Abundance Of Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria Research Articles

Diversity and Antibiotic Resistance of Triticale Seed-Borne Bacteria on the Tibetan Plateau.

The Tibetan Plateau is located in southwestern China. It has many important ecological functions, such as biodiversity protection, and is an important grassland agroecosystem in China. With the development of modern agriculture and animal husbandry, antibiotics are widely used to treat humans and livestock, and antibiotics cannot be fully metabolised by both. Antibiotics eventually find their way into the environment, affecting other parts of grassland agroecosystems. Triticale (Triticosecale wittmack) is an artificial hybrid forage that can be used for both grain and forage. This study revealed the diversity of seedborne bacteria in triticale on the Tibetan Plateau and the resistance of the bacteria to nine antibiotics. It identified 37 representative strains and successfully obtained the spliced sequences of 36 strains of the bacteria, which were clustered into 5 phyla and 16 genera. Among them, 18 strains showed resistance to at least one of the 9 antibiotics, and the colony-forming unit (CFU) abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) accounted for 45.38% of the total samples. Finally, the bacterial motility and biofilm formation ability were measured, and their correlation with bacterial resistance was analysed. The results showed that the bacterial resistance did not have an absolute positive correlation with the motility or biofilm formation ability.

Impact of soil supplemented with pig manure on the abundance of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their associated genes.

This study was conducted to evaluate the abundance of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their resistance genes from agriculture soil supplemented with pig manure. Uncultivable soil sample was supplemented with pig manure samples under microcosm experimental conditions and plated on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar incorporated with commercial antibiotics. The supplementation of soil with 15% pig manure resulted in the highest increase in the population of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB)/multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria (MARB). Seven genera that included Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Providencia, Salmonella, Bacillus, Alcaligenes and Paenalcaligenes were the cultivable ARB identified. A total of ten antibiotic resistant bacteria genes (ARGs) frequently used in clinical or veterinary settings and two mobile genetic elements (MGEs) (Class 1 and Class 2 integrons) were detected. Eight heavy metal, copper, cadmium, chromium, manganese, lead, zinc, iron, and cobalt were found in all of the manure samples at different concentrations. Tetracycline resistance genes were widely distributed with prevalence of 50%, while aminoglycoside and quinolone-resistance gene had 16% and 13%, respectively. Eighteen ARB isolates carried more than two ARGs in their genome. Class 1 integron was detected among all the 18 ARB with prevalence of 90-100%, while Class 2 integron was detected among 11 ARB. The two classes of integron were found among 10 ARB. Undoubtedly, pig manure collected from farms in Akure metropolis are rich in ARB and their abundance might play a vital role in the dissemination of resistance genes among clinically-relevant pathogens.

Ozone membrane contactor for tertiary treatment of urban wastewater: Chemical, microbial and toxicological assessment

A membrane ozone contactor, operated under continuous mode, was applied to promote the tertiary treatment of urban wastewater (UWW), targeting the removal of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), bacterial disinfection, and toxicity reduction. This system relies on the homogeneous radial distribution of ozone (O3) in the reaction zone by “titration” through a microfiltration borosilicate tubular membrane, while the UWW swirls around the membrane and drags the O3 microbubbles generated in the membrane shell-side. The membrane is coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2-P25) and radiation can be externally supplied via four UV lamps. The ozonation tests were carried out with secondary-treated UWW collected in different seasons (winter and summer) and spiked with a mix of 19 CECs (10 μg L−1 each). For an O3 dose of 18 g m−3, the best performance was obtained by increasing the O3 concentration (maximum [O3]G,inlet of 200 g Nm−3) and decreasing the gas flow rate (minimum QG of 0.15 Ndm3 min−1), providing the highest ozone transfer yield (88 %) and, thus higher specific ozone dose (g O3 per g dissolved organic carbon). Under these conditions, removals >80 % or concentrations below the limit of quantification were obtained for up to 13 of the 19 CECs and reductions up to 5 log units for total heterotrophs and below the limit of detection for enterobacteria and enterococci. Tests including a UVC dose of 0.10 kJ L−1 enhanced disinfection ability but had no impact on CECs oxidation. After ozonation, the abundance of antibiotic resistant bacteria was reduced but not eliminated, and microbial regrowth after 3-day storage was observed. No toxic effect was detected on zebrafish embryos using a dilution factor of 4 for the ozonized UWW and when granular activated carbon adsorption was subsequently applied the dilution factor decreased to 2.

Anaerobic sludge digestion elevates dissemination risks of bacterial antibiotic resistance in effluent supernatant

Anaerobic digestion following a variety of pretreatments is a promising technique for the reduction of excess sludge in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs), and eliminations of possible pathogens, viruses, protozoa, and other disease-causing organisms. Notwithstanding a rapidly increasing health concern of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in MWWTPs, dissemination risks of ARB in anaerobic digestion processes are still poorly understood, especially in the digested supernatant. Taking the representative ARB with respect to the common tetracycline-, sulfamethoxazole-, clindamycin- and ciprofloxacin resistance, we investigated the compositions of ARB in the sludge and supernatant, and quantified their variations along the entire anaerobic sludge digestion process following ultrasonication-, alkali-hydrolysis- and alkali-ultrasonication pretreatments, respectively. Results showed that the abundance of ARB was diminished by up to 90% from the sludge along anaerobic digestion coupling with the pretreatments. Surprisingly, pretreatments clearly boosted the abundance of specific ARB (e.g., 2.3 × 102 CFU/mL of tetracycline-resistant bacteria) in the supernatant that otherwise remained relatively low value of 0.6 × 102 CFU/mL from the direct digestion. Measurements of the soluble-, loosely-bound- and tightly-bound extracellular polymeric substances components revealed a gradually intensified destruction of the sludge aggregates along the entire anaerobic digestion processes, which could be likely responsible to the increase of the ARB abundance in the supernatant. Furthermore, analysis of the bacterial community components showed that the ARB populations were strongly correlated with the occurrence of Bacteroidetes, Patescibacteria, and Tenericutes. Interestingly, intensified conjugal transfer (0.015) of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was observed upon returning of the digested supernatant to the biological treatment system. It implies the likelihood of ARGs spreading and subsequent ecological risks upon anaerobic digestion towards reducing excess sludge, and therefore requires further attentions for the excess sludge treatments especially of supernatant.

The Complex Interplay Between Antibiotic Resistance and Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Environment.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are important environmental contaminants. Nonetheless, what drives the evolution, spread, and transmission of antibiotic resistance dissemination is still poorly understood. The abundance of ARB and ARGs is often elevated in human-impacted areas, especially in environments receiving fecal wastes, or in the presence of complex mixtures of chemical contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Self-replication, mutation, horizontal gene transfer, and adaptation to different environmental conditions contribute to the persistence and proliferation of ARB in habitats under strong anthropogenic influence. Our review discusses the interplay between chemical contaminants and ARB and their respective genes, specifically in reference to co-occurrence, potential biostimulation, and selective pressure effects, and gives an overview of mitigation by existing man-made and natural barriers. Evidence and strategies to improve the assessment of human health risks due to environmental antibiotic resistance are also discussed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:637-652. © 2022 SETAC.

Manure application led to higher antibiotic resistance risk in red soil compared with black soil and fluvo-aquic soil

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that originated in manure application increased antibiotic resistance in soil bacterial communities. Our previous work showed that the abundance of ARB and ARGs obviously reduced after composting, and further investigation was still required about their fate in soil after manure application. Soil types were suggested to play a role in ARB and ARGs and thus it was important to identify their influence on the occurrence and development of antibiotic resistance. Compared with black soil and fluvo-aquic soil, the absolute abundance of chlortetracycline-resistant bacteria (CRB) significantly increased to 1.97 × 106, 2.75 × 106 CFU/g after manure and chlortetracycline-manure application in red soil, respectively (p < 0.05), which then induced antibiotic resistance of soil indigenous microbes (Streptomyces and Rhodococcus). Manure application had a higher risk of pathogenic transmission in red soil than that in the other soils. In addition, the relative abundance of multidrug resistance genes increased the most in red soil (1.07-1.41 times) with chlortetracycline-manure treatment. Further analysis indicated that the range of potential ARGs host bacteria was larger in treatments with chlortetracycline. Based on structural equation model analysis, soil microbial community directly influenced ARGs, and soil properties indirectly affected ARGs by influencing the microbial community. Overall, soil types and properties should be considered in manure application in order to control antibiotic resistance risk effectively.

Performance assessment of a modified trickling filter and conventional activated sludge process along with tertiary treatment in removing emerging pollutants from urban sewage

The absence of effective wastewater treatment technology to eliminate emerging pollutants from municipal sewage has become a pressing issue. In this study, the efficacy of a novel modified trickling filter (MTF), conventional activated sludge process (ASP) and two tertiary systems (UV and ozonation) were compared in eliminating antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from urban sewage. MTF and ASP resulted in >1 log unit reduction in the abundance of ARB, while for ARGs, the removal was observed in the range of 0.1 to 1.7 log units. In MTF, ARGs were substantially removed in the aerobic zone compared to the anoxic zone. The relative abundance of most of the ARGs either decreased or remained unchanged during MTF and ASP operations. However, the relative abundance of most of the ARGs increased in the secondary sludge generated from ASP. The concentration of PPCPs such as atenolol, sulfamethazine, triclosan, and ranitidine was reduced by MTF by >80 %. Overall, the results indicated that MTF followed by ozonation is the most effective combination for removing emerging contaminants from municipal sewage.

Manure application facilitated electrokinetic remediation of antibiotic-arsenic co-contaminated paddy soil

The co-existence of antibiotics and heavy metals in soil with manure application poses high risk to both environment and human health, and thus effective remediation methods are in urgent need. This study investigated the synergistic effects of electrokinetic remediation (EKR) on antibiotic resistance and arsenic (As) in co-contaminated paddy soils. EKR treatments in soil amended with pig manure (EKR-PD) showed better remediation efficiency compared with that without pig manure. In detail, the content of available As and the abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) decreased by 25.2 %−41.4 % and 9.5 %−21.1 % after 7-d remediation, respectively, due to a relatively higher current density for EKR-PD. The role of the electric field contributed to 33.9 % of antibiotic degradation. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) with ribosomal-protection and enzymatic-deactivation types were easier to remove, with the removal ratio of 37.8 %−41.6 % in EKR-PD. Brevundimonas was the most significantly different species during remediation. Bacillus and Clostridium_ sensu_stricto_1 were potential host bacteria of ARGs in the electric field. Membrane transport might be an effective strategy for microorganisms to respond to the stress of both electric field and co-contaminated environments. This study supports the potential role of EKR in the co-contamination of heavy metals and antibiotic resistance under manure application.

Dynamics of Genotypic and Phenotypic Antibiotic Resistance in a Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plant in 2 Years.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered a sink and a source of antibiotic resistance. In this study, we applied both culture-dependent and SmartChip-based culture-independent approaches for the investigation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) at Jungnang (JN), located in the Han River, Seoul, South Korea, for 2 years, i.e., 2017 and 2018. The JN WWTP reduced the diversity and abundance of ARB and ARGs but was not sufficient for removing them all. Interestingly, through the treatment process in the JN WWTP, the composition of diverse multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria was concentrated mainly into some genera of the Gammaproteobacteria class (Citrobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, and Stenotrophomonas), which could be key carriages to spread ARGs into the environments. In addition, SmartChip analyses showed that the relative abundance and the number of ARGs were significantly decreased from the influents to the effluents in both 2017 and 2018. SmartChip analyses for 2 years also allowed to notify the core ARGs in the influents and the effluents with the presence of clinically relevant core ARGs, such as vanC, blaOXA, and blaNDM, which persisted in the treatment process. Considering diverse bacterial mechanisms for exchanging and transferring ARGs, the occurrence of MDR bacteria and core ARGs could be a source for the blooming of the antibiotic resistome in the WWTP and nearby environments.

An emerging unrated mobile reservoir for antibiotic resistant genes: Does transportation matter to the spread

The regional distribution of antibiotic resistance genes has been caused by the use and preference of antibiotics. Not only environmental factors, but also the population movement associated with transportation development might have had a great impact, but yet less is known regarding this issue. This research study has investigated and reported that the high-speed railway train was a possible mobile reservoir of bacteria with antibiotic resistance, based on the occurrence, diversity, and abundance of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and mobile gene elements (MGEs) in untreated train wastewater. High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing analyses have indicated that opportunistic pathogens like Pseudomonas and Enterococcuss were the predominant bacteria in all samples, especially in cultivable multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria. The further isolated Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium exhibited multi-antibiotic resistance ability, potentially being an indicator for disinfection proficiency. Positive correlations amongst ARGs and MGEs were observed, such as between intI1 and tetW, tetA, blaTEM, among Tn916/154 and mefA/F, qnrS, implying a broad dissemination of multi-ARGs during transportation. The study findings suggested that the high-speed railway train wastewater encompassed highly abundant antibiotic-resistant pathogens, and the wastewater discharge without effective treatment may pose severe hazards to human health and ecosystem safety.

Integrated meta-omics study on rapid tylosin removal mechanism and dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes during aerobic thermophilic fermentation of tylosin mycelial dregs

For efficient treatment of tylosin mycelial dregs (TMDs), rapid tylosin removal mechanism and dynamics of ARGs during TMDs fermentation were investigated using integrated meta-omics (genomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics) and qPCR approaches. The results showed that over 86% of tylosin was degraded on day 7 regardless of the type of bulking agents. The rapid removal of tylosin was mainly attributed to de-mycarose reaction (GH3) and esterase hydrolysis (C7MYQ7) of Saccharomonospora, and catalase-peroxidase oxidation of Bacillus (A0A077JB13). In addition, the moisture content and mobile genetic elements were vital to control the rebound of ARGs. The removal efficiency of antibiotic resistant bacteria (Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, norank_f__Sphingobacteriaceae, and Paenalcaligenes) and Intl1 (98.8%) in fermentation treatment TC21 with corncob as the bulking agent was significantly higher than that in other three treatments (88.3%). Thus, appropriate bulking agents could constrain the abundance of antibiotic resistant bacteria and Intl1, which is crucial to effectively reduce the resistance.

Applicability of bio-synthesized nanoparticles in fungal secondary metabolites products and plant extracts for eliminating antibiotic-resistant bacteria risks in non-clinical environments

The abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the prawn pond effluents can substantially impact the natural environment. The settlement ponds, which are the most common treatment method for farms wastewater, might effectively reduce the suspended solids and organic matter. However, the method is insufficient for bacterial inactivation. The current paper seeks to highlight the environmental issue associated with the distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) from prawn farm wastewater and their impact on the microbial complex community in the surface water which receiving these wastes. The inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in prawn wastewater is strongly recommended because the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment causes water pollution and public health issues. The nanoparticles are more efficient for bacterial inactivation. They are widely accepted due to their high chemical and mechanical stability, broad spectrum of radiation absorption, high catalytic activity, and high antimicrobial activity. Many studies have examined the use of fungi or plants extract to synthesis zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). It is evident from recent papers in the literature that green synthesized ZnO NPs from microbes and plant extracts are non-toxic and effective. ZnO NPs inactivate the bacterial cells as a function for releasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and zinc ions. The inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria tends to be more than 90% which exhibit strong antimicrobial behavior against bacterial species.

Simultaneous removal of micropollutants, antibiotic resistant bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes using graphitic carbon nitride under simulated solar irradiation

The prevalence of micropollutants (MPs) and antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments has raised increasing concern for public health and ecological security. Conventional wastewater treatment processes have limited efficiency to remove these emerging contaminants. Recently, photocatalytic processes have been proposed as a promising solution to achieve enhanced performance, but there are very few studies focusing on simultaneous removal of both chemical and biological contaminants. To test the technical feasibility of a “one-stop” photocatalytic process, we evaluated the photocatalytic performance of a urea-based graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for simultaneous removal of multiple MPs, as well as antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). After a 10 min treatment under simulated solar irradiation, five MPs including sulfamethoxazole, diclofenac, mecoprop, benzotriazole, and carbamazepine (10 µg/L each) were effectively removed from spiked MilliQ water (88% of total removal efficiency) and real wastewater effluent (83% of total removal efficiency), respectively. In addition, 6.2-log reduction (complete inactivation) and 4.3-log reduction of ARB were observed after 60 min reaction in MilliQ water and real wastewater effluent, respectively. Moreover, ARB lost their self-repair function after the treatment. Lastly, atomic force microscopy images and qPCR analysis revealed that, not only the abundance of ARB but also extracellular ARGs (e-ARGs) decreased over the treatment peroid. Experiments trapping reactive species suggested that superoxide radicals (O2•-) and holes (h+) were the major active radicals contributing to contaminants degradation. The effective treatment performance for both chemical and biological contaminants, low manufacturing costs and ease of use make g-C3N4 a promising catalyst for application in the tertiary wastewater treatment processes.

Towards risk assessment for antibiotic resistant pathogens in recycled water: a systematic review and summary of research needs.

Risk assessment is critical for identifying target concentrations of antibiotic resistant pathogens necessary for mitigating potential harmful exposures associated with water reuse. However, there is currently limited available data characterizing the concentrations of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in recycled water to support robust efforts at risk assessment. The objective of this systematic review was to identify and synthesize the existing literature documenting the presence and abundance of ARB and ARGs in recycled water. In addition, this review identifies best practices and explores monitoring targets for studying ARB and ARGs in recycled water to guide future work and identifies key research needs aimed at better supporting quantitative microbial risk assessment focused on recycled water and antibiotic resistance. Future efforts to collect data about ARB and ARG prevalence in recycled water should report concentration data per unit volume. Sample metadata should also be provided, including a description of treatment approach, a description of planned water uses (e.g., potable, irrigation), methods for conveyance to the point of use, and available physicochemical water quality data. Additional research is needed aimed at identifying recommended ARB and ARG monitoring targets and for developing approaches to incorporate metagenomic data into risk assessment.

Investigation of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Communities and Antibiotic-Resistant Genes in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Removal of Antibiotic-Resistant Genes by the BBR Process.

The antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) in Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have attracted increasing attention. In this study, the abundance of ARB and resistance genes tet32 and defA1 were investigated using high-throughput sequencing and high-throughput qPCR in water samples collected from the inlet of the biological treatment pool and outlet of Beilun Yandong WWTP in Ningbo, China. The result shows there was a high level of ARGs in the water of both the inlets and outlets in 2017 and 2018, whereas no ARGs were detected after adding a new baffled bioreactor (BBR) water treatment process in 2019. The BBR process uses Bacillus subtilis, B. thuringiensis, B. megaterium, B. licheniformis and B. amyloliquefaciens to effectively eliminate the ARGs in wastewater. Notably, this process did not significantly change the bacterial community structure of outlet water samples. The findings demonstrate an effective new method for removing ARGs from sewage.

Potential Environmental and Human Health Risks Caused by Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB), Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) and Emerging Contaminants (ECs) from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfill.

The disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) directly at landfills or open dump areas, without segregation and treatment, is a significant concern due to its hazardous contents of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and metal resistance genes (MGEs). The released leachate from landfills greatly effects the soil physicochemical, biological, and groundwater properties associated with agricultural activity and human health. The abundance of ARB, ARGs, and MGEs have been reported worldwide, including MSW landfill sites, animal husbandry, wastewater, groundwater, soil, and aerosol. This review elucidates the occurrence and abundance of ARB, ARGs, and MRGs, which are regarded as emerging contaminants (ECs). Recently, ECs have received global attention because of their prevalence in leachate as a substantial threat to environmental and public health, including an economic burden for developing nations. The present review exclusively discusses the demands to develop a novel eco-friendly management strategy to combat these global issues. This review also gives an intrinsic discussion about the insights of different aspects of environmental and public health concerns caused due to massive leachate generation, the abundance of antibiotics resistance (AR), and the effects of released leachate on the various environmental reservoirs and human health. Furthermore, the current review throws light on the source and fate of different ECs of landfill leachate and their possible impact on the nearby environments (groundwater, surface water, and soil) affecting human health. The present review strongly suggests the demand for future research focuses on the advancement of the removal efficiency of contaminants with the improvement of relevant landfill management to reduce the potential effects of disposable waste. We propose the necessity of the identification and monitoring of potential environmental and human health risks associated with landfill leachate contaminants.

Effects of subinhibitory quinolone concentrations on functionality, microbial community composition, and abundance of antibiotic resistant bacteria and qnrS in activated sludge

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are continuously exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics that are thought to contribute to the spreading of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes, which are eventually released to downstream environments through effluents. In order to understand the effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on sludge microbiome and resistome, we spiked a conventional activated sludge (CAS) model system with ciprofloxacin, a common fluoroquinolone antibiotic, from 0.0001 mg/L (about twice the typical ciprofloxacin concentration observed in municipal wastewater) up to 0.1 mg/L (one order of magnitude below the clinical MIC for Enterobacteriaceae) for 151 days. The abundance of ciprofloxacin resistant bacteria and qnrS, a plasmid-associated gene that confers resistance to quinolones, in activated sludge and in effluents of control and spiked CAS reactors, showed no measurable effect of the antibiotic amendment. This was also true for the bacterial community structure and for indicators of WW treatment such as N removal efficiency. Surprisingly, temporal fluctuations in both reactors could explain the observed internal variability of these antibiotic resistance determinants better than the hypothesized antibiotic-driven selective pressure. Overall, this work shows that the core sludge microbiome in CAS systems is resilient to sub-inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin at a functional, structural, and antibiotic resistance levels.

The Household Resistome: Frequency of β-Lactamases, Class 1 Integrons, and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in the Domestic Environment and Their Reduction during Automated Dishwashing and Laundering.

Households provide a habitat for bacteria originating from humans, animals, foods, contaminated clothes, or other sources. Thus, bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) may be introduced via household members, animals, or the water supply from external habitats into private households and vice versa. Since data on antibiotic resistance (ABR) in the domestic environment are limited, this study aimed to determine the abundance of β-lactamase, mobile colistin resistance, and class 1 integron genes and the correlation of their presence and to characterize phenotypically resistant strains in 54 private households in Germany. Additionally, the persistence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria during automated dishwashing compared to that during laundering was assessed. Shower drains, washing machines, and dishwashers were sampled and analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. Resistant strains were isolated, followed by identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing using a Vitek 2 system. The results showed a significantly higher relative ARG abundance of 0.2367 ARG copies/16S rRNA gene copies in shower drains than in dishwashers (0.1329 ARG copies/16S rRNA gene copies) and washing machines (0.0006 ARG copies/16S rRNA gene copies). blaCMY-2, blaACT/MIR, and blaOXA-48 were the most prevalent ARG, and intI1 occurred in 96.3% of the households, while no mcr genes were detected. Several β-lactamase genes co-occurred, and the resistance of bacterial isolates correlated positively with genotypic resistance, with carbapenemase genes dominating across isolates. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were significantly reduced during automated dishwashing as well as laundering tests and did not differ from susceptible strains. Overall, the domestic environment may represent a potential reservoir of β-lactamase genes and β-lactam-resistant bacteria, with shower drains being the dominant source of ABR.IMPORTANCE The abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and ARGs is steadily increasing and has been comprehensively analyzed in natural environments, animals, foods, and wastewater treatment plants. In this respect, β-lactams and colistin are of particular interest due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Despite the connection of private households to these environments, only a few studies have focused on the domestic environment so far. Therefore, the present study further investigated the occurrence of ARGs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in shower drains, washing machines, and dishwashers. The analysis of the domestic environment as a potential reservoir of resistant bacteria is crucial to determine whether households contribute to the spread of ABR or may be a habitat where resistant bacteria from the natural environment, humans, food, or water are selected due to the use of detergents, antimicrobial products, and antibiotics. Furthermore, ABR could limit the options for the treatment of infections arising in the domestic environment.

Drug resistance in airborne bacteria isolated from waste management and wastewater treatment plants in Olsztyn

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and municipal waste management plants (MWMPs) emit bioaerosols containing potentially pathogenic biological components which post a threat for human health. Microbiological monitoring supports evaluations of the antibiotic resistance (AR) of airborne microorganisms and the relevant health risks. The aim of this study was to analyze the microbiological quality of air sampled in a WWTP and MWMP in Olsztyn based on total bacterial counts, the presence of bacteria resistant to three antibiotic classes (beta-lactams, tetracyclines and chloramphenicol) and genes encoding resistance to these antibiotics (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCMY-2, blaAmpC, tet(M), tet(A), tet(X), tet(B), cmlA, floR, fexA, fexB and catA1 ). Bacterial counts were higher in air samples collected from the MWMP (~104 CFU/m3) than from the WWTP (101–103 CFU/m3). A similar trend was noted in the counts of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB). The abundance of ARB did not exceed 1.7 x 102 CFU/m3 in WWTP samples, but was higher at up to 4.2 x 103 CFU/m3 in MWMP samples. Bacteria resistant to doxycycline were least prevalent in the analyzed ARB. In the group of 49 tested bacterial strains, 44 harbored at least one of the analyzed antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). A comparison of ARGs in all bacterial strains isolated from WWTP and MWMP air samples revealed the highest diversity and prevalence of ARGs in the samples collected in the mechanical segment of the waste processing line in MWMP and the biological segment of the wastewater processing line in WWTP. The results of this study point to high microbiological contamination of air in MWMPs and WWTPs which are reservoirs of ARB and ARGs and potential sources of AR.

Fate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in the electrokinetic treatment of antibiotic-polluted soil

In this study, we investigated the fate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during the electrokinetic treatment of antibiotic-polluted soils (EKA). Tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), and chlortetracycline (CTC), were used as template chemicals. Electrokinetic treatment of blank soil (EKS) and antibiotic-polluted soil without an electric field (NOE) served as controls. Polarity reversal every 12 h ensured a suitable pH in the electrolytes and soil. The average removal rates of TC, OTC, and CTC after 7 days reached 39.5%, 34.5%, and 36.7% with EKA, respectively; this was mainly attributed to direct or indirect electrochemical reactions as well as indigenous biological processes. The abundance of total bacteria and ARB with NOE was statistically greater than that with EKA and EKS. For the soil at 0–2 cm, the abundance of anti-MIX bacteria (MIX means the three antibiotics combined) was 8.60 × 105 CFU g−1 soil with EKA and 1.72 × 106 CFU g−1 with NOE. And as to the specific types, the abundance of ARB was uniformly in the order OTC > TC > CTC > MIX. Compared with NOE, tetC, tetG, tetW, and tetM was reduced with EKA by an average ratio of 55.5%, 12.4%, 47.1%, and 61.2%, respectively. Finally, positive correlations were found between ARGs and TC concentrations. TetM and tetW showed higher correlations with TC concentration than tetC and tetG. These findings suggest that electrokinetic treatment is a promising technology for the removal of emerging contaminants such as antibiotics and more persistent ARGs in soil.