Abuse Questionnaire Research Articles

The Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse among Slovak Late Adolescents

ABSTRACTThe present study aimed to assess the prevalence and characteristics of child sexual abuse (CSA) in a large-scale sample of Slovak late adolescents. Randomized cluster sampling was used to sample 2186 students in their final school year of secondary school with mean age of 18.6 years (SD = .7 years). The study employed the Child Sexual Abuse Questionnaire consisting of multiple behavior-specific questions. The prevalence of CSA was analyzed separately for three clusters of CSA and gender. The prevalence of non-contact forms of CSA was 40.6% among girls and 17.7% among boys. CSA with physical contact without penetration was reported by 30.2% girls and 11.6% boys. The prevalence of CSA with penetration was 5.6% among girls and 1.3% among boys. More than half of CSA occurred between 16 and 18 years of age. The severity of abuse was positively associated with acquaintance to the perpetrator. Roughly 43–56% disclosed the abuse to another person. The majority of disclosed CSA was revealed to peers and partners. A negligible proportion of CSA instances were reported to the police. Prevention activities should consider a broad spectrum of CSA in order to counteract tendencies to associate CSA only with unwanted sexual intercourse.

Childhood adversities are different in Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders, Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder

BackgroundResearch has shown that a history of childhood adversities is common in patients with psychiatric disorders but few studies have investigated links between specific types of adversity and specific psychiatric disorders.MethodsWe investigated the frequency of early childhood adversities in a sample consisting of 91 patients with diagnosis of schizophrenic spectrum disorders (SSD), 74 patients with bipolar disorder (BD), 83 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 85 healthy controls and sought to identify adverse early childhood life events that predict the development of major psychiatric disorders. The Childhood Experiences of Care and Abuse questionnaire was used to collect data on traumatic experiences occurring before the age of 17 years and comprehensive demographic data were also collected. The data were analyzed with chi-squared tests, t-tests, post-hoc and logistic regression.ResultsMaternal absence/loss and economic difficulties in the early life were more prevalent in the BD group than other groups. Escape from home, cannabis abuse, psychological abuse, physical abuse and loneliness were more frequent in the SSD group than in other groups. Paternal absence, neglect of core needs, serious familial tension and absence of adult and peer confidants were all less common in the HC group than in the other groups. The regression model confirmed that different types of adversities play a crucial role in the development of the three investigated disorders.ConclusionsOur results support that SSD, BD and MDD are associated to different childhood adversities. This suggests that psychosocial interventions that reduce the incidence of these early life adversities might reduce the incidence of severe and disabling psychiatric disorders.

Psychosexual Correlates of Unwanted Sexual Experiences in Women Consulting for Female Sexual Dysfunction According to Their Timing Across the Life Span

BackgroundComparative data on the psychopathologic and sexual correlates of unwanted sexual experiences (USEs) occurring during childhood, adolescence, or adult life are lacking. AimTo investigate the prevalence of USEs in a setting of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) and to examine whether they are associated with different psychosexual parameters depending on the timing of occurrence. MethodsA consecutive series of 200 heterosexual women attending our clinic for FSD was consecutively recruited. Main Outcome MeasurePatients underwent a structured interview and completed the Female Sexual Function Index, the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire, the Female Sexual Distress Scale–Revised, the Body Uneasiness Test, and the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse questionnaire. USEs were classified as occurring in adult life (≥17), adolescence (<17 and ≥14), or childhood (<14 years). Results47 women (23.5%) reported USEs, occurring in childhood, adolescence, and adult life in 38.3% (n = 18), 31.9% (n = 15), and 29.8% (n = 14) of cases, respectively. We observed an association between history of lifetime USEs and indexes of psychopathology, specifically diagnosis of psychiatric diseases, use of psychiatric medications, and anxiety symptoms (Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire free-floating anxiety score). USEs were associated with lower orgasm ability (Female Sexual Function Index orgasm domain), higher sexually related distress levels (Female Sexual Distress Scale–Revised total score), and higher body image concerns (Body Uneasiness Test) including depersonalization symptoms. Notably, women exposed to USEs in adolescence reported a stronger impairment of arousal, orgasm, and satisfaction domains and higher sexual distress when compared to women without a history of USEs or reporting USEs in childhood. Women exposed to USEs in childhood exhibited higher body image concerns and depersonalization symptoms when compared to those not reporting USEs. Clinical ImplicationsUSEs should be investigated in women consulting for FSD because patients who had USEs may require unique strategies to optimize the diagnostic and therapeutic work-up of their sexual symptoms. Strength & LimitationsOur main contribution is that we addressed the different impacts of USEs depending on their timing across the life span. However, the cross-sectional nature of the study does not allow determination of the cause-and-effect nature of the associations, and the selectivity of the sample (women consulting for FSD) limits the generalizability of the results. ConclusionThe negative outcomes of USEs vary according to their timing of occurrence: adolescence appears as the most sensitive temporal window for USEs to exert their deleterious effects on female sexuality, whereas childhood USEs are more tightly related to a severe body uneasiness in adult life.Maseroli M, Scavello I, Campone B, et al. Psychosexual Correlates of Unwanted Sexual Experiences in Women Consulting for Female Sexual Dysfunction According to Their Timing Across the Life Span. J Sex Med 2018;15:1739–1751.

Domestic elder abuse and associated factors in elderly women in Tehran, Iran.

OBJECTIVESElderly people are often abused in many ways, with serious and lasting consequences. Elder abuse remains one of the most hidden forms of family conflict, and its frequency is anticipated to be rising in many countries that are rapidly experiencing population aging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of domestic elder abuse in elderly women in Tehran, Iran and to identify associated factors.METHODSThis cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 among 260 women aged 60 and over, selected through multistage random sampling. Information on abuse and its risk factors was collected through interviews with the elderly in their homes. In order to measure domestic elder abuse, the validated Domestic Elderly Abuse Questionnaire was used. The ordinal logistic test was used in Stata version 12 to identify factors related to elder abuse.RESULTSOverall, 90.4% of the subjects had experienced at least 1 type of abuse, among which authority deprivation (68.5%) was the most common and rejection (11.2%) the least common. The ordinal logistic analysis showed that the likelihood of experiencing more severe severe abuse was significantly higher in elderly people over 72 than in those aged 60-62 years (odds ratio, 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 4.17).CONCLUSIONSDomestic elder abuse was found to be common in older women. Old age was an important risk factor for domestic elder abuse in elderly women in Tehran. Managing and preventing elder abuse is an important issue that needs to be addressed.

Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Children’s Knowledge of Abuse Questionnaire (CKAQ-RIII) in Greek Elementary School Children

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to culturally adapt and validate the Children’s Knowledge of Abuse Questionnaire-RIII (CKAQ-RIII), a tool that examines children’s understanding of sexual abuse concepts, for use in Greek elementary schools. A sample of 467 Greek school children between the ages of 6–9 was recruited from a private school. The CKAQ-RIII was administrated three times, before and immediately after a Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) prevention intervention program, as well as during a one-year follow-up evaluation. A subsample of the original population (N = 113) completed the one year follow up administration of CKAQ-RIII, along with the Body Awareness (BA) and the Emotional Differentiation (ED) subscales of the Emotion Awareness Questionnaire (EAQ). Internal consistency was high for the inappropriate touch scale (ITS) of the CKAQ-RIII and moderate for the appropriate touch subscale (ATS). Inter-item analysis showed that the majority of items were in an acceptable range. Pearson correlation coefficients analyses revealed strong associations between the two subscales of ITS and ATS, and the overall scores of the questionnaire. A mixed-subjects analysis of variance on the ITS showed an increase in knowledge post intervention, with third graders (8–9 year olds) generally scoring higher at baseline and demonstrating greater knowledge gains post intervention. A mixed-subjects analysis of variance was also conducted for the ATS where no significant increase in knowledge was found. Furthermore, analysis revealed a good concurrent criterion validity with good levels of agreement between CKAQ-RIII and ED, whereas no relationship was established between CKAQ-RIII and BA.

A whole-school child maltreatment prevention programme in primary schools in Northern Ireland: 1 year results of Keeping Safe, a cluster-randomised controlled trial

BackgroundChild maltreatment has a pervasive, detrimental impact on children's wellbeing. There exist gaps in evidence on school-based prevention programmes—namely, failure to use experimental designs and standardised validated measures in evaluation, and design limitations in terms of their duration, intensity, and breadth. We aimed to address these gaps in evaluating the effectiveness of Keeping Safe, a whole school child maltreatment prevention programme. MethodsIn a two-arm cluster-randomised controlled trial, participating schools were randomised (1:1, wait-list control group) using a computer-generated list. Intervention schools implemented Keeping Safe between Sept 16, 2016, and June 30, 2018, while wait-list control schools continued to teach the statutory curriculum as usual. Keeping Safe, which is premised on a whole-school model with components covering all forms of maltreatment, targets children, parents, and school staff. Power calculations indicated that approximately 40 schools are required in each arm of the study to detect a minimum detectable effect size of 0·19 SD with 80% power and 95% significance. This was to allow for a minimum detectable percentage point difference of 2·7 for an outcome that is rare in the control group, at around 5% (ie, disclosure of abuse). Data were collected by teachers and school staff under classroom test conditions following a standard data collection procedure devised by the research team. It was not possible to blind school staff. However, the outcome data were obtained through a self-report measure reducing potential outcome assessor bias. Data processors and the trial statistician were blinded to allocation. Data were collected at baseline (June, 2016), and 1 and 2 years after programme implementation. Primary outcome measures included Children's Knowledge of Abuse Questionnaire (CKAQ), a 33-item questionnaire designed to assess children's knowledge of sexual abuse, and the “What If” Situations Test (WIST), which assesses children's ability to “Identify”, “Refuse”, “Escape” “Tell”, and “Report” inappropriate situations. Analysis was by intention-to-treat and conducted at the level of the individual, taking into account the clustering effects of schools. Here we report analysis of data collected after the first year of implementation (June, 2016, to June, 2017). Ethics approval was given by the NSPCC Research Ethics Committee R/15/67 Findings33 schools were allocated to the intervention (1649 children) and 31 to control (1550 children) groups. The ITT analysis ensures that children included at baseline were included at Time 1. After year 1 the intervention group had 31 schools (two schools withdrew in July, 2016, after randomisation, citing changing school leadership as the reason for withdrawal) and the control group had 30 schools (one withdrew in June, 2016, citing sensitive content of questions in outcome measures as reason for withdrawal). There were no statistically significant differences between intervention and control at baseline across all outcomes. After 1 year, the intervention group scored significantly higher than the control group on three of the four knowledge dimensions of the CKAQ (appropriate refusal β=0·241, p=0·001; inappropriate touch β=0·850, p<0·0001; and inappropriate touch in familiar relationships β=0·455, p<0·0001); assessment of appropriate touch was not significantly different. The intervention group also scored higher on four of the five skill dimensions of the WIST (“Identify” β=0·675, p=0·007; “Escape” β=0·741, p=0·049; “Tell” β=0·432, p=0·035; and “Report” β=1·006, p=0·03). InterpretationThese results are encouraging and useful for initial planning around scale-up of the Keeping Safe programme. FundingThe Department of Education Northern Ireland (5 year grant, 2013–18). This funder has no role in study design, collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of data, writing of the report, or the decision to submit the report for publication.

Abuse of pregnant women in the healthcare system

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of abuse in healthcare system during pregnancy and its impact on pregnancy outcomes.Materials and methods: A validated screening Norvold Abuse Questionnaire for the identification of female victims of four kinds of abuse: emotional, physical, sexual, and the abuse in the healthcare system was anonymously offered to all women in the first 2 days postpartum.Results: The study group consisted of 1018 women, 6.2% of which reported experiencing abuse in healthcare system during pregnancy. Affected women had a higher incidence of preterm delivery (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.2–4.8) and cesarean section rate (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.1–3.6). Sexual abuse and abuse in healthcare system during childhood were associated with abuse in healthcare system during pregnancy (OR 4.4; CI 95% 1.2–16.2 and OR 6.9; CI 95% 1.3–35.4, respectively).Conclusions: Our study indicates that as many as 6.2% of pregnant women experience abusive encounters with perinatal care providers. These pregnancies eventually end more often preterm and by cesarean section. This possibly causal relationship should be further explored.

Deviance or Normalcy? The Relationship Among Paraphilic Thoughts and Behaviors, Hypersexuality, and Psychopathology in a Sample of University Students

IntroductionThe actual definitions of paraphilic thoughts or behaviors and hypersexuality are still a matter of debate in the scientific community, and few studies have evaluated their psychopathological correlates in non-clinical samples of both men and women. AimThis study aimed at shedding light on the gender differences in terms of frequency of paraphilic fantasies and behaviors, and the relationship among paraphilias, hypersexuality, and general psychopathology. MethodsA sample of 775 university students (243 men, 532 women) was recruited from 6 Italian universities using questionnaires posted in social networks. Paraphilic behaviors, fantasies, and masturbation during these fantasies were evaluated, as well as hypersexuality, psychopathological correlates, self-perceived gender identity, and a history of adverse childhood conditions. Main Outcome MeasuresParticipants were assessed on the presence of paraphilic fantasies, behaviors, and masturbation related to paraphilic thoughts, and evaluated by means of the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised, the Hypersexual Disorder Screening Inventory, the International Index of Erectile Function, the Female Sexual Function Index, the Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire, and the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire. ResultsIn the present survey, 50.6% of the men and 41.5% of the women reported at least 1 behavior considered paraphilic. A gender difference in the prevalence of the main paraphilic interests and behaviors was observed, with men reporting a higher prevalence of voyeurism, exhibitionism, sadism, and frotteurism, and a higher prevalence of fetishism and masochism in women. Both general psychopathology and sexual dysfunctions were associated with hypersexuality, rather than with the content of sexual fantasies. Finally, an association between childhood adversities and hypersexuality was found in women but not in men. Clinical ImplicationsUnderstanding the psychopathological correlates of paraphilic fantasies/behaviors and hypersexuality may allow clinicians to develop specific psychological and pharmacological interventions. Strengths & LimitationsThis is one of the few studies assessing paraphilic phenomenology and psychopathological correlates of hypersexuality in a non-clinical sample of both men and women. ConclusionThe results seem to demonstrate that paraphilic thoughts and behaviors are not really a deviation from normalcy, rather they are quite widespread in the young population, and the distinction between healthy and pathological sexual interests may be better replaced by an all-encompassing approach considering ego-dystonic sexuality, hypersexuality, and their psychopathological correlates.Castellini G, Rellini AH, Appignanesi C, et al. Deviance or Normalcy? The Relationship Among Paraphilic Thoughts and Behaviors, Hypersexuality, and Psychopathology in a Sample of University Students. J Sex Med 2018;15:1322–1335.

Different types of childhood adversity and 5-year outcomes in a longitudinal cohort of first-episode psychosis patients

Little is known about the impact of different forms of childhood adversity on outcomes in first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients beyond the first year of treatment. We investigated associations between different types of childhood adversity and outcomes of FEP patients over the 5 years following their first contact with mental health services for psychosis. 237 FEP cases aged 18–65 years were followed on average for 5 years after first presentation to psychiatric services in South London, UK. Childhood adversity prior to 17 years of age was assessed at baseline using the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q). The results showed that exposure to at least one type of childhood adversity was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of achieving symptomatic remission, longer inpatient stays, and compulsory admission over the 5-year follow-up. There was no evidence though of a dose-response effect. Some specificity was evident. Childhood parental separation was associated with significantly greater likelihood of non-compliance with antipsychotic medications, compulsory admission, and substance dependence. Institutional care was significantly associated with longer total length of inpatient stays; and parental death was significantly associated with compulsory admissions. Clinicians should screen FEP patients for childhood adversity and tailor interventions accordingly to improve outcomes.

Sexual Abuse Prevention Concept Knowledge: Low Income Children Are Learning but Still Lagging

ABSTRACTSchool-based child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention programs have proliferated since beginning over 30 years ago. Research on program effectiveness has emphasized summative outcomes while under-reporting implementation and process fidelity, limiting reliable comparisons across programs and populations. External validity is further limited by racially and economically homogenous samples, or a failure to report such demographics. This article presents data from a CSA prevention program delivered to 2nd and 3rd grade public school children. A formative concept and item level analysis on the Children’s Knowledge of Abuse Questionnaire at baseline and four week follow-up, as well as fidelity and implementation data, are reported. Results show that children learn and retain certain concepts, but vary widely in knowledge across items. This sample of low-income, minority children also show lower baseline and “learned” abuse prevention knowledge compared to published norms, which is not attributed to implementation variability. These data give critical insight into workshop effectiveness that is masked in summative reporting, yet essential to adapting and strengthening school-based CSA programs. Knowing the long-term consequences of adverse childhood experiences and disparate health outcomes linked to race and socioeconomic status, it is imperative to adequately assess CSA prevention program impact across diverse populations.

Analysis of Deviant Friends’ Mediator Effect on Relationships Between Adolescent Risk Behaviours and Peer Bullying, Abuse Experiences and Psychological Resilience

The purpose of this study is to develop a structural equation model that explains the mediating roles of deviant friends in the relationship between high school students’ risk behaviors and their childhood abuse experiences, peer bullying and also psychological resilience levels. For this purpose, data were collected from 562 students who attend Anatolian High Schools in Burdur city center. Ego Resilience Questionnaire, Peer Bullying Detection Questionnaire, Childhood Experience of Abuse Questionnaire, Deviant Friends Questionnaire and Risky Behavior Questionnaire were used as data collection tools in the study. The findings obtained within the framework of structural equation modeling revealed that deviant friends assumed a mediatory role on the relationship between adolescents’ childhood abuse experiences, peer bullying, psychological resilience levels and adolescents’ risk behaviors. It was asserted that, while deviant friends exhibited complete mediatory role between the relationship between childhood abuse experiences and risk behaviors, deviant friends assumed partial mediatory role on the relationship between peer bullying, psychological resilience and risk behaviors. Findings of the study were discussed in context of the literature, and some suggestions were made for future studies.

Childhood Maltreatment, Pathological Personality Dimensions, and Suicide Risk in Young Adults.

Several studies have demonstrated that child maltreatment (psychological, physical, and sexual abuse, and neglect) may be a significant factor in the development of pathological personality traits that increase the risk for suicidal ideation and behavior from adolescence to adulthood. Currently, the challenge is to understand how different forms of early negative experiences render an individual prone to develop specific personality traits and, in turn, be more vulnerable to suicide risk. To understand the relationship between childhood maltreatment and personality dimensions in suicide risk, our study aims to explore the role of self-criticism and dependency, two different pathological personality traits, as potential mediators of the link between different types of childhood maltreatment and suicide risk in young adults. For this purpose, 306 students from three Italian public universities were recruited. We used the Italian version of the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q) to assess experiences of lack of care by parents (i.e., antipathy and neglect) as well as psychological and physical abuse before the age of 17 years. The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) was used to assess the personality dimensions of self-criticism and dependency, and the Suicide History Self-Rating Screening Scale was administered to assess suicide risk. Results revealed that lack of care and psychological abuse were significantly associated with suicide risk and this association was partially mediated by the maladaptive personality dimension of self-criticism. These findings suggest that the combined effect of specific forms of dysfunctional parental behavior during childhood and the development of rigid and dysfunctional negative personality traits may increase the risk for suicidal ideation and behavior during adulthood.

Pathological Narcissism in Adolescents: Relationships with Childhood Maltreatment and Internalizing and Externalizing Difficulties

Background: There are significant gaps in our understanding of vulnerable and grandiose narcissism in adolescents and whether it is associated with psychosocial difficulties as well as risk factors such as child maltreatment. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine vulnerable and grandiose narcissism in adolescents and young adults. Method: 570 participants (ages 14-21) from the community completed an online survey. Vulnerable and grandiose narcissism were assessed with the Pathological Narcissism Inventory, while psycho-social difficulties were assessed with the Child Behaviour Checklist and maltreatment with the Childhood Experiences of Care and Abuse Questionnaire. Results: Gender-specific age trends were identified, with narcissism appearing to decrease with age for females, while increasing for males into early adulthood. For females, vulnerable and grandiose narcissism was associated with maltreatment and partially mediated the relationship between abuse and neglect and internalizing and externalizing difficulties. Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of considering the relationship between childhood maltreatment experiences and suggest that the relationship between such experiences and adolescent psychosocial difficulties may be partially accounted for by the negative impact that maltreatment has on narcissism.

Interaction between childhood adversity and functional polymorphisms in the dopamine pathway on first-episode psychosis

BackgroundThere is consistent evidence of a cumulative relationship between childhood adversity and psychosis, with number of adversities experienced increasing the probability of psychosis onset. It is possible that genetic factors moderate the association between childhood adversity and psychosis, potentially by influencing how an individual reacts biologically and/or psychologically following exposure to adversity, in such a way as to set them off on the path to psychosis. However, identifying the specific genetic variants involved and how they interact with childhood adversity remains challenging. We examined whether the association between cumulative exposure to childhood adversity and development of psychotic disorder was moderated by the COMT Val158Met, AKT1 rs2494732 or DRD2 rs1076560 polymorphisms, known to affect dopamine levels. MethodsParticipants were 285 first-presentation psychosis cases and 256 geographically-matched controls drawn from the Genetics and Psychosis (GAP) study. Childhood adversity was assessed using the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q) and blood- and cheek-derived genotype data were collected. ResultsOur findings revealed no main effect of COMT Val158Met, AKT1 rs2494732 and DRD2 rs1076560 polymorphisms on psychosis case status or reports of childhood adversity. Individuals reporting a history of multiple adversities were more likely to be psychosis patients than controls, regardless of their genetic risk. There was no evidence of candidate genotype by childhood adversity interactions in relation to psychosis onset. ConclusionThese findings did not provide evidence of a possible role of COMT Val158Met, AKT1 rs2494732 or DRD2 rs1076560 genotypes in modifying the association between childhood adversity and onset of psychosis.

T130. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND 5-YEAR OUTCOMES IN FIRST-EPISODE PSYCHOSIS PATIENTS

BackgroundLittle is known about the impact of different forms of childhood adversity (CA) on outcomes in first episode psychosis (FEP) patients beyond the first year of treatment. We investigated associations between different types of CA and 5-year outcomes in a well-characterised sample of FEP patients.MethodsA total of 237 FEP cases aged 18–65 years were followed on average for 5 years after first presentation to psychiatric services in South-London, UK. CA was assessed at service entry using the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire. Using electronic clinical notes, extensive information was collected on clinical and social outcomes, service use, and self-injurious behaviours. As case analysis with missing data provides the most severely biased results we conducted multiple imputations to handle the missing data. We imputed the missing values using multiple imputations by chained equations (MICE). MICE has been shown to be a robust method for dealing with missing data across empirical and longitudinal studies.Results72.1% of the sample reported at least one form of CA. Childhood parental separation was associated with greater likelihood of non-compliance with antipsychotic medications (OR=2.44, 95% CI=1.11–5.39), compulsory admission (OR=2.40, 95% CI=1.32–4.37), and living alone (OR=1.99, 95% CI=1.04–3.81) by the end of the follow-up. Institutional care was associated with longer total length of inpatient stay (IRR=1.34, 95% CI=1.01–1.79); parental death was associated with compulsory admissions (OR=2.87, 95% CI=1.02–8.05) during the follow-up.DiscussionOur findings suggest some specificity in the detrimental impact of CA on service use and social functioning over a 5-year period following first contact with mental health services for psychosis. Clinicians should screen patients for CA and tailor interventions accordingly to improve outcomes.

Cyber dating violence: Prevalence and correlates among high school students from small urban areas in Quebec

BackgroundAdolescents in a dating relationship can interact anytime using information and communication technologies. Yet, despite associated potential benefits, this availability of means to reach out to their partner may also exacerbate possible conflictual exchanges, including dating violence through technology. This study aimed to document the prevalence of cyber dating violence (CDV) victimization and perpetration among teenagers. It also explored self-esteem and psychological distress in participants having been perpetrators, victims, or perpetrator-victims, compared with those not having experienced CDV. MethodsThe sample comprised 190 teenagers from a small urban area who completed the K10 psychological distress scale, the Self-Description Questionnaire, which measures self-esteem, and the Cyber Dating Abuse Questionnaire, which measures the prevalence of CDV victimization and perpetration. ResultsOur results suggest no gender difference in the prevalence of CDV victimization (35.8%), perpetration (33.0%), or the high co-occurrence rate of victimization and perpetration (27.2%) in the last 12 months. When age and gender were controlled for, cyber dating violence was found to be associated with low self-esteem and psychological distress in teenagers. Cyberperpetration was also associated with higher self-esteem. LimitationsThe cross-sectional design precludes any conclusion about the sequencing of the variables. Reliance on a convenience sample also represents a limitation of the study. ConclusionsCDV is associated with low self-esteem and psychological distress in teenagers. Dating violence prevention programs should include issues related to CDV, considering its high prevalence, conceptual proximity to psychological violence, and relationship with psychological distress and low self esteem.

童年情感虐待经历对大学生抑郁的影响：心理复原力的中介作用

目的：探讨大学生在童年时期所遭受的情感虐待经历对他们抑郁水平的影响，并探究心理复原力在其中的中介作用。方法：采用童年情感虐待经历问卷、心理弹性量表(CD-RISC)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)考察大学生童年所遭受情感虐待经历、心理复原力、抑郁水平三者之间的关系。结果：① 童年期情感虐待经历对大学生抑郁状态具有正向预测作用。② 心理复原力在大学生童年期情感虐待经历与抑郁之间起到中介作用。结论：大学生童年期情感虐待经历既可以对抑郁产生直接的影响，也可以通过心理复原力间接影响抑郁；心理复原力起到部分中介作用。 Objective: To explore the impact of childhood emotional abuse experiences on the level of depression in college students and the mediating effect of resilience. Methods: The children’s childhood emotional abuse questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Results: ① Childhood emotional abuse experience had positive predictive effect on college students’ depression. ② Resilience played a mediating role between college students’ childhood emotional abuse experience and depression. Conclusion: The experience of childhood emotional abuse had a direct impact on depression, and also indirectly affected depression through resilience; resilience played a partial mediating role between childhood emotional abuse and depression.

Effectiveness of Integration of Mindfulness –Based Cognitive Therapy and Recovery Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Adolescents with Spectrum Bipolar Disorder

Objective: The aim of this study was Effectiveness of Integration of Mindfulness –based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and recovery cognitive behavioral therapy (RCBT) on adolescents with spectrum bipolar disorder (BD). Method: BD diagnosis in 80 adolescents was based on DSM-IV TR that patients were randomly assigned to one of the following: Experimental group under combined treatment MBCT & RFCBT, and groups MBCT, RFCBT and Control group (TAU) under pharmacological treatment. The questionnaires used in the research included: Manian Yang MYR questionnaire, K-SADS quality of life questionnaire, impulsivity questionnaire, bipolar depression questionnaire, Beck anxiety inventory, Coke drug abuse questionnaire. We used an analysis of variance (MANOVA), including one or two factors, with repeated measures at different evaluation times: baseline, post-treatment, 6-month follow-up. Results: We found significant between-group differences at all evaluation times after the treatment. The experimental group showed that the effect of MBCT treatment on improving the psychiatric and psychological symptoms of individuals in three stages (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) (849 / 0) is significant. The effect of RFCBT treatment on improving the psychiatric and psychological symptoms of individuals in three stages (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) is somewhat significant and the effect of treatment (group membership) in the post-test and follow-up stage 0.27% and 0.31%, respectively, meaning that 0.27% of individual differences in the improvement of psychiatric and psychiatric symptoms (during the test) and 31/0 percent (follow-up) for differences in membership group (treatment effect) and finally the integration of psychiatric and psychological MBCT and RFCBT improves the symptoms of spectrum bipolar disorders exist. Conclusions: Our results suggest that a combined treatment is effective in patients with refractory bipolar disorder. Suggestions for future research are commented on.

Dissociative phenomenon among sexually abused egyptian female participants with substance dependence

Objective The purpose of this article is to study dissociative symptoms in female addicts exposed to sexual abuse in their childhood. Participants and methods This study included 44 Egyptian females who were recruited from a private psychiatric hospital and from a halfway center receiving treatment for substance abuse. Overall, 22 cases were sexually abused during their childhood (before age of 18 years), whereas 22 controls were not exposed to sexual abuse. Addiction severity index was used to assess history of addiction, age of starting smoking, and age of starting substance abuse. Addiction severity index was used to measure emotional abuse and physical abuse. Sexual abuse questionnaire was used to measure sexual abuse. Questionnaire of experience of dissociation was used to measure dissociative phenomena. Results There was a statistically significant difference regarding the age of starting smoking (P=0.03) and age of starting substance abuse (P=0.04). Moreover, there was a highly statistically significant difference between both groups regarding questionnaire of experience of dissociation scores (P=0.00). Conclusion Female participants with substance dependence who are sexually abused showed more pathological dissociative symptoms than those who were not. Female participants who are sexually abused during their childhood are more prone to start smoking and substance abuse at younger age than their peers. Physical abuse was higher in sexually abused female participants than those who were not.

CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE; COMPARISON OF KNOWLEDGE AND ALERTNESS AMONG GENDERS

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a significant health problem with potential long-term consequences for victims, therefore knowledge regarding sexual abuse is essential for children. Educating children about body parts, good and bad touch develops positive body image and self-confidence. Informed and confident children are more likely to prevent themselves from abuse and reach out for the help. This quantitative descriptive survey based study evaluates and compares the knowledge and alertness against CSA among children of both genders. 100 participants of age bracket 6 to 12 years old both genders from different areas of Karachi were selected through simple random sampling technique. Informed consent was taken from the parents of the participants. The survey of 20-25 minutes was done in a course of 2 weeks in a semi structures setting. Each question was explained to children taken in group of 5, in simple and comprehensible Urdu language. Assessment was done using The Child Knowledge of Abuse Questionnaire - Rev II (CKAQ-REV II). Result indicates negligible difference of knowledge and skills about CSA between girls and boys. More than average of the children in the study have marked ‘False’ and ‘I don’t know’ on the application based questions that depict poor practical skills. Mean score of girls and boys on CKAQ-REV II is 16 and 17 respectively that shows children of Pakistani society are at high risk of CSA. Similar study can be performed to find the correlation of knowledge and awareness of CSA between children and their parents.