Academic Competence Research Articles

Learning With Dogs: An Exploration of Student Outcomes from a Canine-Assisted Experiential Learning Intervention

Pedagogical researchers are increasingly investigating the impact of experiential learning models, which include hands-on or immersive engagement with content, on student outcomes, as compared to traditional transmission-based learning models. Many previous studies focused on academic competencies and learning outcomes, but the present research investigated non-academic positive outcomes such as self-awareness and wellbeing. Self-awareness and meta-learning can be explained by neural reward pathways that govern motivation; active engagement with activities leads to deeper cognitive processing and higher motivation. Thus, students that are actively engaged and interested in their own learning processes tend to have better learning outcomes. Wellbeing is studied less in this context but is preserved and enhanced through this model of learning. This may be in part because experiential activities often allow for increased peer relationships, which are known to act as a buffer against stress. Combining the literature on experiential learning with the literature on canine-assisted learning provides a particularly interesting area of investigation, as several researchers have attempted to integrate the power of experiential learning with the well-known health and wellbeing benefits derived from interacting with dogs. Students reported increased confidence, wellbeing, and literacy skills after engaging with canine-assisted learning programs. Data from a novel case study conducted at Bader College in 2022-23 supported the link between experiential learning and wellbeing. In this case study, ten students took part in a dog training program over the course of the academic year. The students submitted weekly learning reflections, which highlighted the benefits they derived from the experience in relation to wellbeing, deeper cognitive processing, and meta-learning. The results of this case study suggest the need to take a more holistic approach to student outcomes when contrasting experiential learning models with traditional learning models. The study also raised awareness of the benefits of learning activities involving dogs.

A Critical Review of Consumer Protection Online Shopping, False Advertising, and Legal Protection

Objective: The main objective of consumer legal protection is to increase awareness, ability and independence of consumers to protect themselves and create a sense of responsibility for business actors in running their business. Theoretical Framework: The problem and purpose of the study is to identify the possibilities of problem consumer protection online shopping, false advertising, and legal protection. This article explores the evolution of common law and legislation in response to fraudulent, dishonest, or misleading internet advertising, as well as the prevalence of such practices. Method: This research is a legal study that is descriptive qualitative. The data collection technique used in this research is documentation. The approach used in this study is a juridical approach. The data analysis technique used is Miles and Hiberman. The validity technique used in this study is source triangulation. Result and Conclusion: This paper describes the muslim consumer legal protection paradigm in online transactions and assesses Indonesia's regulatory environment. Researchers found in normative legal studies that the e-commerce agreement is separate from the core notion of the agreement provided in the UNCITRAL Model Law on e-Commerce and the UNCITRAL Model Law on e-Signature. Online commerce is similar to regular trade agreements, except it uses electronic media. We discovered that improving human resources—professional competence, academic competence, resilience, methods, and excellent attitudes and values—solves the legal protection against consumers issue. E-commerce contracts must follow fair trade practices and the law. We also note that the present rules and regulations on information and electronic transactions for consumer protection have failed to safeguard consumers because numerous infractions still result in consumer losses. Research Implications: Implementation of these goals necessitates updating the law of consumer legal protection. This implementation is important so that online buying and selling transactions are recognized as legal and accountable electronic transactions. the object of the transaction may not conflict with laws and regulations, decency and public order. Originality/value: It contributed to activation of the rule of law in the form of legal protection for consumers in buying and selling agreements via the internet.

Self-esteem among nursing students at a public university in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study.

Self-esteem is a subjective assessment of one's own value and worth as a person. Self-esteem is recognized as an indicator of a person's mental health, with lower levels associated with mental conditions such as stress and depression. In the context of nursing education, self-esteem has been linked to student's academic performance, clinical competence, and overall well-being. Existing literature suggests that self-esteem among student nurses varies across countries and cultures. Assessing the self-esteem level among student nurses is essential for identifying students at risk of experiencing academic difficulties or mental health problems. The study aimed to assess the self-esteem level among student nurses at Al-Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional design was employed and conducted with 346 nursing students conveniently selected at Majmaah University in Saudi Arabia in May 2023. A self-reported questionnaire utilizing the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) was employed. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics software, including descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The findings revealed that 265 students (76.6%) had moderate self-esteem levels, 53 students (15.3%) had low self-esteem, and 28 students (8.1%) had high levels of self-esteem. Examination of self-esteem in relation to socio-demographic variables resulted in statistically significant correlations with the year of study, physical health, psychological health, and father's education (p <0.05). The study's results offer valuable insights for nurse educators, which can serve as a compass for designing educational and awareness programs to boost self-esteem among student nurses. These initiatives hold significance in equipping students with the necessary attributes for their upcoming roles as professional nurses. Nonetheless, further investigations are warranted to delve into self-esteem and associated factors.

Penerapan Teknik Coaching Dalam Meningkatkan Kompetensi Kepala Madrasah pada Supervisi Pendidikan

Educatinal Supervision is an activity in controlling, directing, guidancing, evaluating and improving the performance of the teachers and staff in teaching leraning proses. Coaching technique is a form of supervition than can be applied in Educational Supervision. This study aims to analtze the application of coacging technique in improving the headmaster’s competency in educational supervision. This study uses the systematic literature Review (SLR) approach. The cata collection technique uses a Google Scholar through the Publish or Parish software. The keywords used are “coaching in Educational Supervison “the year starting from 2018 to 2022 restrictions. Researcer used 7 articles that were directly related to caching cundacted by the headmaster of Madrasa in improving academic supervision competency. The result of the study show that the coaching technique used can improve the supervisory competency of headmaster of Madrasa in maximizing the performance and teacher’s ability in solving the problems.

Growth and Utility of Language and Early Literacy Measures for Young Children

Ongoing expansion of early education services in the United States is often rooted in these programs’ contribution to development that promotes later academic and behavioral competence. Multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS, sometimes referred to as Response to Intervention) represent one increasingly common resource to promote desired outcomes for all children. MTSS requires seasonal screening of all students and progress monitoring of those selected for more intensive intervention. This study explores development and evaluation of measures for these uses, designed specifically to assess the language and early literacy development of 3-year-old children. Results from assessment of 449 children describe measure reliability, growth across three seasonal screenings, development of criterion-referenced benchmarks, and variations in growth for children at different levels of initial performance. Results are discussed in terms of normative versus criterion-referenced standards for building MTSS assessment systems as well as future directions for research, policy, and practice.

Development and psychometric properties of the Student Evaluation of Dissertation Tutoring Scale (SEIDTUS) in Higher Education

Academic dissertation tutoring has become an important academic teaching competence in higher education. However, no assessment instrument has been developed to measure the needed transversal competences in quality tutoring. In two studies, we aim to develop and explore the psychometric properties of the Student Evaluation of Dissertation Tutoring Scale (SEDITUS). In study 1 (N = 82, 72% women), the initial 8 items proposed a unidimensional construct and good fit properties to the Polytomous Rasch model. Differential item functioning (DIF) revealed no significant differences across gender for all the items, and the 4-category structure did function well. In study 2 (N = 1046, 69, 03% women) an expert committee decided to remove 1 item due to lack of generalization process of the item across faculty degrees. A multilevel Rasch model was used to consider the nested nature of the data (students nested in 8 faculties). Results replicated Study 1, with the scale showing appropriate psychometric properties at the item and global level. Overall, the 2 studies suggest the SEDITUS can be recommended as a rapid assessment of tutoring process in dissertations developed both in undergraduate and masters’ degrees.

A Closer Look at Teachers' Professional Competencies

Preparing students for 21st century life should be started by preparing the teachers since they have a great influence in shaping the education outcomes. Besides, the quality of English teachers also influences on teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in Indonesia. This study was aimed at finding out the professional competencies of teachers of English. This study involved three teachers of English, 36 students, the vice-principal of curriculum, and the school principal. The data were collected through observation, questionnaire, interview, and review of documents. The results of the study revealed that the teachers of English at SMKN 3 Palembang were in criteria “competent enough” (73.77%) in completing all aspects of teacher’s professional competencies based on the Ministerial Regulation of National Education Number 16 Year 2007 on the Academic Standards and Competency Qualifications. The findings could contribute some benefits for the teachers of English, the school, and the government in order to gain better quality of teaching and learning English, particularly teachers’ professional competencies.

Strengthening the Role of Muhammadiyah Special Branch in Community Empowerment through Financial Literacy Skills for Indonesian Migrant Workers in Taiwan

It began at the 37th Muktamar in 1968 in Yogyakarta, which formulated the main issues regarding the ideology of Muhammadiyah's life belief. Instilling ideology as part of the cadre process in Muhammadiyah is essential. Regeneration in Muhammadiyah, through programs and activities, is never-ending. In addition, the implementation of the mission and work program requires the role and function of competent, militant, trustworthy, and consistent cadres. Based on this urgency, the dedication of this social service is to strengthen the Muhammadiyah ideology towards the Muhammadiyah Special Branch (PCIM), particularly PCIM Taiwan. The purpose of this program is to encourage Muhammadiyah cadres in Taiwan to have at least 4 (four) competencies, namely: (1) Innovation Competency for the Muhammadiyah Capacity Building Program, (2) Academic and intellectual competence, (3) Social humanity and pioneering competence and (4) Organizational and leadership competence. Therefore, these goals are a form of social service targeting Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI). It aims to give financial literacy to Indonesian Migrant Workers in Taiwan so that they will become financially stable and have managerial skills when they return to Indonesia. However, this skill requires good planning and management. With that, this program will maximize the use of science and technology to introduce financial literacy applications for Indonesian Migrant Workers in Taiwan. Meanwhile, two ways of communication will be used in this program, namely one-way communication by creating a module on how to manage financial expenditure, and two-way communication by educating Indonesian Migrant Workers on how to utilize financial management apps such as Money Lover, Sribuu, Money Manager and so on. Consequently, this activity will improve Indonesian Migrant Workers in Taiwan to have effective and efficient financial management skills.

北愚 桂奉瑀의 생애와 활동에 대한 再考

Gye Bong-U started to attract attention as human exchanges between South Korea and the former Soviet Union became active in the 1990s with data excavation and research conducted on Koreans that migrated to Central Asia. He was an Independence Movement activist, journalist, historian, and national educator that went back and forth between China and Russia.&#x0D; Born in a poor family in Yeongheung, Hamgyeongnam Province in 1880, he grew up as the only son in the family. Despite his remarkable academic competence, he had a period of roaming wandering around the nation, trying to pioneer his unfortunate fate and reality. He devoted himself to the national movement after realizing the reality of his motherland after the Protectorate Treaty between Korea and Japan concluded in 1905. His activities for 40 years until the Liberation of Korea demonstrated the multiplicity of the Independence Movement. His researches on national education and Korean studies in Kazakhstan sustained the identity of Koreans that were forced to migrate and had huge impacts on the foundation of Korean studies in the former Soviet Union regions.&#x0D; Although he wanted to return to his hometown after the Liberation of Korea, he failed to get permission from the Soviet government. He died and was buried in a cemetery in Kzyl-Orda, Kazakhstan in 1959. On April 22, 2019 that was 60 years from his death, his body was transported on a presidential plane, arrived at the Seoul airport, and was enshrined in Chunghondang of Seoul National Cemetery.

ОЦЕНКА СТУДЕНТАМИ, ЗАНИМАЮЩИМИСЯ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫМ И ЛЮБИТЕЛЬСКИМ СПОРТОМ, ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ В ПЕРИОД ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-19

The article is devoted to the actual problem associated with the introduction in March 2020 in educational institutions of e-learning and learning using distance learning technologies in order to prevent the spread of a new coronavirus infection. Students involved in professional and amateur sports during the pandemic faced additional difficulties associated with a completely remote format for mastering the educational program and conducting training. The purpose of the study is to identify the assessment by students involved in professional and amateur sports of the level of formation of their professional and supra-professional competencies in the context of organizing the educational process exclusively with the use of distance learning technologies and e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. The study included 110 students of the KSPU named after. V.P. Astafiev and KrasSMU named after prof. V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky: 62 professional athletes, and 48 students involving in amateur sports. Instrumental methods of research and electronic questioning Google Forms were used. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Microsoft Office Excel 2017 software package and Google Forms. Research results. More than half of the students noted significant differences in the formation of their professional competencies in the conditions of the pandemic (52.36% of respondents in both groups noted a decrease in the level of academic competencies, in 47.64% the level did not change). Students noted a sharp decrease in the level of formation of supra-professional competences (soft skills). Only emotional intelligence remained unchanged for the majority (53.64% of respondents), 46.36% noted its decline. Conclusions. Empirically obtained data allow us to state that the implementation of the educational process using exclusively e-learning and distance learning, in the opinion of students of educational institutions of higher education involved in professional and amateur sports, negatively affects the effectiveness of the educational process: 52.36% have a decrease in the level of formation of professional competencies and there is a sharp decrease in the level of supra-professional competences (the level of formation of cognitive intelligence, creativity, critical thinking, the level of communication).

School Leadership Practices and Students’ Academic Competence in TVET Secondary Schools in Rwanda

School Leadership Practices and Students’ Academic Competence in TVET Secondary Schools in Rwanda

The effectiveness of the Dutch Meaningful Roles program in children: a study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled study

BackgroundA positive, prosocial classroom climate is associated with improved social competence and academic achievement, as well as with decreased internalizing problems and antisocial behavior in children. It is expected that motivation to behave prosocially is needed to achieve a prosocial climate in the classroom, and that such motivation can be enhanced through three components of self-determination theory (SDT): competence, relatedness, and autonomy. The goal of this protocol is to describe the design of a study aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of a classroom-based program based on SDT components promoting a prosocial classroom climate.MethodsA cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted to examine the effectiveness of the classroom-based program Meaningful Roles, aiming to improve prosocial classroom climate through increasing children’s intrinsic prosocial motivation, stimulated by increasing social autonomy, social competence, and social relatedness. A multi-informant (i.e., children, teachers, and school leaders) and multi-method (i.e., questionnaires and focus groups) approach will be used to assess primary outcomes (i.e., prosocial behavior, intrinsic (prosocial) motivation, social autonomy, social competence, and social relatedness) and secondary outcomes (i.e., school wellbeing, social position, bullying, victimization, and civic skills), as well as moderators (i.e., working elements, child, teacher, school, and program characteristics, and program integrity).DiscussionThe current study will provide information on the effectiveness of a classroom-based program promoting a prosocial classroom climate. It is of crucial importance that the school environment can provide a positive, prosocial classroom climate in which children feel safe and can achieve optimal social and academic competence and wellbeing.Trial registrationClinicalTrials (NCT05891067).

Childhood ADHD With and Without Co-occurring Internalizing/Externalizing Problems: Prospective Predictions of Change in Adolescent Academic and Social Functioning.

Internalizing and externalizing problems predict poor academic and social outcomes. However, ADHD co-occurs with internalizing and externalizing problems and is itself a risk factor, thus preventing precise inferences. This study evaluated childhood anxiety, depression, and aggression as predictors of change in adolescent academic and social outcomes, including moderation by childhood ADHD. 182 ethnically-diverse 5- to 11-year-old youth with (54.7%) and without (45.3%) ADHD completed a separate baseline and 6- to 7-year prospective follow-up assessment, consisting of parallel measures across youth psychopathology, academic functioning (i.e., academic achievement, school competence), and friendship quality domains. Whereas childhood ADHD inversely predicted academic competence, depression and aggression uniquely predicted worsening friendship quality. Interestingly, anxiety was unrelated to change in academic and friendship outcomes; similarly, neither ADHD, depression, nor aggression predicted change in objectively-measured academic achievement from a standardized assessment. Implications for intervention and prevention are considered, including school-based approaches, within a developmental psychopathology framework.

Are active school transport and leisure-time physical activity associated with performance and wellbeing at secondary school? A population-based study.

Physically active pupils may be better and more resilient learners. However, it is unclear whether walking or cycling to school yields similar educational and school-related mental health benefits as leisure-time physical activity. We examined the associations of active school transport and leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity with perceived academic performance, competency in academic skills, school burnout and school enjoyment. We included 34 103 Finnish adolescents (mean age 15.4 years; 53% girls) from the 2015 School Health Promotion study cohort. For the analyses, we used logistic regression, adjusting for major sociodemographic, environmental, lifestyle and physical activity covariates. Active school transport was positively associated with educational outcomes and school enjoyment, but not with school burnout. For example, compared with non-active transport, 10-30 min of daily active school transport was linked to 30% [odds ratio (OR) 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21-1.40] and 17% (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.08-1.27) higher odds of high perceived academic performance and high reading competency, respectively. Leisure-time physical activity was robustly associated with all outcomes. For example, compared with the inactive, the most physically active adolescents had 86% higher odds of high perceived academic performance (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.66-2.08), 57% higher odds of high competency in mathematics (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.39-1.77) and 40% lower odds of school burnout (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.52-0.69). Compared with active school transport, leisure-time physical activity was more strongly associated with educational and school-related mental health outcomes. Nevertheless, walking or cycling to school might lead to improvements in classroom performance and school enjoyment.

Talent development practices and processes in learning organisations: evidence from South African higher education institutions

Purpose The purpose of this paper was to identify talent development practices and processes that enhance professional and career growth of employees in South African higher education institutions (HEIs). Design/methodology/approach A quantitative study was carried out to investigate the subject matter. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from 265 academics in three South African HEIs. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 27.0, was used to analyse the data. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and factor analysis were used to test the reliability and validity of the measuring instrument. Pearson’s correlations and regression analysis were used to interpret the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Findings The results of the Pearson correlation test established a strong positive influence of training development, coaching and mentoring and career development on talent development. On the other hand, linear regression results indicated that training and development, coaching and mentoring and career development made a strong contribution to the model. Research limitations/implications The scope of the study only applied to South African HEIs, making the generalisation of the findings to be limited because of the differences in an organisational context. Hence, future research should focus on different industries. Practical implications The study contributes to understanding how talent development can be leveraged to assist academics in HEIs to improve their professional and career goals. The findings suggest that HEIs must invest in talent development to help academics acquire the skills, knowledge and competencies required to perform their tasks. Originality/value This paper sheds more light on talent development practices and processes that enhance academic skills, knowledge and competencies in HEIs. Moreover, the study expands on the findings of prior studies concerning talent development in learning organisations.

A Study of ESP Students' English Language Learning Beliefs, Strategies, and Academic English Achievement

This study set out to examine students' academic English competency, as well as their perspectives on the language-learning process and the methods they employ to succeed. Quantitative techniques were used in this study, including descriptive and correlational designs. The BALLI and SILL tests, as well as the final English exam scores of first-year students, were used as indicators. The research sample consisted of sixty-six first-year management students from Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multivariate correlation, and the Pearson Product Moment correlation. Motivation and expectations ranked highest (M = 3,65), followed by the nature of language learning (M = 3,35), the ability to speak a foreign language (M = 2,97), the method of learning and communication (M = 2,86), and the difficulties associated with language learning (M = 2,74). Students used metacognitive techniques (3.35 times as often as memory strategies (3.28 times), cognitive strategies (3.28 times as often as memory strategies), emotional strategies (3.24 times as often as social strategies (3.28 times as often as compensating methods (3.18 times as often as memory strategies), and so on. Beliefs and techniques were found to have a positive and indirect link with students' English academic achievement (R.035). Academic English performance correlated positively but not significantly with attitudes towards learning the language (r =.145, p 0.245 &gt; 0.05), while it correlated negatively but significantly with strategies for learning English (r = -.144, p 0.248 &gt; 0.05).

Academic global surgical competencies: A modified Delphi consensus study.

Academic global surgery is a rapidly growing field that aims to improve access to safe surgical care worldwide. However, no universally accepted competencies exist to inform this developing field. A consensus-based approach, with input from a diverse group of experts, is needed to identify essential competencies that will lead to standardization in this field. A task force was set up using snowball sampling to recruit a broad group of content and context experts in global surgical and perioperative care. A draft set of competencies was revised through the modified Delphi process with two rounds of anonymous input. A threshold of 80% consensus was used to determine whether a competency or sub-competency learning objective was relevant to the skillset needed within academic global surgery and perioperative care. A diverse task force recruited experts from 22 countries to participate in both rounds of the Delphi process. Of the n = 59 respondents completing both rounds of iterative polling, 63% were from low- or middle-income countries. After two rounds of anonymous feedback, participants reached consensus on nine core competencies and 31 sub-competency objectives. The greatest consensus pertained to competency in ethics and professionalism in global surgery (100%) with emphasis on justice, equity, and decolonization across multiple competencies. This Delphi process, with input from experts worldwide, identified nine competencies which can be used to develop standardized academic global surgery and perioperative care curricula worldwide. Further work needs to be done to validate these competencies and establish assessments to ensure that they are taught effectively.

CoBERT: A Contextual BERT model for recommending employability profiles of information technology students in unstable developing countries

Unemployment constitutes one of the major problems in developing countries, with factors such as unavailable skills and the proliferation of unskilled workers being cited as main causes. The existing literature has shown that using social networks analysis techniques, employment options for students and graduates can be accurately generated through recommender systems (RS) to optimize the chances of employment. Therefore, this study proposes a fine-tuned Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model named Contextual BERT (CoBERT) for item-centered content-based (CB) filtering RS. The model uses socio-political background, graduate-employer relationship and graduate academic competencies of information technology (IT) students as contextual factors to recommend employability profiles of IT students in unstable developing countries (UDCs) such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The performance of the proposed model is verified using four metrics. To evaluate the online performance of the model, the metrics of Diversity and Novelty are used. The metrics of normalized discounted cumulative gain (nDCG) and mean average precision (MAP) are applied to evaluate the model offline. The proposed model shows a high nDCG value at Top-N=4, equaling to 0.99. Validation statistics of 0.5 MAP score and significant t-statistics test values for Diversity and Novelty indicate that the proposed model can be generalized in the DRC and other similar UDCs. The RS model proposed in the current study contributes to the literature on employability models by advancing beyond traditional approaches such as fuzzy logic (FL), and also by taking graduate skills into account. The proposed model is a novel employability recommendation technique that provides highly precise and contextual recommendations. The output from this study contributes a theoretical foundation for implementing RSs in education and the industry.

Do Personality Traits Moderate the Impact of Social-Media Multi-Tasking on Academic Competence? Higher Education Perspective.

The aim of this research study is to investigate the impact of social media multitasking on academic competence. Furthermore, this study also is looking for a moderating role of personality traits including, Openness, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, and agreeableness. As to answer the research questions and hypotheses testing, researchers collected data from different universities that exist in Gujranwala, Pakistan, and valid response from 572 respondents was recorded, including teachers and students. The results were obtained by using M-plus software. The findings of this research indicates that social media multitasking has a significant negative effect on academic competence and indicated that personality traits significantly moderate among social media multitasking and academic competence except agreeableness which shows an insignificant moderation effect between social media multitasking and academic competence. This research study suggested that it is necessity for teachers and parents to motivate students for self-regulation of laptops, mobile phone and multi-tasking behaviors, the significance of encouraging students to acquire self-efficacy and learning. This is the first-time study in Pakistan which investigate a comprehensive model by using social media multi-tasking as an independent variable and academic competence as a dependent variable and drill the five dimensions of personality traits as moderators in this study.

Factors Influence Female Teachers' Academic Competencies at the Secondary School Level

The research focuses on how many factors influence the academic competencies of female secondary school educators. The study set out to accomplish the research objective of identifying the factors that affect the competencies of female secondary school teachers. The study employed a descriptive research strategy. All female secondary school teachers in Central Punjab were included in the study population. Two hundred fifty female secondary school educators participated in the study. In order to get representative data from participants, the researchers used a random sampling method. In order to gather information from a research sample, a questionnaire was designed. Most study participants (93.6%) agreed that girls' schools impact female educators' abilities. Researchers found that all three contextual factors significantly affected how well women performed as secondary school educators.