes the influence of the economic transition programs, known as the “shock therapy,” on the impoverishment of citizens, the high level of the acceptance of corruption and the effects of clan culture in Kazakhstan from 1991 until modern days. The author determines that the above factors were present in the country during the economic overhaul of 1991, and logically establishes the relationships between these factors and the systemic corruption. The author argues that culture matters in the process of economic and social development, and that the economists, who typically pay little attention to culture variables, should integrate these variables in their models of economic development. As experience of economic transition in Kazakhstan shows, culture may enhance or impede the success of economic transformation. The experience of Kazakhstan can be extrapolated to other countries in transition.

Cultural Roots Of Corruption - The Case Of Western Balkans

Corruption is the biggest obstacle to equality of market opportunities and it is generated by great power of the state administration, lack of transparency, lack of control authority mechanisms and uncontrolled power of individuals within the state authorities. Such conditions for corruption are created by the authoritarian systems, including various forms of individual, military or ideological tyranny. This is a significant economic, political and ethical issue. In order to be better understood and effectively eradicated, it is necessary to understand how different cultures accept corruption and the relationship between corruption and specific dimensions of culture. In this paper attention is focused on the relationship of specific aspects of culture and corruption, relying on existing experimental studies. The purpose of this paper is to check the belief expressed in the literature on the example of the Western Balkans that high power distance culture is the key cultural element which creates the conditions for the emergence and acceptance of corruption in a society. The dimensions of culture identified by Geerd Hofstede are used in the analysis and power distance is identified as the most important dimension for generating corruption in society. Using comparative analysis of power distance index and corruption index possible connections between them can be identified. This leads us to the conclusion that power distance as one of the key cultural dimensions influence the level of corruption in society. As basic research limitations the following have been identified: the complexity of the phenomenon of culture of which power distance is only one element, and the fact that corruption is a complex social phenomenon, on which, apart from culture, other important factors have influence. This implies that in the activities intended for eradiction of corruption it is practically necessary to thake into account the need to change culture, which is a slow and difficulty process, but not impossible one. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n22p467

Cultural Roots Of Corruption - The Case Of Western Balkans

Corruption is the biggest obstacle to equality of market opportunities and it is generated by great power of the state administration, lack of transparency, lack of control authority mechanisms and uncontrolled power of individuals within the state authorities. Such conditions for corruption are created by the authoritarian systems, including various forms of individual, military or ideological tyranny. This is a significant economic, political and ethical issue. In order to be better understood and effectively eradicated, it is necessary to understand how different cultures accept corruption and the relationship between corruption and specific dimensions of culture. In this paper attention is focused on the relationship of specific aspects of culture and corruption, relying on existing experimental studies. The purpose of this paper is to check the belief expressed in the literature on the example of the Western Balkans that high power distance culture is the key cultural element which creates the conditions for the emergence and acceptance of corruption in a society. The dimensions of culture identified by Geerd Hofstede are used in the analysis and power distance is identified as the most important dimension for generating corruption in society. Using comparative analysis of power distance index and corruption index possible connections between them can be identified. This leads us to the conclusion that power distance as one of the key cultural dimensions influence the level of corruption in society. As basic research limitations the following have been identified: the complexity of the phenomenon of culture of which power distance is only one element, and the fact that corruption is a complex social phenomenon, on which, apart from culture, other important factors have influence. This implies that in the activities intended for eradiction of corruption it is practically necessary to thake into account the need to change culture, which is a slow and difficulty process, but not impossible one. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n22p467

“They are Not Different From Others”: Ethical Practices and Corruption in Bangladeshi Journalism

This study attempts to find out Bangladeshi journalists' attitudes, perceptions, and practices about ethical dilemmas, particularly those involving conflicts of interest. Based on a survey of 333 Dhaka-based journalists, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions, the study found that journalists' ethical standards are poor and that many indulge in corrupt practices. Their acceptance of corruption may be related to the country's general culture of corruption and ignorance of ethical issues. Professional behavior may be improved by introducing codes of ethics and professional ethics education.

Religious Loyalty and Acceptance of Corruption

This study aims to investigate the relationship between the religiously-induced internalized values of individuals and their specific attitudes regarding accepting corruption. Based on the premises of the New Institutional Economics, we propose that individual level institutions with regard to corruption and religion are associated given the societal institutional context. We use data collected by the World Values Survey on 139,826 individuals in 78 countries with 979 regions surveyed in 13 different years. Our results show that although there is a positive and statistically significant effect of religiosity on the acceptance of corruption on the individual level, such effect is small in magnitude. We find that there is a threshold value of religiosity below which religiosity does not lesser but rather augment acceptance of corruption. Our interpretation for this result is simple; individuals with very low religiosity are generally less bounded by religious norms. Thus, religious norms that are opposed to corruption are also less binding, resulting in a higher propensity of them accepting corruption. Religiosity does lower acceptance of corruption only when it exceeds a certain level of religiosity for a specific individual. We also find that the effect of religiosity on acceptance of corruption does not systematically diverge between individuals of different religious denominations. As for the societal level, our results show that the more accepted corruption is at the societal level, the less of a mitigating effect religiosity has on individual acceptance of corruption.

‘Normal’ versus ‘special’ time corruption: An exploration of mexican attitudes*

This essay examines the relationship between corruption and political stability, with particular emphasis on Mexico. Through careful analysis of public opinion surveys from 1997–1998, exploring the differential attitudes towards ‘normal time corruption’ and ‘special time corruption’ (e.g. in connection with disaster relief), the data highlights how attitudes to corruption are context‐dependent. Natural disasters constitute ‘special times’ with a low level of acceptance of corruption, which sheds light on why societies that show at least grudging acceptance of ‘everyday corruption’ respond with unexpected negativity to ‘post‐disaster corruption’. Furthermore, the analysis illustrates how the poorer segments of the population, who have fewer interactions with government representatives, perceive a lower level of corruption. These findings thus begin to explain the political stability in Mexico, where the majority are poor, and therefore do not consider the system particularly corrupt and, as a consequence, illegitimate.