ABTS Scavenging Assays Research Articles

Phytochemical Characterization and Assessment of Antioxidant and Anti-Alzheimer Effects of Algerian Seseli Tortuosum.

HPLC analysis, phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography, polyphenols and flavonoid contents were conducted to determine the bioactive contents of the Algerian Seseli tortuosum plant. Antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays, reducing power, phenanthroline and silver nanoparticle (SNP) assays. The anti-Alzheimer's activity of extracts was also performed in vitro and in silico. Phytochemical analysis highlighted the richness ofthe extracts in terms of coumarins, terpenoids and quercetin. The quantitative determination of total polyphenols and flavonoids showed that the highest amounts occurredinthe dichloromethane (DCME) and methanolic (MeOH) extracts. The antioxidant activities indicated a moderate potential. Compared with galantamine, DCME had a significantly greater anti-Alzheimer effect on BChE(CI50=9.14±1.74 μg/ml and 34.75±1.99 μg/ml respectively). An in silicostudy of anti-Alzheimer activity revealed a significant effect of quercetin(-30,13 KJ/mol). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the richness of the phytochemical components of seseli tortuosum,which are responsible for several biological properties, mainly their anti-Alzheimer potential.

Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidant and Phytochemical Studies on Extracts of <i>Justicia beddomei</i> (C. B. Clarke) Bennet

Background: Justicia beddomei (C.B. Clarke) Bennet, is an important ingredient in “Vasa”, a key medication in Ayurveda. There are only a few research studies of J. beddomei. Objectives: The goal of the current investigation is to perform a qualitative and quantitative screening for phytochemicals, and characterizing the antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties of successive solvent extracts of J. beddomei. Methodology: Phytochemical screening, total phenolic, alkaloid and flavonoid contents were determined using standard methods. The antioxidant activity of plant extracts was determined by DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts was determined by agar well diffusion method. Results and Discussion: The qualitative phytochemical screening results demonstrated that each extract (water, petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate) was mainly constituted of phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The greatest concentrations of phenolic (70.21 ± 0.4086 μg gallic acid equivalent/mg extract), flavonoids (23.36 ± 0.3007 μg quercetin equivalent/mg extract) and alkaloids (74.56 ± 0.5052 μg atropine equivalent/mg extract) were found in the ethanol extract. The extracts of water, petroleum ether, and chloroform of J. beddomei showed moderate inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 87) at 1000 μg. None of the extracts exhibited any inhibitory effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 741) up to 1000 μg. The ethyl acetate and water extract of J. beddomei exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans (MTCC 227) at 1000 μg. According to the antioxidant studies, the aqueous extract had the highest scavenging activity for ABTS (IC50 373.83 μg/ml) and DPPH (IC50 368.90 μg/ml). Conclusion: J. beddomei possesses various secondary metabolites with antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties.

Investigation of Chemical Compounds and Effect of Astragalus Galactites (Pall.) on MSU Crystal-Induced Acute Gouty Arthritis in Rats

The objective of the present investigation is to identify the biologically active components of Astragalus galactites (AG) and examine their effect on rats of acute gouty arthritis induced by crystals of the compound monosodium urate (MSU). Analyses of AG chemical constituents and their antioxidant activity were performed using both UV spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. Twenty-five adult Wistar rat males in total were assigned at random to a choice of five groups: AG 160 mg/kg, AG 330 mg/kg, MSU group, control group, and normal group. We reported the contents of Formononetin 1.97 µg/mL, Astragaloside IV 0.56 mg/mL, and total flavonoid 0.22±0.07% in the aerial part of our sample AG. In the DPPH scavenging assay, methanol and ethanol extracts established antioxidant properties with an IC50 concentration of 91.04 µg/mL and 93.13 µg/mL, respectively. In the ABTS scavenging assay, IC50 concentrations of 387.2 µg/mL (methanol extract) and 436.2 µg/mL (ethanol extract) were also shown. This investigation also looked at the histopathological characteristics related to MSU-induced gouty arthritis in order to assess the preventive effects of the AG plant on inflammatory mediator levels. In the AG 330 mg/kg group, the level of PGE2 significantly reduced (p<0.001). Our results showed that the AG 330 mg/kg group was relatively effective in the treatment of gouty arthritis compared to other groups, which appears to be mediated by inhibiting the release of cytokines that pro-inflammation. The main compounds of the AG medicine plant, flavonoids and saponins, are acutely anti-gout due to the resulting decrease in PGE2 levels. We have hypothesized that it is able to treat acute gouty arthritis by reducing levels of UA and PGE2, providing an anti-inflammatory effect. This study contributes to the body of evidence that AG can be utilized in preventing and treating hyperuricemia.

Carrageenan-based active and intelligent packaging films integrated with anthocyanin and TiO2-doped carbon dots derived from sweet potato peels

Carrageenan-based sustainable active and pH-dependent color-changing composite films were fabricated by blending anthocyanin extracted from sweet potato peel (SPA) with TiO2-doped carbon dots (Ti-CDs) prepared using the biowaste of SPA extraction. The SPA and Ti-CDs were compatible with the carrageenan matrix and were uniformly dispersed in the used polymer to form a homogeneous film with increased mechanical properties. The composite film added with SPA and 3 wt% Ti-CD showed 100 % UV protection, superb antioxidant (100 % DPPH and ABTS scavenging assay), and potent antibacterial activity (complete eradication of foodborne L.monocytogenes and E. coli strains after 3 h incubation). Additionally, the composite films showed distinguishable colorimetric responses to pH 7–12 buffers and volatile ammonia. The intelligent sensing ability of the composite film was assessed through shrimp freshness monitoring, and the film's hue shifted from pink (fresh shrimp) to yellow/brown (inedible shrimp) during storage. Shrimp packaging studies have shown that composite films retard the rate of food quality change during storage and are a good indicator of shrimp spoilage. Therefore, the designed film is expected to have high applicability as a chip, and quick on-site sensor that detects seafood quality in real-time, and a highly effective multifunctional film for better product quality preservation.

NMR Metabolomics and Chemometrics of Commercial Varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Seeds from Italy and In Vitro Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity.

The metabolite fingerprinting of four Italian commercial bean seed cultivars, i.e., Phaseolus Cannellino (PCANN), Controne (PCON), Vellutina (PVEL), and Occhio Nero (PON), were investigated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. The hydroalcoholic and organic extract analysis disclosed more than 32 metabolites from various classes, i.e., carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, nucleosides, alkaloids, and fatty acids. PVEL, PCON, and PCANN varieties displayed similar chemical profiles, albeit with somewhat different quantitative results. The PON metabolite composition was slightly different from the others; it lacked GABA and pipecolic acid, featured a higher percentage of malic acid than the other samples, and showed quantitative variations of several metabolites. The lipophilic extracts from all four cultivars demonstrated the presence of omega-3 and omega-6 unsaturated fatty acids. After the determination of the total phenolic, flavonoids, and condensed tannins content, in vitro antioxidant activity was then assessed using the DPPH scavenging activity, the ABTS scavenging assay, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Compared to non-dark seeds (PCON, PCANN), brown seeds (PVEL, PON) featured a higher antioxidant capacity. Lastly, only PON extract showed in vitro antifungal activity against the sclerotia growth of S. rolfsii, by inhibiting halo growth by 75%.

Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Mahajanaka Mango Pulp Extract in Murine Models

Mahajanaka mango, a hybrid cultivar of Mangifera indica Linn., is a highly nutritional fruit that is popularly consumed in Thailand. It has been used in traditional medicine due to its abundance of phytonutrients. The present study aimed to investigate the chemical compositions and antioxidant activity of Mahajanaka mango pulp extract (MPE) in vitro. Additionally, we examined its biological activities, including the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects of MPE, in murine models. MPE exhibited high levels of phenolic compounds, mangiferin, β-carotene, and vitamin C, and it potentially showed antioxidant properties in an ABTS scavenging assay. The animal results have revealed that oral administration of MPE (1000 mg/kg body weight (BW)) significantly decreased acetic acid-induced writhing responses in mice. Interestingly, local applications of MPE at 1 mg/ear ameliorated ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP)-induced ear edema, while gavage of MPE at 1000 mg/kg BW significantly decreased carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats. MPE can also protect against gastric ulcers induced by stress, hydrochloric acid/ethanol, and indomethacin in rats. Indeed, MPE (250 mg/kg BW) markedly lowered the level of serum alanine aminotransferase activity and hepatic lipid accumulation in rats with CCl4- and paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Taken together, the findings suggested that MPE exerts potent antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects.

Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Activities of Algerian Punica granatum L. Peel Extracts

Background: Oxidative stress is implicated in many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. As an alternative, Punica granatum peels are widely used in the treatment of several ailments. To date, this is the first study on the anti-acetyl/butyrylcholinesterase effects of diethyl ether extract from Algerian pomegranate peels. Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the content of total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols, and tannins in Punica granatum peel crude extract and its fraction diethyl ether, as well as to assess its antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. Methods: The total phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol, and tannin contents in the extracts were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. The inhibitory effects on acetyl/butyrylcholinesterase were assessed using the in vitro models. In addition, several methods were used to investigate the antioxidant capacity of extracts, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonate) (ABTS) free radicals scavenging, phenanthroline, reducing power and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed that the diethyl ether extract recorded the highest content of total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols, and tannins with values of 643.3 ± 9.96 μgGAE/mg, 78.97 ± 9.97 μgQE/mg, 31.32 ± 1.79 μgQE/mg and 96.6 ± 13.65 μgTAE/mg, respectively. Moreover, the diethyl ether extract exhibited the strongest activity in the DPPH scavenging assay (IC50=3.36 ± 0.11 μg/mL), ABTS scavenging assay (IC50=1.46 ± 0.10 μg/mL), CUPRAC assay (CA0.5=3.62 ± 0.36 μg/mL), phenanthroline assay (CA0.5=1.04 ± 0.10 μg/mL), reducing power assay (CA0.5=4.14 ± 0.32 μg/mL), antiacetylcholinesterase assay (IC50=114.86 ± 13.66μg/mL), and anti-butyrylcholinesterase assay (IC50=147.00 ± 10.41 μg/mL). Conclusion: The present study has shown the extracts from Punica granatum peel to be a rich source of bioactive compounds, potent antioxidants, and cholinesterase inhibitors. They could be considered as natural agents that can be used in anti-neurodegenerative pharmaceutical formulations.

Exploring the Traditional Uses of Thymbra capitata Infusion in Algarve (Portugal): Anti-Inflammatory, Wound Healing, and Anti-Aging.

Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the resolution of infection or tissue damage. In addition, inflammation is considered a hallmark of aging, which in turn compromises wound healing. Thymbra capitata is an aromatic plant, whose infusion is traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory and wound-healing agent. In this study, a T. capitata infusion was prepared and characterized by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MSn and its safety profile determined by the resazurin metabolic assay. The anti-inflammatory potential was revealed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages by assessing nitric oxide (NO) release and levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the interleukin-1β pro-form (pro-IL-1β). Wound-healing capacity was determined using the scratch assay. The activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase was used to unveil the anti-senescent potential, along with the nuclear accumulation of yH2AX and p21 levels. The antiradical potential was assessed by DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays. The infusion contains predominantly rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acids. The extract decreased NO, iNOS, and pro-IL-1β levels. Interestingly, the extract promoted wound healing and decreased β-galactosidase activity, as well as yH2AX and p21 levels. The present work highlights strong antiradical, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing capacities, corroborating the traditional uses ascribed to this plant. We have described, for the first time for this extract, anti-senescent properties.

Valorization of Adhatoda vasica leaves: Extraction, in vitro analyses and in silico approaches.

Adhatoda vasica (also called Vasaka) is a traditional medicinal herb used traditionally for the relief of cough, asthma, nasal congestion, bronchial inflammation, upper respiratory infections, bleeding disorders, skin diseases, leprosy, tuberculosis, diabetes, allergic conditions, rheumatism, tumor, and many more diseases. The present study aims to investigate the biological activities of vasicine, a potent alkaloid from A. vasica with different biological/ pharmacological assays and in silico techniques. Vasicine showed antimicrobial activity as evidenced fromthe colony-forming unit assay. It showed antioxidant activity in ABTS scavenging assay (IC50 = 11.5 μg/ml), ferric reducing power assay (IC50 = 15 μg/ml), DPPH radical scavenging assay (IC50 = 18.2 μg/ml), hydroxyl radical scavenging assay (IC50 = 22 μg/ml), and hydrogen peroxide assay (IC50 = 27.8 μg/ml). It also showed anti-inflammatory activity in proteinase inhibitory assay (IC50 = 76 μg/ml), BSA method (IC50 = 51.7 μg/ml), egg albumin method (IC50 = 53.2 μg/ml), and lipooxygenase inhibition assay (IC50 = 76 μg/ml). Vasicine showed antidiabetic activity in α-amylase inhibition assay (IC50 = 47.6 μg/ml), α-glucosidase inhibition assay (IC50 = 49.68 μg/ml), and non-enzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin assay. It showed antiviral activity against HIV-protease (IC50 = 38.5 μg/ml). Vasicine also showed anticancer activity against lung cancer cells (IC50 = 46.5 μg/ml) and human fibroblast cells (IC50 = 82.5 μg/ml). In silico studies revealed that similar to the native ligands, vasicine also showed a low binding energy, i.e., good binding affinity for the active binding sites and interacted with α-amylase (-6.7 kcal/mol), α-glucosidase (-7.6 kcal/mol), cyclooxygenase (-7.4 kcal/mol), epidermal growth factor receptor (-6.4 kcal/mol), lipooxygenase (-6.9 kcal/mol), and HIV-protease (-6.4 kcal/mol). The present study ascertains the potential of vasicine as a bioactive compound isolated from A. vasica having therapeutic usefulness in many human diseases.

Edible freshwater snail (Paludomas conica) attenuates STZ‐induced diabetic complications by regulating PFK‐1 and PON‐1 gene expression

SummaryFreshwater invertebrates, especially molluscs, have recently piqued the interest of researchers as a potential new source of food protein hydrolysates. This study prepared bioactive protein hydrolysates (PPh) from the freshwater snail Paludomas conica and investigated their antioxidant and antidiabetic effects by evaluating biochemical and molecular approaches. The DPPH free radical assay, ABTS scavenging assay, FRAP assay and superoxide scavenging assay investigated the antioxidant effects. The antidiabetic potential was measured in α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase inhibition assays followed by in vivo assay in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic animal model and gene expression studies. In all antioxidant experiments, the half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PPh was less than the cut‐off value, 1000 μg/mL. The inhibitory concentration of PPh was 1.89 mg/mL for α‐amylase and 334.70 μg/mL for α‐glucosidase in vitro assay. Furthermore, in the streptozotocin‐induced Wistar albino rats model of six groups (n = 5, body weight 180–20 g, age 6–7 weeks), the administration of PPh 250 mg/kg for diabetic rats a 4 weeks intervention attenuated elevated glucose levels and other diabetes‐related biomarkers (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lipid profile, total protein, uric acid). Molecular assay by the qPCR analysis showed a significant (P < 0.05) upregulation of the relative mRNA expression of antioxidant and glucose metabolism‐regulating enzymes‐related genes of superoxide dismutase (SOD‐1), Paraoxonase‐1 (PON1) and Phosphofructokinase‐1 (PFK1). Findings demonstrate that PPh could be used as a potential food source to reduce diabetic complications by regulating gene expression of antioxidant and glycolytic enzymes.

Antioxidant and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Potentials of the Stem Extract of Pternandra galeata

Background: Pternandra galeata belongs to the family Melastomataceae. It is a native flowering plant in Borneo Island that serve as food for monkey habitat. There has been limited study on the medicinal and chemical properties of this plant. Objectives: We investigated the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and evaluated the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Pternandra galeata stem. The total phenolic content in the sample was also determined. Methods: The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory assays were performed using Ellman’s method. Two different methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method by employing gallic acid as a reference. Results: The ethanolic extract of the P. galeata stems inhibited the AChE enzyme with an IC50value of 74.62 ± 0.89 µg/mL. The sample exhibited antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay with an IC50 value of 20.21 ± 0.08 µg/mL and 7.68 ± 0.09µg/mL in the ABTS scavenging assay. The total phenolic content was 164.71 ± 3.33 mg GAE/g extract. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of the P. galeata stem can be a promising cholinesterase inhibitor and antioxidant for treating Alzheimer’s disease.

Essential oils from Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton grains and Cinnamomum verum J. Presl barks: Chemical examination and bioactivity studies

Context: Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton grains and Cinnamomum verum J. Presl barks are immensely consumed by Jordanian population as food flavoring and remedies in treating different disorders without awareness of their effect or dose toxicity. Aims: To evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of essential oils (EOs) hydro-distilled from E. cardamomum grains and C. verum barks. Methods: Hydro-distillation was carried out using Clevenger apparatus; the EOs were analyzed using GC/MS, and their constituents were quantified using GC/FID. The antibacterial activity was determined by agar diffusion test and micro-broth dilution assay, while the antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated against the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Results: E. cardamomum EO was most effective against Bacillus subtilis with MIC 3.75 µL/mL and exhibited antioxidant activity in DPPH assay with IC50 0.057 ±0.013 µL/mL (0.076 ±0.017 µL EO/µg Trolox®) but was ineffective in the ABTS test up to 5 µL/mL; 86.22% of its EO constituent are oxygenated monoterpenes with α-terpinyl acetate as the major component. Whilst C. verum EO was active against both tested Gram-positive and negative bacterial strains with MIC 1.25-5.00 µL/mL but was devoid of significant antioxidant activity up to 5 µL/mL; phenylpropanoids constituted 69.48% of its EO with E-cinnamaldehyde as the major component. Both EOs showed cytotoxic activity against the breast cancer cell line withIC50 0.14-0.46 µL/mL. Conclusions: The current results unveil the potential application of C. verum and E. cardamomum in complementary and alternative medicine as biosafe remedies besides their usage as flavoring and seasoning sources.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Psidium guajava L. leaves

Guava, Psidium guajava L., is well-known tropic tree which is abundantly grown for fruit. It belongs to phylum Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida and Myrtaceae family and has been found a lot in the Mekong Delta of Viet Nam. Antioxidant activity of different extracts from Psidium guajava L. leaves revealed that ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts have the good activities. Processing of these fractions using repeated column and thin layer chromatographic techniques resulted in the isolation of four compounds, which have identified their chemical structures by spectroscopic techniques including avicularin (1), kaempferol (2), gallic acid (3), and protocatechuic acid (4). All the isolated compounds showed antioxidant activity using DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays. These results suggest that the leaves of guava would be useful natural sources of antioxidants.

Impact of Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions on Antiglycoxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibition Capacities of Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is a widespread anthocyanin derivative, which has been reported in vitro to exert potent antioxidant, antiglycation and α-glucosidase inhibition effects. Nevertheless, the physiological relevance of such properties remains uncertain considering its significant instability in gastrointestinal conditions. A simulated digestion procedure was thus instigated to assess the influence of gastric and intestinal media on its chemical integrity and biological activities. HPLC analyses of digested C3G samples confirmed the striking impact of intestinal conditions, as attested by a decomposition ratio of 70%. In contrast, with recovery rates of around 90%, antiglycation, as well as DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays, uniformly revealed a noteworthy persistence of its antiglycoxidant capacities. Remarkably, a prominent increase of its α-glucosidase inhibition activity was even observed after the intestinal phase, suggesting that classical in vitro evaluations might underestimate C3G antidiabetic potential. Consequently, the present data provide novel and specific insights on C3G’s digestive fate, suggesting that the gastrointestinal tract does not profoundly affect its positive action on oxidative and carbonyl stresses. More specifically, it also tends to support its regulating effects on postprandial hyperglycemia and its potential usefulness for diabetes management.

The Phenolic Compounds Profile and Cosmeceutical Significance of Two Kazakh Species of Onions: Alliumgalanthum and A. turkestanicum.

Numerous species of Allium genus have been used in the traditional medicine based on their vast biological effects, e.g., antimicrobial, digestion stimulant, anti-sclerotic, soothing, antiradical or wound healing properties. In this work, unpolar and polar extracts from two lesser-investigated species of Allium growing in Kazakhstan, Allium galanthum Kar. & Kir. (AG) and A. turkestanicum Regel. (AT), were studied for their composition and biological effects. In the HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analyses of water and alcoholic extracts simple organic acids, flavonoids and their glycosides were found to be the best represented group of secondary metabolites. On the other hand, in the GC-MS analysis diethyl ether, extracts were found to be rich sources of straight-chain hydrocarbons and their alcohols, fatty acids and sterols. The antimicrobial activity assessment showed a lower activity of polar extracts, however, the diethyl ether extract from AT bulbs and AG chives showed the strongest activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, B. cereus ATCC 10876, some species of Staphylococcus (S. aureus ATCC 25923 and S. epidermidis ATCC 12228) and all tested Candida species (Candida albicans ATCC 2091, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida glabrata ATCC 90030, Candida krusei ATCC 14243 and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019) with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.125–0.5 mg/mL. The highest antiradical capacity exhibited diethyl ether extracts from AG bulbs (IC50 = 19274.78 ± 92.11 mg Trolox eq/g of dried extract) in DPPH assay. In ABTS scavenging assay, the highest value of mg Trolox equivalents, 50.85 ± 2.90 was calculated for diethyl ether extract from AT bulbs. The same extract showed the highest inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase (82.65 ± 1.28% of enzyme activity), whereas AG bulb ether extract was the most efficient murine tyrosinase inhibitor (54% of the enzyme activity). The performed tests confirm possible cosmeceutical applications of these plants.

Comparative EPR Study on the Scavenging Effect of Methotrexate with the Isomers of Its Photoswitchable Derivative.

The scavenging effect of the antimetabolite dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor methotrexate (MTX) and the isomers of its photoswitchable derivate, cis- and trans-phototrexate (PHX), have been compared by ESR spectroscopy, with the application of a cyclic hydroxylamine spin probe. The results showed the most pronounced scavenging effect in the presence of trans-phototrexate (trans-PHX). At a low concentration (100 µM) cis-PHX also showed a greater scavenging effect than the parent molecule MTX. Direct antioxidant properties of the investigated molecules were measured by ABTS scavenging assay, which showed no significant difference between trans-PHX and cis-PHX, but both of the isomers of PHX showed a higher antioxidant capacity than MTX. These findings imply that trans-PHX may have more pronounced anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective effects than MTX, despite the lack of its cytotoxic, antineoplastic effect.

Toxicity and Anti-Oxidation Capacity of The Extracts from Caulerpa lentillifera

Caulerpa lentillifera (sea grape) has been widely used in pharmaceutical industry and health-care products in Thailand. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the toxicity and antioxidant capacity of sea grape extracts in five fractions (ethanol- CLET, hexane- CLHE, ethyl acetate- CLEA, butanol-CLBU, and aqueous-CLAQ). The extracts were evaluated for cytotoxicity by MTT and LDH assays on four cell lines, fibroblast (L929), macrophages (RAW 264.7), hepatocytes (FL83B), and keratinocytes (HaCaT). Genotoxicity was tested by comet assay and micronucleus assay on human lymphoblast cells (TK6). The antioxidant capacity was measured by DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays. Our results demonstrated low cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of CLET, CLBU and CLAQ. When tested by DPPH and ABTS assays, CLET, CLEA, and CLHE showed high antioxidant activity. In conclusion, CLET, CLBU, and CLAQ demonstrated no toxic effects, and CLET, CLEA, and CLHE exhibited high antioxidant capacity. Therefore, our results indicated that CLET, CLEA, and CLHE could be consumed safely at doses lower than 500 and 200 μg/ml for CLHE and CLEA, respectively. Keywords: Anti-oxidation, Caulerpa lentillifera, Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity

Cosmeceutical and anticancer potential of aqueous extracts of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. aerial parts

The present study focuses on the cosmeceutical and medicinal importance of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. extracts. Aqueous extracts of leaves, fruits and bark were screened for the antioxidant, UV protection potential, DNA protective and cytotoxic activity. Among the tested extracts, bark aqueous extract (BAE) was the most bioactive extract in respect to free radical scavenging (FRS) activity having antioxidant activity index (AAI) of 2.73 by DPPH method, IC50 value of 10.02 ± 0.479 μg/mL by ABTS scavenging assay and FRAP value of 134.98 ± 0.007 mg TE/g dry extract. In addition, sun protection factor (SPF 39.38 ± 0.07) and anti-proliferative activity against B16 mouse melanoma (IC50 0.221 mg/mL) were also highest in BAE with comparatively low selectivity index (SI) 1.89 ± 0.26. Leaves aqueous extract (LAE) had highest SI (8.69 ± 2.41) but lower cytotoxicity (0.302 ± 0.033 mg/mL) towards B16. Fruits aqueous extract (FAE) showed plasmid DNA protection against H2O2 stress in a dose dependent manner. The ct DNA-BAE interaction study reveals non-covalent interaction with a slight shift of λmax from 210 nm (BAE alone) to 220 nm (BAE-ct DNA complex). High antioxidant, SPF and KUVB (3.93 ± 0.005) and KUVA (3.95 ± 0.005) values of BAE project its incorporation in sunscreen formulations as photoprotective principle. Anti-proliferative activity and DNA interacting potential indicates these extracts can be evaluated further for management and prevention of skin cancers.

Antioxidative potential of Kabasura Kudineer (KSK), an official Siddha polyherbal formulation.

Siddha’s folk medicine system is used to enhance immune responses as preventive medicine Siddha medicine’s enormousplethora of data will enhance human wellbeing Since the oldyears, Kabasura Kudineer(KSK) has beenanimmunedrugtoseveralillnesses Aqueous extract was employed for preparing the extract and analyzed for Total Antioxidant Capacity, Fe2+ chelating activity assay, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, ABTS Scavenging assay and Reducing power assay Thiswas found to possess high antioxidant properties of aqueous extract of KSK and their derivatives have been confirmed with the different tests This experimentation further affirms the antioxidative nature of KSK extract, which further aid in the fight in this COVID-19 pandemic situation

Effects of different maturity stages on antioxidant attributes of indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.)

Amla is Indian traditional medicinal plant with diverse and potent therapeutic potential. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the levels of total polyphenols as well as antioxidant potential at three different ripening stages (un-ripe, semi-ripe and fully-ripe) of amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.) fruit. The antioxidant ability of amla fruit extract was assessed by using in-vitro antioxidant assays that are DPPH, ABTS scavenging assay and total antioxidant capacity. Overall, fruit at the fully mature stage (S3) exhibited the highest levels of TPC, TFC, ABTS, DPPH and radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity, followed by the intermediate (S2) and immature (S1) stages. The results showed that different stages of maturation had profound effects on the antioxidant activity of amla fruit. Keyword: Amla, Antioxidant, Total phenolic and flavonoid, Immature, Intermediate and mature