ABTS Radical Scavenging Assays Research Articles

Compositional, structural, and functional characterization of fucoidan extracted from Sargassum polycystum collected from Saint Martin's Island, Bangladesh

Fucoidan is a sulphated polysaccharide with diversified biological activities commonly found in brown seaweeds. In our present study, fucoidan was extracted from Sargassum polycystum collected from Saint Martin's Island in three different extraction methods. The composition of the fucoidans was determined by measuring the total carbohydrate, sulfate, uronic acid, fucose, and protein contents. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) were studied to determine the structural groups of extracted fucoidans. Functional activities were analyzed by antioxidant activity and anti-diabetic activity assay. Fucoidan yield was obtained highest in the acid extraction method (0.061 ± 0.007 g/g), followed by the water extraction method (0.058 ± 0.005 g/g) and salt extraction method (0.041 ± 0.005 g/g). Water extracted fucoidan showed the highest carbohydrate content (62.97 %), uronic acid content (6.46 %), and protein content (2.62 %). Sulphate content (28.56 %) was highest in salt extracted fucoidan, whereas fucose content (24.0 %) was highest in water extracted fucoidan. FT-IR and 1H NMR analysis confirm several characteristic picks for the extracted fucoidans. Extracted fucoidans presented comparable antioxidant activity, but salt-extracted fucoidan presented the highest DPPH radical scavenging assay (86.85 ± 0.74 %, IC50 = 0.03 mg/mL), ABTS radical scavenging assay (65.13 ± 0.92 %, IC50 = 1.94 mg/mL), Phosphomolybdenum assay (4.356 ± 0.11) and Nitric Oxide (NO) radical scavenging assay (57.08 ± 0.52 %, IC50 = 3.73 mg/mL) in dose-dependency manner. Further anti-diabetic activity assay resulted in the highest α-amylase inhibition activity (62.82 ± 1.36 %, IC50 = 2.30 mg/mL) and α-glucosidase inhibition activity (55.73 ± 0.84 %, IC50 = 3.71 mg/mL) by salt-extracted fucoidan. These functional potentials of seaweed may add significant value to the development of functional food and pharmaceutical materials.

Valorization of Agricultural By-Products (Fragaria vesca) through the Production of Value-Added Micro/Nanostructures Using Electrohydrodynamic Techniques.

An innovative approach for the production of bio-micro/nanostructures with high-value compounds from agricultural by-products was studied. This research aimed to valorize bioactive compounds existing in the by-products of the plants of Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry). The particle characteristics, morphology, size, release properties, and antioxidant activity of micro/nanostructures containing the extract of by-products of the plants of Fragaria vesca or quercetin (one of the main polyphenols in the plant) were analyzed. The electrohydrodynamic (EHD) technique was utilized for encapsulation. The results showed that the morphology and size of the structures were influenced by the concentration of zein, with 10% w/v zein concentration leading to irregular and non-uniform nanostructures, while 20% w/v zein concentration resulted in a mixture of microparticles and thin fibers with an irregular surface. The type and concentration of the core material did not significantly affect the morphology of the micro/nanostructures. In vitro release studies demonstrated the controlled release of the core materials from the zein micro/nanostructures. The release profiles were analyzed using the Korsmeyer-Peppas and Weibull models, which provided insights into the release mechanisms and kinetics. The most relevant release mechanism is associated with "Fickian Diffusion". The antioxidant activity of the structures was evaluated using an ABTS radical-scavenging assay, indicating their potential as antioxidants. In conclusion, the EHD technique enabled the successful encapsulation of Fragaria vesca by-product extract and quercetin with zein, resulting in micro/nanostructures with different morphologies.

Exploring anti-inflammatory and antioxidant-related quality markers of Artemisia absinthium L. based on spectrum-effect relationship.

Artemisia absinthium L. is a well-known medicinal, aromatic, and edible plant with important medicinal and economic properties and a long history of use in treating liver inflammation and other diseases; however, there has been insufficient progress in quality control. This study aimed to investigate the quality markers for the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of A.absinthium based on spectrum-effect relationship analysis. Eighteen batches of A.absinthium from different origins were used. Chemical fingerprints were obtained by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The chemical compositions were identified by quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and 15-lipoxygenase in vitro and inhibition of nitric oxide release in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 cells. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The relationship between bioactivity and chemical fingerprints was then analyzed using chemometrics including gray relational analysis, bivariate correlation analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares analysis. Different batches of A.absinthium extracts possessed significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities to varying degrees. Eighty compounds were identified from A.absinthium, and 12 main common peaks were obtained from the UPLC fingerprints. P3 (chlorogenic acid), P5 (isochlorogenic acid A), and P6 (isochlorogenic acid C) were screened as the most promising active compounds by correlation analysis and further validated for their remarkable anti-inflammatory effects. This is the first study to screen the quality markers of A.absinthium by establishing the spectrum-effect relationship, which can provide a reference for the development of quality standards and further research on A.absinthium.

Enhancing antifungal and biocompatible efficacy of undecanoic acid through incorporation with chitosan-based nanoemulsion

The management of invasive fungal infections in humans poses significant challenges due to the intricate nature of the treatment, which is both arduous and costly, necessitating routine diagnostic procedures. Consequently, this investigation aimed to formulate a chitosan-based nanoemulsion (CS NEMs) incorporating the antifungal agent undecanoic acid (UDA), characterizing these NEMs and assessing their antifungal efficacy against both filamentous and non-filamentous fungal pathogens. The CS-based UDA NEMs were synthesized by introducing the surfactant Triton X-100 and the stabilizer glycerol. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and SEM demonstrated the CS-UDA NEMs with an average size of 145 nm and 164.5 ± 24 nm, respectively. The successful formation of CS-UDA NEMs was verified through FTIR and XRD. CS-UDA NEMs exhibited exceptional inhibition against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans with MFC of 500, 500, 250 and 250 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, CS-UDA NEMs displayed comparatively lower antioxidant activity as determined by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Importantly, CS-UDA NEMs demonstrated no cytotoxic effects on NIH3T3 cells even at higher concentration (1000 μg/mL), as confirmed by cell viability and fluorescent staining assays. In conclusion, this study suggests that the developed CS-UDA NEMs hold promise as potent antifungal agents with diverse potential applications.

Water‐soluble astaxanthin and silver enriched poly(vinyl alcohol)/silk fibroin crosslinking electrospun nanofiber for wound dressing

AbstractThe aim of this work is to fabricate a novel electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/silk fibroin (SF) nanofibrous membrane containing astaxanthin (ASTA) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles as potential wound dressing. Since ASTA is typically liposoluble, the bioavailability could be greatly enhanced by improving its hydrophilicity. The antioxidant performance of eletrospun membrane is verified by ABTS radical scavenging assays. The beadless fibers could be fabricated at 16 kV when PVA (12, wt%) is blended with SF (6, wt%). In addition, the membrane is carefully chemically crosslinked by comparing the efforts (i.e., mechanical strength and water resistance) of glutaraldehyde dipping and vapor treatment. The morphology of the electrospun membrane is observed by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscope. The formation of Ag nanoparticles, which provides the membranes antibacterial properties, is also confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy and inhibition zone test. Meanwhile, the PVA/SF/ASTA/Ag compound membrane is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction, thermo gravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and water contact angle. The releasing of ASTA is also measured, and kinetic data are adjusted by Higuchi models. Finally, the biocompatibility is confirmed by in vitro cell staining experiments and in vivo rat models.

Onosma demirizii: Chemical composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity

AbstractThe primary objectives of the present work were to determine the chemical composition, antioxidant potential and enzyme inhibitory activity of three extracts derived from Onosma demirizii (Boraginaceae), including methanol, water and ethyl acetate, and to chemically characterize the phytochemicals underlying this activity. A rapid, reproducible, simple, and sensitive method, which had been previously validated, was employed to identify 31 phenolics based on liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS/MS). The conducted analysis of LC‐ESI‐MS/MS indicated that the methanol extract of O. demirizii was the richest in terms of both flavonoids and phenolics (42.75 mg GAEs/g extract and 59.90 mg QEs/g extract, respectively). The compounds with greatest abundance in methanol extract were hesperidin (177957 mg/g extract), chlorogenic acid (31815 mg/g extract), hyperoside (10199 mg/g extract), rosmarinic acid (8857 mg/g extract) and pinoresinol (2502 mg/g extract). Moreover, methanol extract exhibited the greatest activity in all antioxidant assays except for ferrous ion‐chelating assay. The EC50/IC50 values of the extract in CUPRAC and FRAP reducing power, phosphomolybdenum, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays were determined to be 0.85, 1.47, 0.47, 1.78, and 1.67 mg/mL, respectively. However, the ferrous ion‐chelating assay was superior for water extract (1.07 mg/mL). Contrary to the results obtained from the assays of antioxidant activity, ethyl acetate extract was observed to be effective in enzymatic inhibition tests. The extract exhibited the highest activity against AChE and BChE (IC50 values 1.04 and 1.47 mg/mL, respectively). These extracts and compounds can be useful for the management of human diseases that are linked to oxidative stress.

Pulp or Peel? Comparative Analysis of the Phytochemical Content and Selected Cosmetic-Related Properties of Annona cherimola L., Diospyros kaki Thumb., Cydonia oblonga Mill. and Fortunella margarita Swingle Pulp and Peel Extracts.

Fruit peels might be a valuable source of active ingredients for cosmetics, leading to more sustainable usage of plant by-products. The aim of the study was to evaluate the phytochemical content and selected biological properties of hydroglycolic extracts from peels and pulps of Annona cherimola, Diospyros kaki, Cydonia oblonga, and Fortunella margarita as potential cosmetic ingredients. Peel and pulp extracts were compared for their antiradical activity (using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays), skin-lightening potential (tyrosinase inhibitory assay), sun protection factor (SPF), and cytotoxicity toward human fibroblast, keratinocyte, and melanoma cell lines. The total content of polyphenols and/or flavonoids was significantly higher in peel than in pulp extracts, and the composition of particular active compounds was also markedly different. The HPLC-MS fingerprinting revealed the presence of catechin, epicatechin and rutoside in the peel of D. kaki, whereas kaempferol glucoside and procyanidin A were present only in the pulp. In A. cherimola, catechin, epicatechin and rutoside were identified only in the peel of the fruit, whereas procyanidins were traced only in the pulp extracts. Quercetin and luteolinidin were found to be characteristic compounds of F. margarita peel extract. Naringenin and hesperidin were found only in the pulp of F. margarita. The most significant compositional variety between the peel and pulp extracts was observed for C. oblonga: Peel extracts contained a higher number of active components (e.g., vicenin-2, kaempferol rutinoside, or kaempferol galactoside) than pulp extract. The radical scavenging potential of peel extracts was higher than of the pulp extracts. D. kaki and F. margarita peel and pulp extracts inhibited mushroom and murine tyrosinases at comparable levels. The C. oblonga pulp extract was a more potent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor than the peel extract. Peel extract of A. cherimola inhibited mushroom tyrosinase but activated the murine enzyme. F. margarita pulp and peel extracts showed the highest in vitro SPF. A. cherimola, D. kaki, and F. margarita extracts were not cytotoxic for fibroblasts and keratinocytes up to a concentration of 2% (v/v) and the peel extracts were cytotoxic for A375 melanoma cells. To summarize, peel extracts from all analyzed fruit showed comparable or better cosmetic-related properties than pulp extracts and might be considered multifunctional active ingredients of skin lightening, anti-aging, and protective cosmetics.

Antioxidant and Neuroproliferative Effects of THL-3-PTD5 Peptide Derived from Hydramacin-1 Antimicrobial Peptide

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by reduced dopamine levels in the brain, affecting over 6 million people worldwide. While current treatments for patients primarily focus on symptom relief, there is a necessity for the development of novel therapeutic agents due to the presence of side effects and declining effectiveness. Functional peptides, known for their high selectivity, specificity, and diverse bioactivities, have shown the potential to develop therapeutic candidates for neurodegenerative diseases. Notably, the macin family of proteins exhibits potent antimicrobial activity and nerve repair effects. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activity and neuroproliferative effects of a series of truncated peptides (THL, THL-1, THL-2, and THL-3) derived from the C-terminal sequence of hydramacin-1. Results showed that THL-3 exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity (EC50 of 22.5 μM) in ABTS-radical scavenging assays, with amino acid residues Cys5, Pro6, Leu7, Lys9, and Lys10 playing critical roles in its activity. Upon conjugation with the cell-penetrating PTD5 peptide to form THL-3-PTD5, it exhibited a significant dose-dependent neuroproliferative effect, increasing the viability of SH-SY5Y cells by 118% at 100 μM. However, it did not exhibit neuroprotective effects under in vitro conditions of oxidative stress induced by an exogenous oxidizing agent. This study suggests that THL-3-PTD5 may serve as a potential candidate for developing therapeutic agents against neurodegenerative diseases.

Biological activities and chemical composition of essential oil isolated from <i>Artemisia herba-alba</i>

<i>Artemisia herba-alba </i>(AHA), known as sheeh in Jordan, is recommended by regional traditional healers for the treatment of a variety of diseases. AHA<i> </i>has been used in folk medicine to treat colds, coughing, bronchitis, intestinal disturbances, diarrhea, neuralgias, arterial hypertension, and diabetes. The objectives of the current study were to identify the chemical compositions of the essential oil extracted from dried leaf powder of AHA cultivated in Jordan and investigate its antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The essential oil was isolated using hydro distillation, and the identification of <i>artemisia herba-alba </i>essential oil <i>(</i>AHEO) composition was performed using validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity of AHEO was assessed against <i>escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumonia</i>,<i> </i>and <i>staphylococcus aureus </i>and two clinical isolates (methicillin-resistant <i>staphylococcus aureus</i> and methicillin-resistant <i>staphylococcus</i> <i>epidermidis</i> [MRSE]) using a disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values, using the micro-dilution broth method. Additionally, antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The results revealed that the yield of AHEO was 4.41% v/w, with nearly 22 identified compounds, constituting approximately 96.80% of the total mass of essential oils. Monoterpenoids was the major compounds (71.90%), with alpha pinene being the major component, accounting for 17.20% of the composition. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 43.97 mg GAE/g and 30.11 mg CE/g, respectively. The antibacterial activity of AHEO against MRSE exhibited the highest inhibitory effect, while <i>E.coli</i> showed the highest MBC value. Furthermore, AHEO demonstrated significant antioxidant activity (IC<sub>50=</sub> 64.57 and 34.01 for DPPH and ABTS, respectively). The results indicate that AHEO possess good antioxidant and antibacterial properties, suggesting that they may be used as a supplementary food and antimicrobial agent.

Polarity directed solvent extracts from Bukiniczia Cabulica (Boiss.) Lincz. ameliorate scopolamine induced amnesia: HPLC-DAD polyphenolics analysis, cholinesterase, COX2, BACE1 inhibitory, anti-amyloid, antioxidant, molecular docking and behavioral correlates

Medicinal plants and polyphenolics of the family Plumbaginaceae have ethnomedicinal relevance in the management of neurological disorders. The current study was aimed to assess protective potentials of Bukiniczia cabulica (Boiss.) Lincz. against scopolamine induced amnesia. Quantitative polyphenolics assessment of the crude extract (Bc.Cme) was performed using HPLC-DAD analysis. In vitro cholinesterase (AChE/BChE), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitory and antioxidant (DPPH/ABTS) studies were performed following standard protocols. Spatial memory and neurocognitive benefits of the samples were tested in amnesic animals using Shallow Water Maze (SWM), Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), Y-Maze paradigms. The BACE1 inhibitory and anti-amyloid (Aβ) studies were performed using western blotting technique in amnesic animals. Binding affinity of the identified compounds against the target enzymes were evaluated via MOE software. A total of thirteen bioactive polyphenols including syringic acid (129.9 ± 0.9 mg/g), 4-Caffeoylquinic Acid (67.6 ± 0.3 mg/g), qurecetin-3-O-rutinoside (33.6 ± 0.5 mg/g), quercetin-3-feruloyl sophoroside (16.9 ± 0.3 mg/g), quercetin pentosyl hexoside (14.0 ± 0.3 mg/g), isorhamnetin-3-caffeoyl-7-glucoside (15.6 ± 0.5 mg/g), quercetin-3-(p-coumaroyl diglucoside)-7-glucoside (11.8 ± 0.3 mg/g), procyanidin trimer (10 ± 0.2 mg/g), were quantified. The Bc.Cme was found highly active against both AChE/BChE with IC50 values of 23.1 and 42.62 ug/ml respectively. In a DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay Bc.Cme considerable radicals scavenging activity. Further, Bc.Cme effectively inhibited COX-2 enzyme with IC50 value of 74.3 ug/ml. The Bc.Cme offered protection against scopolamine induced amnesia in various behavioral models. The BACE1 enzyme was inhibited significantly as compared to amnesia group animals and a considerable decline in Aβ load was observed in Bc.Cme treated animals. Affinity was observed for the identified compounds against target enzymes.

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Pterolobium hexapetalum (roth) santapau & wagh leaves extract and their biological applications

Plants produce several secondary metabolites, which have a variety of therapeutic applications. In this study, green synthesis of Iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO-NPs) utilized Pterolobium hexapetalum aqueous leaf extract (Ph-ALE). The UV, XRD, IR, FE-SEM-EDAX, and HR-TEM with SAED patterns were characterized by Ph-FeO-NPs. In UV–visible spectra, Ph-FeO-NPs had an absorbance peak at 290 nm. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed their crystalline nature of Ph-FeO-NPs. The FT-IR spectrum of the synthesized Ph-FeO-NPs revealed the presence of various functional groups such as, Alcohols & Phenols, Aldehyde, Alkene, Carboxylic acids, Chloride and Bromide & Iodide. The FE-SEM and HR-TEM image of Ph-FeO-NPs shows a spherical shape with a size ranging from 20 to 28 nm. The EDaX study displayed the presence of Fe signals of Ph-FeO-NPs. Further, the green synthesized Ph-FeO-NPs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, with the maximum zone of inhibition was noticed in S. typhi at 50 μg. The antioxidant study of the synthesized Ph-FeO-NPs displayed remarkable activity against DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging assays with an IC50 value of 134.42; 367.39 μg/mL respectively. In moreover, the synthesized Ph-FeO-NPs exhibited strong anticancer activity against the A549 cell line with an IC50 value of 54.32 μg/mL. In addition, the synthesized Ph-FeO-NPs demonstrated potential larvicidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae with an LC50 & LC90 values of 2.437; 10.639 mg/mL, respectively. As a result, the synthesized Ph-FeO-NPs displayed exceptional clinical performance and serve as a source of medication as well as a platform for the development of novel drugs.

An aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini bark reduces the rate of preterm birth in rats

Preterm delivery is a considerable burden on prenatal healthcare and a major risk factor for neurological impairment and disability. A study looked at whether an aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini (AESC) bark could stop rats from giving birth too early. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of AESC in vitro, and the results showed that this extract possesses free radical scavenging activity, which helps to prevent premature labour. A piece of an isolated rat uterus was used for in-vitro pharmacological testing of the AESC at 25 ​mg/ml and 50 ​mg/ml. The extract showed free radical scavenging activity, effectively suppressing uterine contractions by 45.7% and 66.9%, respectively. The researchers concluded that AESC has considerable tocolytic activity, resulting in a decrease in the rate of premature birth. The extract showed no significant adverse effects on mothers or their infants, suggesting it may be a safe option for pregnant individuals seeking to prevent preterm labor. The extract also exhibited a dose-dependent effect, with higher doses resulting in a greater reduction in premature birth rates, further supporting its efficacy as a tocolytic agent.

Schiff base compounds constructed from pyrazole–acetamide: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, crystal structure, DFT, molecular docking and antioxidant activity

Two new Schiff base compounds, namely N-(2-((4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene)amino)phenyl)-2-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)acetamide (DBPA) and N-(2-((4-methoxybenzylidene)amino)phenyl)-2-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)acetamide (MBPA), have been synthesized through the condensation of N-(2-aminophenyl)-2-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)acetamide (A) with aromatic aldehydes. Their structures have been elucidated on the basis on spectral data (1H NMR, 13C NMR ESI-MS) and confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Thus, the crystallographic studies showed that the analysis of the crystal packing of DBPA and MBPA revealed 1D and 2D supramolecular architectures, respectively, via various hydrogen bonding interactions. Moreover, the evaluation of compounds A, DBPA and MBPA for their antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay, and reduction potency assay has been undertaken. using quercetin, Trolox and catechin as standard references respectively. The results obtained showed that DBPA appeared more hydrogen radical donor while MBPA appeared more electron donor. The comparison of the activities of the studied three molecules was carried out using both DFT and molecular docking calculations. Furthermore, ADME/T calculations have been made in order to show that these compounds can be used as potent drugs.

LC/HRESI-MS/MS screening, phytochemical characterization, and in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of Jatropha integerrima Jacq. extracts

Avoiding the probable dangerous side effects of synthetic drugs, this study aims the identification of natural antioxidant and antitumor agents from J. integerrima leaf and floral extracts. A highly efficient and fast UPLC/ESI-qTOF-HRMS/MS screening has led to characterization of 30 flavonoids, i.e. 12 flavonols, 6 flavones, 3 dihydroflavonols, 4 anthocyanins (flower), 2 dihydroflavonols, and 3 isoflavones from both J. integerrima extracts. In addition, six major polyphenols were identified for the first time from leaf extract, and their structures were established as apigenin 7-O-β-d-neohesperidoside (rhoifolin, 1), apigenin 8-C-β-D-4C1-glucopyranoside (vitexin, 2), luteolin 6-C-β-D-4C1-glucopyranoside (isoorientin, 3), 6,6″-di-C-β-D-4C1-glucopyranosyl-methylene-biapigenin (Jatrophenol-I, 4), (E)-p-coumaric acid methyl ester (5), and (E)-ferulic acid methyl ester (6) with HRESI-MS and NMR analyses. The in vitro antioxidant activity of both extracts and major pure isolates was decided using DPPH, reducing power capability, FRAP, and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and their in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EACC), as well.The flower extract and compound 3 have shown the strongest antioxidant and cytotoxic effects. At low concentrations (25 µg/mL), they showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging ability (79.63 ± 0.42 and 76.20 ± 0.35%) regarding BHA (91.44 ± 0.29% at 100 µg/mL). In the parameter of absorbance, they exhibited higher reducing power ability (1.402 ± 0.025 and 1.178 ± 0.019%) than that of BHA (0.975 ± 0.013 at 100 µg/mL). Similarly, they proved superior FRAP (1427 ± 9.61 and 1377 ± 13.61 µmol Trolox/ 100 g) and highest ABTS activity (80.19 ± 0.55 and 68.38 ± 0.19%), which are higher activities compared to BHA (88.42 ± 0.24% at 100 µg/mL). Furthermore, all samples gave noticeable cytotoxicity at the same concentration (100 µg/mL), especially the flower extract and compound 3 which showed a relatively high effect on the viability of EACC (81.12 ± 0.24 and 77.21 ± 0.76 %, respectively) relative to vincristine reference drug (90.64 ± 0.39 %). Based on the findings, the extracts and isolates can be considered as potent antioxidant and cytotoxic natural agents, especially flower extract and isoorientin (3), which may supply novel insight into their likely application in pharmaceutical industries.

Isolation and Characterization of Curcumenotone, a Sesquiterpene from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb as Antioxidant

Antioxidant compounds are necessary to block the initiation of oxidation chain reactions and inhibit the formation of ROS which are the cause of various diseases. Natural antioxidants can be isolated from various sources, one of them from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb Rhizome. This study was aimed to isolate and identify antioxidant compounds from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb rhizome. To isolate the active compound, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity guide was used. Initially the Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb rhizome powdered material macerated with ethanol 70% to give ethanol extract (EE). The EE was then fractionated gradually with increasing polarity solvents to give n-hexane (HF), ethyl acetate (EAF), ethanol (EF) and insoluble (IF) fractions. The EF was the active fraction, was fractionated into 6 fractions (EE.a-f) based on their TLC picture. Two compounds (EF.a1 and EF.a2) were isolated from active fraction (EF.a) by preparative TLC. The EF.a2 appeared as white crystals demonstrates better activity as anti radical DPPH, having 96.24% purity (HPLC). EF.a2 appeared as a single peak in GC (Rt 12,78), and having molecular weight at m/z 234. There were 2 absorbtion peaks at 226 nm and 260 nm in Uv-Vis spectrophotometer and absorption bands at 3364, 3314, 2905 and 1653 cm-1 on the FT-IR spectrum. Based on spectroscopic data (1H-,13C-NMR) and comparison with reported data, the EF.a2 was identified as sesquiterpene, curcumenotone (C15H22O2). The curcumenotone was shown potent antioxidant in DPPH radical scavenging assay had an IC50 53.24±1.51 µg/mL, ABTS radical scavenging assay had an IC50 41.33±3.15 µg/mL, and FRAP assay had an IC50 37,82±2.02 µg/mL.

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Arundina graminifolia Leaf Extract

Arundina graminifolia (D.Don) Hochr. has been used as a traditional medicine for detoxification, anti-arthritis, and antidote for many years. This study aimed to determine the biological property of Arundina graminifolia leaf extract (ALE) for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Arundina graminifolia leaves were extracted with 70% ethanol, and antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assay. The iron-binding capacity of ALE was measured by spectrophotometric technique. Lipid peroxidation assay was determined using the thiocyanate method. Moreover, the production of TNF-α and IL-6 was measured by an ELISA kit. Our results showed that ALE containing total phenolic and flavonoid contents exhibited antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. The IC50 values of ALE by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay were 155.17±3.61 and 13.82±0.38 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, ALE could inhibit free radical production via the Fenton reaction by complex formation with Fe3+-NTA. The scavenging activity of ALE in hemoglobin-induced lipid peroxidation resulted in 42% inhibition. Besides, ALE significantly inhibited LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators, including the production of NO and IL-6. These findings suggest that ALE could be used as a functional food or pharmaceutical product containing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and providing therapeutic potential for treating inflammatory diseases.

Evaluation of In vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxicity Activities of Orthosiphon Pallidus Royle

Objective: The objective of present research work was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activity of Orthosiphon pallidus Royle.
 Methods: Total phenolic and flavonoid content of hydroalcoholic extract (50:50) of Orthosiphon pallidus Royle hydroalcoholic extract (OPRHE) was estimated and the in vitro antioxidant activity was determined using ABTS radical scavenging assay and metal chelating assay. Antimicrobial activity was investigated by agar well diffusion method and MIC was determined. Cytotoxic assay was measured by the SRB method against breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) using Rapamycin as standard drug. 
 Results: The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the hydroalcoholic extract of OPRHE was estimated and the In vitro antioxidant activity was determined using the ABTS radical scavenging assay and metal chelating assay. Antimicrobial activity was investigated by the agar well diffusion method and MIC was determined. The cytotoxic assay was measured by the SRB method against breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) using Rapamycin as standard drug. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of OPRHE was found to be 228.86±0.19 mg gallic acid equivalents/ g plant extract, and 735.86±1.09 mg quercetin equivalents/ g plant extract, respectively. The IC50 value was found to be 59.22±1.28 µg/ml for extract, and that of standard compound gallic acid & BHT was 1.12±0.42 µg/ml and 3.25 ±1.12µg/ml. OPRHE showed a maximum metal chelating effect of 81.21 % at 600 µg/ml. Antimicrobial activity showed the bacterial strain showed the highest zone of inhibition when compared to the fungal strain. The percentage of cytotoxicity was increasing with the increase in concentration steadily up to 7.5 µg/ml on both the cell lines and the CTC50 value of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines was 153.64 & 213.056 μg/ml while rapamycin standard drug showed a CT50 value of 3.86 & 4.091 μg/ml caused 50 % cytotoxicity. 
 Conclusion: The results of the present investigation demonstrated significant variations in the antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of hydro alcoholic extract. These data could be helpful in isolation of pure potent compounds with good biological activities from the extract of plant.

Antioxidant Efficacy of Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Promotes Wound Healing in Mice.

Developing an efficient and cost-effective wound-healing substance to treat wounds and regenerate skin is desperately needed in the current world. Antioxidant substances are gaining interest in wound healing, and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles have drawn considerable attention in biomedical applications due to their efficient, cost-effective, and non-toxic nature. The present study evaluated in vivo wound healing and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles from Azadirachta indica (AAgNPs) and Catharanthus roseus (CAgNPs) leaf extracts in BALB/c mice. We found rapid wound healing, higher collagen deposition, and increased DNA and protein content in AAgNPs- and CAgNPs (1% w/w)-treated wounds than in control and vehicle control wounds. Skin antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, catalase, GPx, GR) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased after 11 days CAgNPs and AAgNPs treatment. Furthermore, the topical application of CAgNPs and AAgNPs tends to suppress lipid peroxidation in wounded skin samples. Histopathological images evidenced decreased scar width, epithelium restoration, fine collagen deposition, and fewer inflammatory cells in CAgNPs and AAgNPs applied wounds. In vitro, the free radical scavenging activity of CAgNPs and AAgNPs was demonstrated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Our findings suggest that silver nanoparticles prepared from C. roseus and A. indica leaf extracts increased antioxidant status and improved the wound-healing process in mice. Therefore, these silver nanoparticles could be potential natural antioxidants to treat wounds.

In Vitro Antibacterial and Phytochemical Screening of Hypericum perforatum Extract as Potential Antimicrobial Agents against Multi-Drug-Resistant (MDR) Strains of Clinical Origin.

The perennial plant Hypericum perforatum is widely distributed around the world. It has been used for many years in conventional medicine to treat a variety of illnesses, including stress, mild to moderate depression, and minor injuries. This study examined the antimicrobial activity of the H. perforatum total extract and its fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and aqueous) against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) isolates that were gathered from clinical samples, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia. Aerial parts of H. perforatum were collected and extracted using various solvents and were tested versus different isolated bacterial species. The inhibition zone of tested extracts was detected using an agar diffusion assay, and MICs were measured. Phytochemical analysis of promising H. perforatum extract was done using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Ultrastructure examination for the most altered bacteria used transmission electron microscopy. Antioxidant assays were done using DPPH and ABTS scavenging capacity methods. Cytotoxicity was reported versus Vero cells. Different extracts of H. perforatum showed promising antibacterial activity against the pathogens. While the subfractions of the total extract were observed to show lesser inhibition zones and higher MIC values than the total extract of H. perforatum against MDR strains, the total extract of H. perforatum demonstrated the most potent antimicrobial action with an inhibition zone range of 17.9-27.9 mm. MDR-K. pneumoniae was discovered to be the most susceptible strain, which is consistent with the antibacterial inhibitory action of H. perforatum whole extract. Additionally, after treatment at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC 3.9 μg/ml), the transmission electron microscope showed alterations in the ultrastructure of the K. pneumoniae cells. Methanol extract from H. perforatum has a CC50 value of 976.75 μg/ml. Future inhibitors that target MDR strains may be revealed by these findings. Additionally, the extracts that were put to the test demonstrated strong antioxidant effects as shown by DPPH or ABTS radical-scavenging assays.

Synthesis of Novel N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Ruthenium (II) Complexes, "Precious" Tools with Antibacterial, Anticancer and Antioxidant Properties.

Ruthenium N-heterocyclic carbene (Ru-NHC) complexes show interesting physico-chemical properties as catalysts and potential in medicinal chemistry, exhibiting multiple biological activities, among them anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. Herein, we designed and synthesized a new series of Ru-NHC complexes and evaluated their biological activities as anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant agents. Among the newly synthesized complexes, RANHC-V and RANHC-VI are the most active against triple-negative human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231. These compounds were selective in vitro inhibitors of the human topoisomerase I activity and triggered cell death by apoptosis. Furthermore, the Ru-NHC complexes' antimicrobial activity was studied against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, revealing that all the complexes possessed the best antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, at a concentration of 25 µg/mL. Finally, the antioxidant effect was assessed by DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging assays, resulting in a higher ability for inhibiting the ABTS•+, with respect to the well-known antioxidant Trolox. Thus, this work provides encouraging insights for further development of novel Ru-NHC complexes as potent chemotherapeutic agents endowed with multiple biological properties.