Absorption Of Free Fatty Acids Research Articles

Oxalate nephropathy in an elderly patient with newly diagnosed celiac disease – a case report

Oxalate nephropathy, due to secondary hyperoxaluria has widely been described in gastrointestinal diseases. However, reports of oxalate nephropathy in newly diagnosed celiac disease are rare.A 72-year-old Caucasian male presented to the hospital with abdominal discomfort and acute renal insufficiency with a creatinine of 290 µmol/L.The clinical course, laboratory results and urinalysis were suspect for tubular injury. Renal biopsy showed calcium oxalate depositions. Elevated plasma and urine oxalate levels established the diagnosis oxalate nephropathy.The abdominal complaints with steatorrhea and positive anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies were diagnosed as celiac disease, which was confirmed after duodenal biopsies.Treatment with prednisone, and gluten-free, low oxalate and normal calcium diet, lowered the plasma oxalate levels and improved his renal function.Decreased absorption of free fatty acids can lead to increased free oxalate in the colon due to the binding of free fatty acids to calcium, preventing the formation of the less absorbable calcium oxalate in the colon.Oxalate dispositions in the kidney can lead to acute tubular injury and chronic renal insufficiency. Celiac disease is therefore one of the intestinal diseases that can lead to hyperoxaluria and oxalate nephropathy.

Organoleptic characteristics of eggs produced by Japanese quails fed with levels of by-products from the soybean oil industry

By-products of the refining of vegetable oils can be used in the feeding of laying birds. However, they may alter the sensory properties of the eggs. Acidulated soy soapstock oil (ASS) is a by-product containing high amounts of free fatty acids (FFA) which are not well utilized by the animals. Therefore, the use of an emulsifier could help with the absorption of FFA. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of ASS in association with lecithin on the sensory properties of Japanese quail eggs. Eggs from Japanese quails fed diets with acidulated soy soapstock oil (ASS) and lecithin (LEC) were used. The treatments were: T1 - diet with 4% ASS; T2 - diet with 4% ASS + 1% LEC; T3 - diet with 8% ASS; T4- diet with 8% ASS + 1% LEC; T5 - diet with 4% degummed oil (DSO); T6 - diet whit 4% DSO + 1% LEC; T7- BD with 8% DSO; T8 - diet with 8% DSO + 1% LEC. Ten trained panelists evaluated the organoleptic properties of the eggs and each panelist was considered a replication. A 9 cm structured scale was used for verifying the following variables: intensity, brightness, characteristic odor, texture, fat taste, acid taste, rancid taste and residual taste. Additionally, a triangle test was used for evaluating some combinations of treatments. The use of ASS negatively affects some organoleptic characteristics. However, the association of ASS with LEC reduced such negative effects.

Circulating triglycerides and bile acids are reduced by a soluble wheat arabinoxylan via modulation of bile concentration and lipid digestion rates in a pig model.

Soluble dietary fibres have shown to have lipid reducing properties. However, their mechanisms of action are still unclear. The present study investigated how a soluble wheat arabinoxylan-rich fraction (AXRF) fed to pigs used as a human model reduced blood triglycerides. After 4 weeks on the experimental diets, blood from the jugular (JV) and hepatic portal (HPV) veins, bile from the gall bladder, and digesta samples from four sites of the small intestine (SI) and cecum were collected. The results showed that the AXRF significantly decreased the concentrations of total bile acid (BA) in the HPV (p < 0.01), JV (p<0.01), bile (p<0.05) and SI (p<0.05), but with no effect on ileal BAs excretion flux. Furthermore, blood triglyceride (TAG) levels were also lower with AXRF (p<0.01) but with no significant effects on LDL-, HDL- or total cholesterol levels. The lower plasma TAG concentration was consistent with the reduced/delayed digestion and absorption of TAG with the AXRF (total fatty acid and MUFA p<0.01; unsaturated fatty acid p<0.05). The results suggest that AXRF reduced the levels of circulating BAs which slowed down the digestion of TAG and absorption of free fatty acids, with consequent reduction in blood TAG. Reduction in circulating bile acids by arabinoxylan causes reduction in lipids digestion and absorption.

Intestinal removal of free fatty acids from hosts by Lactobacilli for the treatment of obesity

Recent findings on the association of gut microbiota with various diseases, including obesity, prompted us to investigate the possibility of using a certain type of gut bacteria as a safe therapeutic for obesity. Lactobacillus mutants with enhanced capacity in absorption of free fatty acids (FFAs) were isolated to show reduced absorption of FFAs by the administered host, attributing to inhibition of body weight gain and body fat accumulation as well as amelioration of blood profiles. Consequently, high throughput screening of natural FFAs‐absorbing intestinal microbes led to the isolation of Lactobacillus reuteri JBD30 l. The administration of Lactobacillus JBD30l lowered the concentration of FFAs in the gut fluid content of small intestine, thus reducing intestinal absorption of FFAs whereas promoting fecal excretion of FFAs. Animal data also confirmed that the efficacy of Lactobacillus JBD30l on body weight similar to that of orlistat, an FDA‐approved pharmaceutical for long‐term use to treat obesity. In a subsequent random, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial (KCT0000452 at Clinical Research Information Service of Korea), there was a statistically significant difference in the percentage change in body weight between the Lactobacillus JBD301 and the placebo group (P = 0.026) as well as in the BMI (P = 0.036) from the 0‐week assessment to the 12‐week assessment. Our results show that FFA‐absorbing Lactobacillus JBD301 effectively reduces dietary fat absorption, providing an ideal treatment for obesity with inherent safety.

Monitoring the Rhizopus oryzae lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of castor oil by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy

A rapid and environmental friendly Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic method was developed for monitoring the Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL) catalyzed hydrolysis of castor oil in oil-in-water emulsion system. A calibration curve was constructed using partial least square (PLS) model by gravimetric addition of oleic acid (10–50%) in castor oil to detect the carbonyl absorption of free fatty acids (FFA) in the region (1690–1730cm−1). The correlation co-efficient (R2) and root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) by PLS model were found to be 0.999 and 0.316, respectively. ROL was found to be an efficient biocatalyst to produce free fatty acids (FFA) from castor oil. Factors affecting the rate of hydrolysis such as enzyme concentration (0.01%, w/v), pH (7), temperature (37°C), oil–water ratio (1:4) and reaction time (12h) were optimized. Under all set of conditions the ROL effectively hydrolyzed castor oil up to 90% yield of fatty acids. The methodology is fairly environmental friendly in both cases, i.e. using lipase for hydrolysis of castor oil and analyzing the product through FTIR spectroscopy.

How the Intestinal Peptide Transporter PEPT-1 Contributes to an Obesity Phenotype in Caenorhabditits elegans

BackgroundAmino acid absorption in the form of di- and tripeptides is mediated by the intestinal proton-coupled peptide transporter PEPT-1 (formally OPT-2) in Caenorhabditits elegans. Transporter-deficient animals (pept-1(lg601)) show impaired growth, slowed postembryonal development and major changes in amino acid status.Principal FindingsHere we demonstrate that abolished intestinal peptide transport also leads to major metabolic alterations that culminate in a two fold increase in total body fat content. Feeding of C. elegans with [U-13C]-labelled E. coli revealed a decreased de novo synthesis of long-chain fatty acids in pept-1(lg601) and reduced levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. mRNA profiling revealed increased transcript levels of enzymes/transporters needed for peroxisomal β-oxidation and decreased levels for those required for fatty acid synthesis, elongation and desaturation. As a prime and most fundamental process that may account for the increased fat content in pept-1(lg601) we identified a highly accelerated absorption of free fatty acids from the bacterial food in the intestine.ConclusionsThe influx of free fatty acids into intestinal epithelial cells is strongly dependent on alterations in intracellular pH which is regulated by the interplay of PEPT-1 and the sodium-proton exchanger NHX-2. We here provide evidence for a central mechanism by which the PEPT-1/NHX-2 system strongly influences the in vivo fat content of C. elegans. Loss of PEPT-1 decreases intestinal proton influx leading to a higher uptake of free fatty acids with fat accumulation whereas loss of NHX-2 causes intracellular acidification by the PEPT-1 mediated proton/dipeptide symport with an almost abolished uptake of fatty acids and a lean phenotype.

Effect of Estrogen-Receptor Interaction on the Levels of Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins and Spectra of Free Acids in Small Intestinal Mucosa of Rabbits

Data on the possibility of estrogens to regulate absorption of free fatty acids (FFA) during absorption of lipids in small intestine with associated estrogen-receptor interaction and changes in fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) levels are reported. In particular, characteristics of cytoplasmic estrogen receptors, estradiol metabolism, FABP levels and spectra of FFA in FABP fraction were studied in small intestinal mucosa of sexually mature and immature female rabbits, intact or after ovariectomy and estradiol dipropionate administration. The dissociation constants (Kd) and number of binding sites were determined in coordinates of Scatchard. FABP levels were demonstrated spectrophotometrically after ultracentrifugation (K-32M) and gel filtration (G-75). FFA composition of FABP fraction, chyme and enterocytes were analyzed by a chromatographic method (Tsvet-110). Levels of body estrogens were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis (Tsvet-306) of estrogens in daily urine. The study has demonstrated a specific relation between FABP levels and their lipid component, FFA, on the one hand and endo- and exogenous estrogen levels on the other hand, in female rabbits maintained on a standard fat-free diet.

The pharmacologic approach to the treatment of obesity.

Obesity is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality, and a series of pharmacologic approaches are available for helping to manage the problem. Obesity is caused by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, which is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Pharmacologic treatments include anorexigenic agents, which fall into two broad categories: those that act via brain catecholamine pathways and those that act via serotonin pathways. The most recent oral agents approved are dexfenfluramine, which is currently being marketed, and sibutramine. Both agents inhibit the control reuptake of serotonin but in addition may have effects on thermogenesis. Under investigation are agents that increase energy expenditure: the beta 3-adrenergic receptor agonists and drugs that prevent the intestinal absorption of free fatty acids and cholesterol. In development are innovative approaches to influence leptin and its receptors, various obesity genes, and biologic substances thought to influence satiety (neuropeptide Y, enterostatin, cholecystokinin, bombesin, and amylin). Obesity has now become a major target for drug development not only for affecting obesity per se but also for managing and preventing comorbid conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Utilization of Supplemental Triglycerides or Free Fatty Acids by Calves from 4 to 10 Weeks of Age

Our objectives were 1) to determine the effects of increased availability of 2-monoglycerides from triglyceride digestion on absorption of free fatty acids (FFA) and utilization of nutrients by calves of weaning age and 2) to determine whether absorption of FFA increased with age. Thirty-two male Holstein calves were fed milk replacer until d 28 of age and then were assigned to one of four treatments: 1) control, 80 g/d of whey protein concentrate in 2L of water; 2) control plus 120 g/d of lard triglycerides; 3) control plus 90 g/d of lard triglycerides plus 30 g/d of lard FFA (low FFA); and 4) control plus 60 g/d of triglycerides plus 60 g/d of lard FFA (high FFA). Treatments were fed by nipple pail twice daily to maintain closure of the esophageal groove. Intake of calf starter (available continuously) was decreased by supplemental fats and tended to be lower for calves fed high FFA than for those fed low FFA. Digestibilities of total C18 fatty acids and total fatty acids were lower for calves fed triglycerides than for calves fed FFA, but digestibilities were not affected by age. Energy digestibility was greater for fat treatments than for controls and was greater for FFA treatments than for triglycerides, but intakes of digestible energy and metabolizable energy did not differ. Absorbed N was greater for calves on the control treatment than for those on the fat treatments, but retained N and average daily gain did not differ. Digestibility of fatty acids was greater for calves fed mixtures of triglycerides and FFA than for those fed triglycerides alone, but digestibility did not change during wk 6 to 10 of age.

Use of free fatty acids in animal nutrition

The description of the processes of absorption of free fatty acids in monogastric animals and in ruminants is the first part of the review. The feeding problems of free fatty acids are discussed in the second part. In pig diets is a level up 6% free fatty acids in the dry matter of the ration not disadvantageous. In the feeding of ruminants additionally free fatty acids reduce the fermentation processes in the rumen. Only protected free fatty acids (Ca-fatty acids) are favourable in feeding systems for high yielding cows.

Interactions Between Ionized Calcium and Sodium Taurocholate: Bile Salts Are Important Buffers for Prevention of Calcium-Containing Gallstones

Abstract Calcium precipitation in bile is a requisite physicochemical event in the pathogenesis of pigment gallstones that, in turn, may serve as a nucleus for precipitation of cholesterol from its supersaturated state to form cholesterol stones. Using the Ca2+-ion electrode, the interactions of calcium with taurocholate anions were studied at 24°C and pH 7.0 over physiologic ranges (0.5–200 mM) of bile salt (BS) and total calcium (0.15–15 mM). All studies were made at a 0.295 M total ionic strength to minimize possible bile salt effects on Ca2+-activity coefficients. It was found that Ca2+ reacts with free taiurocholate anions to form the free acid salt CaBS+, with a formation constant (K'f) of about 794. In micellar solutions, Ca2+ reacted with two taurocholate anions in the micelle to form the neutral salt Ca(BS)20. The K'f for this reaction was low, about 7.6, or roughly 1/100th that of the free acid salt. Upon further addition of calcium to such micellar solutions, Ca(BS)20 appeared to be converted to a micellar acid salt, CaBS+. In any given solution, therefore, three distinct species could be present: (a) free CaBS+, (b) micellar Ca(BS)20, and (c) micellar CaBS+. In the presence of calcium, there was no critical micellar concentration (CMC) for taurocholate, but rather continuous micelle formation along a rectangular hyperbola. Knowledge of overall apparent K'f values, and K'f values for both CABS+ and CA(BS)20 permitted calculation of the relative proportions of free and micellar calcium-taurocholate in any given solution. The term CMC50 is introduced to indicate that at which 50% of calcium is free and 50% is in micellar form. It is concluded that bile acid anions, both free and micellar, constitute an important potential buffer for intraluminal calcium in the biliary tree and intestine. By thus limiting ambient Ca2+ concentration, bile acid anions may protect against calcium precipitation with various anions in bile such as bilirubinate (pigment gallstones), and may also affect the interactions of calcium within the intestinal lumen (absorption of free fatty acids, oxalate, etc.), as well as mucosal absorption of both Ca2+ and bile acid anions.

Lecithin inhibits fatty acid and bile salt absorption from rat small intestine in vivo

During digestion of a fatty meal, long chain free fatty acids (FFA) and lecithin are among the lipids solubilized in intestinal contents as mixed micelles with bile salts. We hypothesized that if lecithin were not hydrolyzed, the mixed micelles would be abnormal, and absorption of FFA and bile salts would be depressed. To test this hypothesis, isolated segments of rat small intestine were infused in vivo with micellar solutions of 2 mMolar linoleic acid and 10 mMolar taurocholate to which was added 3 mMolar 1-palmitoyl, 2-oleoyl lecithin (a common lecithin in bile and food), or 1-palmitoyl lysolecithin (the hydrolytic product of lecithin). Absorption of FFA and bile salt was measured under steady state conditions using a single-pass technique. Lecithin depressed the rate of FFA absorption by 40% (p less than 0.025) in jejunal and ileal segments whereas lysolecithin was associated with normal rates of FFA absorption. Lecithin also reduced taurocholate absorption from the ileum by 30% (p less than 0.05). These data support the idea that lecithin may depress FFA and bile salt absorption from the small intestine in pancreatic insufficiency.

Determination of fatty acids in digesta: An improved method for the free fatty acids from c4: 0 to c18: 3

AbstractA simple method is described suitable for the measurement of free fatty acids, from C4 to C18, produced by lipolysis of dietary fat in the calf. The method involves extraction of samples of diets and digesta with diethyl ether, and absorption of free fatty acids on to an ion exchange resin. After elution and conversion to methyl esters the fatty acids are determined by gas chromatography. By combining the values obtained with those for esterified fatty acids, estimated by an established procedure a complete analysis of the lipid classes in digesta can be obtained.

EFFECT OF LIPID ABSORPTION ON GLUCOSE METABOLISM BY SLICES OF HAMSTER SMALL INTESTINE.

Glucose utilization in vitro by hamster jejunal slices was shown to be enhanced during the absorption of free fatty acids and this effect was most striking with oleic acid. Glucose-C14 conversion to glyceride-glycerol was proportional to lipid concentration but, in addition, there was distinct increase in glucose oxidation and lactic acid-C14 formation. In striking contrast to the effects of fatty acids, monoglyceride absorption was associated with little change in glucose utilization, and there was actually a reduction in glucose-C14 appearance in glyceride-glycerol. The data suggest that absorption of free fatty acids and their esterification with L-α-glycerophosphate is associated with a stimulus for glucose metabolism. However the stimulation of glucose metabolism is in excess of that required for L-α-glycerophosphate formation. The reasons for this are not clear at present. The effects observed with monoglycerides suggest predominant esterification with tissue free fatty acids by monoglyceride acylase in preference to hydrolysis intracellularly by monoglyceride lipase.