Accentuation Effect Research Articles

The Effect of Accentuation of Curve of Spee on Masticatory Efficiency—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The appropriate alignment of the lower teeth is indicated by the Curve of Spee (COS), which can be observed in the sagittal profile view of human skulls. Graf Von Spee made the initial observation on this occlusal curvature. Through this systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluated studies that looked at how COS affected masticatory activities. The databases PubMed-MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus were all searched. A total of 12 documents were ultimately picked because they met the necessary inclusion and exclusion requirements. The data was then loaded into the RevMan 5 programme for meta-analysis after being chosen for information on the sample size, variables analyzed, and various aspects of the research. The Curve of Spee was found to have a noticeable impact on both the masticatory efficiency as well as dentofacial alignment in the 12 studies that we selected for the review and meta-analysis. In addition, other occlusal curvatures such as the Curve of Monson and the Curve of Wilson were found to be of vital importance on a similar level to the COS. The meta-analysis further revealed that seven of the included clinical trials had mentioned the noticeable impact on masticatory efficiency. This study focused on the significance of the COS on force distribution in the oral cavity as well as the necessity of COS corrections after receiving full orthodontic care. Following orthodontic treatment, the COS, along with other occlusal curves such as the Curve of Wilson and the Curve of Monson, is essential in removing strains from the condyle, as well as the maxilla and mandible, which enhances masticatory effectiveness and lessens the overall strain on a patient's oral cavity.

Is Dating App Use Driving the Number of New Sexual Partners Among Young Adults Who Date? If Not, What Is?

Dating apps have the potential to facilitate access to a large pool of potential partners. However, both popular press and sexual health experts suggest that this increased partner accessibility is responsible for recent rises in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and for encouraging short-term relationships over long-term commitments (e.g., Bloodworth, 2021 ; Sales, 2015 ). While recent studies support the idea that dating app use is associated with a greater number of sexual partners, the process underlying this association is still unclear. The main goal of this study was to test whether the association is better explained as a methodological artifact, a self-selection bias, or an accentuation eff ect. Young Canadian adults (N = 405) completed an online survey. Results suggest that most of the association comes from a methodological artefact and that the rest can be explained by the self-selection hypothesis. Overall, the relational goal motivations of young adults and their level of sexual impulsivity seem to play a more important role in their dating outcomes than the specifi c methods that they use to meet new people.

Violations of economic rationality due to irrelevant information during learning in decision from experience (trans. from Eng. Beletskaya, M. Yu.)

According to normative decision-making theories, the composition of a choice set should not affect people’s preferences regarding the different options. This assumption contrasts with decades of research that have identified multiple situations in which this principle is violated, leading to context effects. Recently, research on context effects has been extended to the domain of experiencebased choices, where it has been shown that forgone outcomes from irrelevant alternatives affect preferences — an accentuation effect. More specifically, it has been shown that an option presented in a situation in which its outcomes are salient across several trials is evaluated more positively than in a context in which its outcomes are less salient. In the present study, we investigated whether irrelevant information affects preferences as much as relevant information. In two experiments, individuals completed a learning task with partial feedback. We found that past outcomes from nonchosen options, which contain no relevant information at all, led to the same accentuation effect as did counterfactual outcomes that provided new and relevant information. However, if the information is entirely irrelevant (from options that could not have been chosen), individuals ignored it, thus ruling out a purely perceptual account of the accentuation effect. These results provide further support for the influence of salience on learning and highlight the necessity of mechanistic accounts in decision-making research.

Violations of economic rationality due to irrelevant information during learning in decision from experience

Abstract According to normative decision-making theories, the composition of a choice set should not affect people’s preferences regarding the different options. This assumption contrasts with decades of research that have identified multiple situations in which this principle is violated, leading to context effects. Recently, research on context effects has been extended to the domain of experience-based choices, where it has been shown that forgone outcomes from irrelevant alternatives affect preferences — an accentuation effect. More specifically, it has been shown that an option presented in a situation in which its outcomes are salient across several trials is evaluated more positively than in a context in which its outcomes are less salient. In the present study, we investigated whether irrelevant information affects preferences as much as relevant information. In two experiments, individuals completed a learning task with partial feedback. We found that past outcomes from non-chosen options, which contain no relevant information at all, led to the same accentuation effect as did counterfactual outcomes that provided new and relevant information. However, if the information is entirely irrelevant (from options that could not have been chosen), individuals ignored it, thus ruling out a purely perceptual account of the accentuation effect. These results provide further support for the influence of salience on learning and highlight the necessity of mechanistic accounts in decision-making research.

Accentual arrangement of BBC news programs in the light of affective syllabics

This article examines the peculiarity of the position and means of creating the effect of accentuation in the modern English language. The research material leans on the speech of the leading BBC news programs, which is being processed in accordance with the principles of cognitive syllabics. The author also applies the methods of auditory analysis of the original sounding text and its pragmaphonetic modeling, determining the instances of accentuation that goes beyond the scope of neutral English phonation and is implemented via affective syllabics. The relevance of the research is defined by the need to pinpoint the attention upon the shift in communicative priorities that is taking place in the English language and broaden the prosodic and rhetorical arsenal used by those who learn English for creating the accentuation effect. The scientific novelty lies in the application of categorical approach towards the phenomenon of accentuation in the genres of intellective communication that are important for philological education. The article introduces the category of markedness/ unmarkedness of accentuation, which is supplemented by the so-called borderline or intermediate instances of accentuation, which are revealed only after thorough cognitive processing of the material, and determined primarily by the ethical aspect of modern English speech. The acquired results allow describing the phenomenon of syllabic and verbal accentuation in the dynamics and evolution, as well as the use of the means of affective syllabics for imparting timbral coloring to speech that meets expectations and preferences of the modern English-speaking community.

Praise: a tool for family education of human personality in European integration processes today

Summary. The goal of the work. The article reveals the methodological role of the principle of raising a child through praise as one of the tools of the family education system. Methodology. In a comparative analysis of the phenomena and consequences of praise, its influence on the child’s consciousness and behavior appears as a means of achieving the goal. Scientific novelty. The article analyzes the effects of accentuation on the formation of a child’s character, his way of thinking, and perception of the surrounding world, which makes it possible to emphasize the importance of the approach of using the praise method in the philosophical and educational discourse of family education pedagogy. At the same time, it is worth emphasizing the importance of a pedagogical approach to using such a tool of praise, which will allow the development of the child’s introspection abilities and the correct life-affirming perception of the surrounding environment. It is worth noting that the tool of praise depends on pedagogically correct use: it can harm the child and activate the opportunity for self-improvement and control in the child. Praise in the course of the entire educational process, particularly in the field of family upbringing, is a specific pedagogical and philosophical category capable of influencing the accentual processes of forming a human personality. Conclusions. Praise is individual: parents choose their methodology for giving praise to their children. The study of the problem allows us to talk about the tool of praise as an accentual process of forming a child’s character. Analyzing the praise criteria, we can confidently say that the pedagogy of family education at the current stage of development needs the correlative influence of conscious parenthood and motherhood. It is necessary to understand that praise, as a pedagogic tool of family education, is a multifaceted measure of parental influence on a child’s personality, capable of forming habituation and dependence on the praise of others, which in the future has a detrimental effect on self-esteem, improvement, and development of the human personality. At the time of the European integration processes of today, which our society is experiencing, praise as an educational tool, if used correctly, gives the opportunity to form a person with free European thinking.

Emotional Determinants of Categorical Accentuation

The present study aimed to provide preliminary evidence for the role of uncertainty related emotions in categorical accentuation. Participants had to estimate the length of lines varying in length, which depending on the conditions were or were not associated with categorical labels. To explore the emotional determinants of categorical accentuation we included additional label condition, in which participants were induced to feel fear (i.e. the emotion theoretically defined by the appraisal of low certainty). Consistent with the past research the results revealed a classic accentuation effect with participants in label condition showing higher differentiation at category boundaries compared to those in no label condition. More importantly, this effect was strengthened in the condition in which participants were induced with fear suggesting that uncertainty-related emotions could play an important role in the accentuation phenomenon.

Accentuation: A Key Factor of Native Languages in African Philosophy

The pattern of the pronunciation of words in any part of the world depends on the people’s accent. In native languages, what gives a word its meaning is largely dependent on how the word is pronounced. For instance, ‘akwha’ could mean up to three different things in Etche language and the only way to identify the particular meaning of the use of the word at any point is the accentuation. Thus, accentuation plays a very vital role in the meaning of words in native languages. The absence of accents in words most times leaves such words ambiguous, and sometimes they are used out of context. Accentuation therefore, is very important in the language game of words and their meanings in native Africa. Words are accentuated with marks called diacritical marks. These marks are fixed based on the tone of the word and the tone in turn determine the pronunciation and meaning of the word. Using Etche as a place of reference, this research work therefore seeks to unravel the role of accents in native languages in philosophy. It will use the analytical method of inquiry as it intends to analyze the effects of accentuation in the meaning of words in African languages. This is a fresh area in the field of African philosophy and therefore, the most common challenge encountered as it is also the case with many other researches in African philosophy, is lack of sufficient materials on the topic under research. It also does not in any way pretend to be a close investigation, rather it is open to criticisms, reviews and additions, especially in the context other languages or dialects.

How similarity between choice options affects decisions from experience: The accentuation-of-differences model.

Traditional theories of decision making require that humans evaluate choice options independently of each other. The independence principle underlying this notion states that the relative choice probability of two options should be independent of the choice set. Previous research demonstrated systematic violations of this principle in decisions from description (context effects), leading to the development of various models explaining them. Yet, the cognitive processes underlying multi-alternative decisions from experience remain unclear. Furthermore, it is not known whether context effects also occur in such decisions, and existing learning models do not predict them. In three experiments, the similarity effect, compromise effect, and attraction effect were explored in a 3-armed bandit task with full feedback. Participants' behavior systematically violated the independence principle, although mostly not in line with past context-effect patterns in decisions from description. The observed similarity effect and the reversals of the compromise and the attraction effects can be explained by a similarity mechanism, according to which options with similar outcomes appear less attractive. We propose the accentuation-of-differences model that relies on this mechanism. We further validated the model in a fourth experiment in which we demonstrated a new violation of independence, the accentuation effect. Across all experiments, the model outperformed traditional reinforcement-learning models in describing the observed findings. Finally, the model's generalizability was confirmed using the Iowa gambling task. In summary, the present work is the first to demonstrate systematic violations of the independence principle in various decisions-from-experience designs and to offer a model to explain the observed phenomena. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Process focus and accentuation at different positions in dialogues: an ERP study

ABSTRACTAs an important pragmatic concept in linguistics, information structure differentiates focused/new information from background/given information. The present study investigated how the correspondence between focus (new information) and accentuation influences language processing at different positions (clause-medial vs. clause-final) of sentences in a semantic comprehension task. We found that focus elicited a larger negativity (at the clause-medial position) and a following positivity (at both the cause-medial and clause-final positions) compared to non-focus, indicating that listeners spend more cognitive resource to integrate new, focused information into discourse. Additionally, missing accent on focus elicited a negative effect, while superfluous accent on background evoked a positive effect at the late position. Furthermore, additional focus and accentuation effects were observed only at the clause-final position. The different ERP effects in the two positions suggest that listeners make online use of all available cues to process focus and accentuation in a predictive way.

An exploration of the accentuation effect: errors in memory for voice fundamental frequency (F0) and speech rate

ABSTRACTThe accentuation effect demonstrates how memory often reflects category typical representations rather than the specific features of learned items. The present study investigated the impact of manipulating fundamental frequency (F0) and speech rate (syllables per second) on immediate target matching performance (selecting a voice from a pair to match a previously heard target voice) for a range of synthesised voices. It was predicted that when participants were presented with high or low frequency target voices, voices even higher or lower in frequency would be selected. The same pattern was also predicted for speech rate. Inconsistent with the accentuation account, the results showed a general bias to select voices higher in frequency for high, moderate, and low frequency target voices. For speech rate, listeners selected voices faster in rate for slow rate target voices. Overall it seems doubtful that listeners rely solely on categorical information about voices during recognition.

Interreligious education in the context of Social Psychology research on attitudes and prejudice

Since the mid-1990s, interreligious education has become an integral component of thereligious education debate. Regardless of the affective level that interreligious education seeksto provide, the desired changes in attitude and prejudice require one to take into account adiversity of research on attitude and prejudice. Accordingly, the goal of the present article is toencourage the adoption of psychological theories of prejudice with a view to the prospectsthey offer to interreligious education. However, because the field of psychological prejudiceresearch is complex, we will only be discussing those theories that, firstly, reflect the presentstate of prejudice psychology and, secondly, are of particular relevance to interreligiouseducation; these are cognitive theories (accentuation theory, illusory correlation theory,attribution theory), the social identity theory, and social learning theory. Emanating from thisreview, the article will go on to reflect different strategies of attitude change for interreligiouslearning.

Accentuation of bias in jury decision-making

We investigated the bias accentuation effect of group decision-making. Previous studies have shown that individuals were more likely to endorse the guilty verdict when the prosecution evidence was presented in a temporal order (story condition) than when the same evidence was presented in a nontemporal order (witness condition). We expected that group deliberation would accentuate this biasing effect of evidence order through a majority-wins process. Sixty-six 3-person groups engaged in a mock jury task either in the story or witness condition. As predicted, group deliberation accentuated the difference in the verdict judgments between the two conditions through a majority-wins/leniency asymmetry process. This accentuation effect was not moderated by how juries deliberated (evidence-driven vs. verdict-driven). Some theoretical and practical implications of these findings were discussed.

How long-term memory and accentuation interact during spoken language comprehension

Spoken language comprehension requires immediate integration of different information types, such as semantics, syntax, and prosody. Meanwhile, both the information derived from speech signals and the information retrieved from long-term memory exert their influence on language comprehension immediately. Using EEG (electroencephalogram), the present study investigated how the information retrieved from long-term memory interacts with accentuation during spoken language comprehension. Mini Chinese discourses were used as stimuli, with an interrogative or assertive context sentence preceding the target sentence. The target sentence included one critical word conveying new information. The critical word was either highly expected or lowly expected given the information retrieved from long-term memory. Moreover, the critical word was either consistently accented or inconsistently de-accented. The results revealed that for lowly expected new information, inconsistently de-accented words elicited a larger N400 and larger theta power increases (4–6Hz) than consistently accented words. In contrast, for the highly expected new information, consistently accented words elicited a larger N400 and larger alpha power decreases (8–14Hz) than inconsistently de-accented words. The results suggest that, during spoken language comprehension, the effect of accentuation interacted with the information retrieved from long-term memory immediately. Moreover, our results also have important consequences for our understanding of the processing nature of the N400. The N400 amplitude is not only enhanced for incorrect information (new and de-accented word) but also enhanced for correct information (new and accented words).

Less Is Not More: Neural Responses to Missing and Superfluous Accents in Context

Prosody, particularly accent, aids comprehension by drawing attention to important elements such as the information that answers a question. A study using ERP registration investigated how the brain deals with the interpretation of prosodic prominence. Sentences were embedded in short dialogues and contained accented elements that were congruous or incongruous with respect to a preceding question. In contrast to previous studies, no explicit prosodic judgment task was added. Robust effects of accentuation were evident in the form of an "accent positivity" (200-500 msec) for accented elements irrespective of their congruity. Our results show that incongruously accented elements, that is, superfluous accents, activate a specific set of neural systems that is inactive in case of incongruously unaccented elements, that is, missing accents. Superfluous accents triggered an early positivity around 100 msec poststimulus, followed by a right-lateralized negative effect (N400). This response suggests that redundant information is identified immediately and leads to the activation of a neural system that is associated with semantic processing (N400). No such effects were found when contextually expected accents were missing. In a later time window, both missing and superfluous accents triggered a late positivity on midline electrodes, presumably related to making sense of both kinds of mismatching stimuli. These results challenge previous findings of greater processing for missing accents and suggest that the natural processing of prosody involves a set of distinct, temporally organized neural systems.

The Impact of Pictures on Best-Worst Scaling in Web Surveys

Abstract: Motivation and burden are two of the most important aspects that influence response rates and dropouts in online surveys. As a result, we focus our analyses on how pictures and Best Worst Scaling (BWS), two solutions for each problem, interact in the Web medium. We use an experimental design that compares a BWS with pictures, the experimental group, and BWS without pictures, the control group. Results show that pictures influence measurement of BWS in six out of 16 items. We also observe that Couper's (2001) conclusion that concordant text and images have an accentuation effect while a discordant relationship between the two has an interference impact is partly true in our data. Eight out of the 16 items are at least partially influenced by the concordant/discordant variable while four fully respect this model. We conclude by discussing the impact of our findings and its limitations.

How and when accentuation influences temporally selective attention and subsequent semantic processing during on-line spoken language comprehension: An ERP study

An event-related brain potentials (ERP) experiment was carried out to investigate how and when accentuation influences temporally selective attention and subsequent semantic processing during on-line spoken language comprehension, and how the effect of accentuation on attention allocation and semantic processing changed with the degree of accentuation. Chinese spoken sentences were used as stimuli. The critical word in the carrier sentence was either semantically congruent or incongruent to the preceding sentence context. Meanwhile, the critical word was de-accented (DeAccent), generally accented (Accent), or greatly accented (GreatAccent). Results showed that, relative to semantically congruent words, the semantically incongruent word elicited a parietal–occipital N400 effect in the Accent condition and a broadly distributed N400 effect in the GreatAccent condition; however, no significant N400 effect was found in the DeAccent condition. Further onset analysis found that the N400 effect in the GreatAccent condition started around 50ms earlier than that in the Accent conditions. In addition, in the GreatAccent condition, the incongruent words also elicited an early negative effect in the window latency of 110–190ms after the acoustic onset of the critical word. The results indicated that, during on-line speech processing, accentuation can rapidly modulate temporally selective attention and consequently influence the depth or the speed of subsequent semantic processing; the effect of accentuation on attention allocation and semantic processing can change with the degree of accentuation gradually.

Automatic generation of accentuated pencil drawing with saliency map and LIC

An artist usually does not draw all the areas in a picture homogeneously but tries to make the work more expressive by emphasizing what is important while eliminating irrelevant details. Creating expressive painterly images with such accentuation effect remains to be a challenge because of the subjectivity of information selection. This paper presents a novel technique for automatically converting an input image into a pencil drawing with such emphasis and elimination effect. The proposed technique utilizes saliency map, a computational model for visual attention, to predict the focus of attention in the input image. A new level of detail controlling algorithm using multi-resolution pyramid is also developed for locally adapting the rendering parameters, such as the density, orientation and width of pencil strokes, to the degree of attention defined by saliency map. Experimental results show that the images generated with the proposed method present the visual effect similar to that of the real pencil drawing and can successfully direct the viewer’s attention toward the focus.

Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) Driven Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is Accentuated by Tumour Necrosis Factor α (TNFα) via Crosstalk Between the SMAD and NF-κB Pathways

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which an epithelial cell alters its phenotype to that of a mesenchymal cell and plays a critical role in embryonic development, tumour invasion and metastasis and tissue fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) continues to be regarded as the key growth factor involved in driving EMT however recently tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) has been demonstrated to accentuate TGF-β1 driven EMT. In this study we investigate how various signalling pathways contribute to this accentuated effect. A549 cells were treated with TGF-β1 (10ng/ml), TNFα (20ng/ml) or a combination of both for 72h and EMT assessed. The effect of selective inhibition of the SMAD, MAPK and NF-κB pathways on EMT was assessed. A549 cells treated with TGF-β1 downregulate the expression of epithelial markers, increase the expression of mesenchymal markers, secrete matrix-metalloproteinases and become invasive. Significantly, TGF-β1 driven EMT is accentuated by co-treatment with TNFα. SMAD 3 inhibition attenuated TGF-β1 driven EMT but has no effect on the accentuation effect of TNFα. However, inhibiting IKKβ blocked both TGF-β1 driven EMT and the accentuating action of TNFα. Inhibiting p38 and ERK signalling had no effect on EMT. TNFα accentuates TGF-β1 driven EMT in A549 cells via a SMAD 2/3 independent mechanism involving the NF-κB pathway independent of p38 and ERK 1/2 activation.

How accentuation influences semantic short-term memory representations during on-line speech processing: an event-related potential study

In the present study, the ERP (event-related brain potentials) technique was used to investigate how accentuation influences the semantic short-term memory representations during on-line speech processing, and how this accentuation effect interacts with the distance of accentuation in the speech signal. Chinese spoken sentences were used as stimuli. The sentences included two critical words: Noun1 and Noun2, with the ERP time-locked to Noun2. During sentence comprehension, when the listener hears Noun2, he needs to retrieve Noun1 from the working memory and integrate it with Noun2. We manipulated the (de-)accentuation of Noun1 and the semantic relationship between Noun1 and Noun2 by changing Noun1 in the sentence context. Moreover, we manipulated the distance of accentuation (distance between Noun1 and Noun2) by changing the syntactic structure of the sentences. The results revealed a significant main effect of semantic relatedness, indicating that the low semantic relatedness condition elicited a larger N400 than the high semantic relatedness condition. Importantly, there was a significant two-way interaction between semantic relatedness and accentuation and a significant three-way interaction between semantic relatedness, accentuation, and distance. Further analysis demonstrated that, the semantic relatedness effect was modulated by accentuation in the long-distance sentences, but not in the short-distance sentences. That is, in the long-distance sentences, the semantic relatedness effect reached significance only when the to-be-integrated expression in the preceding sentence context was accented; however, in the short-distance sentences, the semantic relatedness effects reached significance regardless of the presence or absence of accentuation. The results indicated that, during on-line speech processing, accentuation can enhance the corresponding information's semantic short-term memory representation, and that the effect of accentuation on semantic short-term memory is somewhat flexible and shows up only when the words in the speech signal were far apart.