Absorption In Human Body Research Articles

Technologies for retrospective radiation dosimetry.

Radiation dosimetry is an important task for assessing the biological damages created in human being due to ionising radiation exposure. Ionising radiation being invisible and beyond the perception of human natural sensors, the dosimetry equipments/systems are the utmost requirement for its measurement. Retrospective measurement of radiation doses is a challenging task as conventional radiation dosemeters are not available at the exposure site. The material/s in close proximity of exposed individual or individuals' biological samples may be used as retrospective radiation sensor for dosimetry purpose. Environment materials such as sand, bricks, ceramics, sand stones, quartz, feldspar, glasses and electronic chips have been utilised using TL (Thermoluminescence) techniques for retrospective gamma dose (min 10cGy) measurement. Electron Spin Resonance techniques have been employed to human biological samples such as tooth enamel, bones, nails, hair, etc. and reported for dosimetry for ~20cGymin dose measurement. Some commercial glasses have been found sensitive enough to measure the minimum gamma doses of the order of 100cGy using TL techniques. For internal retrospective dosimetry, the radioactivity contamination assessment in food items, water, other edible product and ambient air are the prerequisites. The radioactivity concentration vis-à-vis their consumption rate may help in controlling the internal contamination and estimation of dose absorption in human body. Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur has been working extensively on the dosimetry techniques for external dose measurement using environmental material and developed portable contamination monitoring systems for food and water radioactivity measurement in the range of 50Bq kg-1 to 1000kBq kg-1 in 60s measurement time. The recent research and development in the methodologies, equipments and systems undertaken towards capacity building and self-reliance in retrospective radiation dosimetry is reported in this paper.

Process optimization of wheat flour crisp puffing by radio frequency and the accompanying property changes of starch.

This research performed the process optimization of wheat flour crisp puffing by radio frequency (RF) and investigated the accompanying property changes of starch. Experiments were performed in a 6kW, 27.12MHz pilot-scale RF system. The results showed that the volume expansion was highest (220%) when the conditions were employed as follows: electrode gap (115mm); height of the sample (55mm); initial moisture content of the sample (30%). Under these conditions, the samples were puffed at 120s by RF, and changes in the starch properties were further observed. The results showed that the structure of the starch was destroyed, changing from oval and spherical in shape to fragmented. The crystal type of the starch changed from A to A+V types. Its crystal order was reduced, and the Fourier-infrared spectrum showed that the ratio of (1048/1022)cm-1 decreased from 1.142 to 1.047. The crystallinity decreased from 48.27% to 17.57%. These changes will help starch digestion and absorption in human body. These results indicated that RF puffing could become a potential development method for puffed snacks. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this study, the processes of radio frequency puffing wheat flour chips were optimized, and the changes of starch properties during puffing were studied. Therefore, this research provided a theoretical basis for the industrial application of radio frequency puffing.

Electromagnetic field exposure to human head model with various metal objects at sub-6 GHz frequencies

ABSTRACT In recent years, the interactions of metal objects in human body with electromagnetic fields caused by devices working at fifth-generation (5G) frequencies have been studied by various researchers. A motivation behind this research was to evaluate the human body absorption of electromagnetic energy operating at sub-6 GHz 5G applications. According to this, the specific absorption rate (SAR) caused by new generation mobile phones was investigated in human heads wearing metal-framed spectacles and having metallic implants or earrings to analyse electromagnetic field exposure. A realistic human head model, including some metal objects, was numerically calculated, and analysed in terms of non-ionizing dosimetry. Simulations were carried out with the finite integration technique (FIT) based commercial software in the frequencies of 0.9, 1.8, 2.1, 2.45, 3.5 and 5 GHz, respectively. The maximum SAR of 14 × 10−5 W/kg for 10 g average tissue was calculated at 2.45 GHz frequency in the head model with earrings. The highest electric field strength of 0.52 V/m was observed at a 1.8 GHz frequency in the head model with all metal objects equipped. Results show that metal objects such as spectacles, dental implants and earrings can cause an increase in the SAR values for external biological tissues, and metal objects can behave as a kind of shield for deeper tissues. However, the obtained values are below the limits of international organisations.

Electromagnetic Wave Absorption in the Human Head: A Virtual Sensor Based on a Deep-Learning Model.

Determining the amount of electromagnetic wave energy absorbed by the human body is an important issue in the analysis of wireless systems. Typically, numerical methods based on Maxwell's equations and numerical models of the body are used for this purpose. This approach is time-consuming, especially in the case of high frequencies, for which a fine discretization of the model should be used. In this paper, the surrogate model of electromagnetic wave absorption in human body, utilizing Deep-Learning, is proposed. In particular, a family of data from finite-difference time-domain analyses makes it possible to train a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), in view of recovering the average and maximum power density in the cross-section region of the human head at the frequency of 3.5 GHz. The developed method allows for quick determination of the average and maximum power density for the area of the entire head and eyeball areas. The results obtained in this way are similar to those obtained by the method based on Maxwell's equations.

Iron in Ayurveda: A Review through Major Ayurvedic Saṃhitas

This paper intends to comprehensively present the major uses of the metal iron in the Ayurvedic classical texts. Ayurvedic classics such as Brihatrayī- Caraka Saṃhitā, Susṛuta Saṃhita, and Aṣtanga Saṃgraha dictate fine use of many herbs with iron in specified diseases, respectively. Different methods of preparations are also employed in Ayurveda to make the metal iron easy to administrate, palatable, and enhance to the absorption in human body. Ayaskriti is a primitive invention of internal administration of iron. References are available in Saṃhitās about the uses of ironin powdered form called as ayaskriti. However, in Rasa Shastra, detailed descriptions are available about the preparation and therapeutic uses of Loha Bhasma (calcined iron). To prepare LohaBhasma (calcined iron), a series of pharmaceutical procedures are explained such as śothana (detox-purification), māraṇa (incineration), and amṛtīkaraṇa, so that its therapeutic benefits can be achieved in various disease conditions. The maximum formulations of LauhaBhasmā are found in Jwara (fever), Pāṇḍu (anemia), Aṛśa (piles), Śotha (inflammatory disorders), and Prameha (diabetes mellitus). Iron is a unique metal where alcoholic preparation is performed (as lohāṣava) in Ayurveda. Many references are available on Loha in Ayurvedic Saṃhitās.

Physico-chemical analysis of newly prepared prebiotic chocolates by using Galacto Oligosaccharides (GOS)

In India, chocolate is very famous mood freshening sweet food product specially for children. But high consumption of chocolate may be harmful for human health, because most of the chocolates contain high fat. This research has been done to increase the health benefits of chocolate by using cocoa and Galacto Oligosaccharides (GOS). Many researchers have shown their research that GOS is very beneficial for human health such as it helps to lower down the cholesterol levels in the blood, to prevent colon cancer, and helps to improve mineral absorption in human body. Basically, GOS is a type of prebiotic e.g., food for probiotic bacteria. Prebiotics are non-digestible ingredients that benefit the host by boosting the growth and activity of one or a few bacterial species that are already present in the colon. It was also studied by many researchers that cocoa powder contains a lot of caffeine, flavanols, which are polyphenolic compounds. Flavanols, particularly epicatechin monomer and oligomer cocoa flavanols have been linked to a number of health advantages, including boosting nitric oxide synthase, enhancing blood flow and arterial flexibility, lowering blood pressure and platelet aggregation, and reducing inflammation. The main objectives of this research are to develop the formulation of prebiotic chocolate and to evaluate the physicochemical parameters of the newly prepared chocolate. After physico-chemical analysis of carbohydrate, fat, crude fibre and pH, it was found that both the newly prepared prebiotic enriched chocolates (T1 and T2) were significantly different (p≤0.01) from control (T0) and after analysis of protein content, it was also found that both the newly prepared prebiotic enriched chocolates (T1 and T2) were insignificantly different (p≤0.01) from control (T0).

Lycopene used as Anti-inflammatory Nanodrug for the Treatment of Rheumathoid Arthritis: Animal assay, Pharmacokinetics, ABC Transporter and Tissue Deposition

Lycopene is a carotenoid drug that has demonstrated several properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The absorption in human body is very low (10–30 % only). In order to increase the bioavailability, lycopene nanoemulsion was formulated and characterized (atomic force microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis dynamic light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry). Also in vitro assay to evaluate the at-binding with MPR1 was performed. Finally, in vivo assay in animals inducted with rheumathoid arthritis were performed. The results showed that the formulated nanolycopene had superior efficacy when compared with the conventional lycopene (not nano-formulated) in inducted animals (rheumatoid arthritis). The results support the use of nanolycopene as an anti-inflammatory agent for rheumatoid arthritis therapy.

Fabrication of snapper fish scales protein hydrolysate-calcium complex and the promotion in calcium cellular uptake

Abstract It has become a hot topic to find natural food substances which can effectively promote calcium absorption in human body. Given this, protein hydrolysate with calcium-binding capacity was prepared from fish scales (FSPH) and its promotion in calcium cellular uptake was investigated in this study. The binding of calcium to the amino nitrogen atoms and the carbonyl oxygen atoms of FSPH led to the structural folding and aggregation. The calcium cellular uptake efficiency in Caco-2 cells population model was significantly increased in the form of FSPH-calcium complex. Furthermore, FSPH-Ca could effectively resist the inhibitory effect of dietary inhibitors on calcium cellular uptake. The mRNA expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 6 (TRPV6) in Caco-2 cells was remarkably elevated with FSPH-Ca treatment. The results improved the understanding of the interaction mode of protein hydrolysate and calcium, and provided a basis for developing FSPH-Ca as functional foods to improve calcium absorption.

Applicability analysis and evaluation of aglycones in single-pass intestinal perfusion technique based on PBPK model

Single-pass intestinal perfusion( SPIP) is the common carrier of biopharmaceutics classification system( BCS) to study compound permeability. With the application and deepening study of BCS in the field of traditional Chinese medicine( TCM),SPIP model is becoming more and more common to study the intestinal absorption of TCM ingredients. Based on the limitations of the SPIP model in some researches on TCM permeability,it was speculated in this study that aglycone may be more suitable than the glycoside to study the intestinal absorption problem by using SPIP model. Furthermore,applicability of aglycone components was analyzed and evaluated. In this study,with quercetin,daidzein,formononetin,genistein and glycyrrhetinic acid used as research objects,the quantitative study of SPIP was used to evaluate the intestinal permeability of these aglycones and to predict the effective permeability coefficient( Peff) and absorption fraction( Fa) in human body. By combining studies comparison and analysis on multiple permeability research methods and prediction of human body absorption of aglycones in physiological-based pharmacokinetic models,this paper can further illustrate that the SPIP model is a good tool for studying the permeability of aglycones and predicting human absorption,which can provide data foundation and theoretical reference for researches on SPIP technique and BCS in intestinal absorption of TCM ingredients.

Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of Active Calcium Absorption in Human Body

Active calcium (Ca) absorption is the first process in Ca metabolism, which regulates the whole Ca absorption. There are a few notable models which depict the mechanism of active Ca absorption; it is still required to update it for human metabolism and optimal conditions to propose an adequate amount of absorbed Ca. In this study, we were to develop a mathematical model describing the active Ca absorption and optimized the active Ca absorption. The developed model explained the active Ca absorption with 3 steps: Ca entry by electrochemical diffusion, intracellular Ca diffusion in cell by facilitated diffusion, and Ca extrusion in Ca pump by Michaelis–Menten equation. Model simulation was validated by showing similar responses with a previous model; then, the model was applied to simulate the active Ca absorption with parameters estimated based on human studies. In addition, the simulated Ca absorption was optimized as a function of Ca load in intestine and regulatory molecule, i.e., Ca-binding protein. This study provides a mechanistic point of view in human active Ca absorption and is expected to be a useful tool for analyzing the whole Ca metabolism and for designing Ca-related clinical experiment.

Morphological Study on Human Body Absorption Cross Section in a Reverberation Chamber From 1 GHz to 16 GHz

The human body absorption cross section (ACS) is important in nonionizing radiation dosimetry, but it is always hard to accurately evaluate the ACS of an individual from his or her morphological parameters, such as height and weight. To obtain an empirical formula that can evaluate the ACS from morphological parameters, 48 subjects with different morphological parameters were measured from 1 to 16 GHz in a reverberation chamber. The ACS was extracted from the power delay profile. This has the advantage of not requiring antenna radiation efficiency, and it has not been previously used in a wideband group study like this. The accuracy of the ACS measurement is demonstrated by comparison with the ACS of a spherical model with known structure and material, and the mean absolute percentage error of the sphere measurement is just 3.4%. Statistical analysis shows that the body surface area (BSA) has the strongest correlation with the ACS among all the morphological parameters; therefore, we present a new empirical ACS formula as a function of BSA and frequency. This will be of interest to those considering dosimetry, and in computing the effect of human body absorption on radio propagation in vehicles and other structures.

Iron homeostasis in the human body and nutritional iron deficiency and solutions in China

Iron is one of the most abundant metals on earth and is essential to most life forms. Its level is tightly regulated, since iron does not have an excretion regulation pathway, and a high toxicity of free iron can lead to tissue damage. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent knowledge, allowing a better comprehension of iron homeostasis in human body. Two main iron regulation systems including iron-regulatory protein (IRP)–iron-responsive element (IRE) system, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) system are highlighted. Dietary factors which impact iron absorption in human body are discussed. China has experienced rapid economic growth over the past few decades, however, significant nutritional problems remain, especially iron deficiency. Therefore, another focus of the review article is to trace the cause of iron deficiency in China and propose some possible solutions: improving dietary diversity, food iron fortification, increasing the intake of iron nutritional supplements, and iron biofortification. Practical applications Our review focuses on iron metabolism, the regulation of iron homeostasis in the human body, and how dietary food intake impacts iron absorption and metabolism, to provide an updated summary of the iron research. Iron deficiency in China and the potential reasons are discussed. One of the reasons might be related to a large amount of plant foods. We summarize recent reports of iron deficiency in China and suggest solutions to alleviate dietary iron deficiency.

Theoretical investigations of human acetylcholinesterase inhibition efficiency by neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds

Quantum chemistry calculations were done for four nerve agents (NAs): VX, tabun, sarin and soman to correlate their physiochemical and electronic properties with intention to clarify the reason of their high lethality. For isolated NAs, it was observed an excellent correlation between the energy gap values with their lethality and volatility. The water-octanol transference enthalpy is unfavorable for NAs indicating that human body absorption, which it was supported by the TPSA calculated here, is driven by entropic effects. The electronic results for NAs-serine adduct are similar implying that the reactivation mechanism of the acetylcholinesterase can be the same.

RSM and ANN modeling-based optimization approach for the development of ultrasound-assisted liposome encapsulation of piceid

Piceid, a naturally occurring derivative of resveratrol found in many plants, has recently been considered as a potential nutraceutical. However, its poorly water-soluble property could cause a coupled problem of biological activities concerning drug dispersion and absorption in human body, which is still unsolved now. Liposome, a well-known aqueous carrier for water-insoluble ingredients, is commonly applied in drug delivery systems. In this study, a feasible approach for solving the problem is that the targeted piceid was encapsulated into a liposomal formula as aqueous substrate to overcome its poor water-solubility. The encapsulation process was assisted by ultrasound, with investigation of lipid content, ultrasound power and ultrasound time, for controlling encapsulation efficiency (E.E%), absolute loading (A.L%) and particle size (PS). Moreover, both RSM and ANN methodologies were further applied to optimize the ultrasound-assisted encapsulation process. The data indicated that the most important effects on the encapsulation performance were found to be of lipid content followed by ultrasound time and ultrasound power. The maximum E.E% (75.82%) and A.L% (2.37%) were exhibited by ultrasound assistance with the parameters of 160mg lipid content, ultrasound time for 24min and ultrasound power of 90W. By methodological aspects of processing, the predicted E.E% and A.L% were respectively in good agreement with the experimental results for both RSM and ANN. Moreover, RMSE, R2 and AAD statistics were further used to compare the prediction abilities of RSM and ANN based on the validation data set. The results indicated that the prediction accuracy of ANN was better than that of RSM. In conclusion, ultrasound-assisted liposome encapsulation can be an efficient strategy for producing well-soluble/dispersed piceid, which could be further applied to promote human health by increased efficiency of biological absorption, and the process of ultrasound-mediated liposome encapsulation can be well established by a methodological approach using either RSM or ANN, but it is worth mentioning that the ANN model used here showed the superiority over RSM for predicting and optimizing encapsulation.

Absorption Cross-Section Measurements of a Human Model in a Reverberation Chamber

We provide the results of human body absorption cross-section (ACS) measurements. The setup was based on the reverberation chamber as a well-known measurement environment capable of performing ACS measurements. The approach was supported by reference measurements on canonically shaped objects which were convenient for analytical (Mie scattering theory) ACS calculations. Measured ACS of canonical objects was in excellent agreement with calculated values. The ACS measurements of a human model were performed: 1) on an actual human body in an upright posture and 2) on a cylindrical water model made of vertically stacked water-filled jugs. The cylindrical model had the same water content as an average human body. Comparison between these two models showed a small difference in measured ACS within the measurement uncertainty of our setup. Thus, the cylindrical water model proved to be a useful artifact, especially for time-consuming broadband ACS measurements.

CFTR: a missing link between exocrine and endocrine pancreas?

CFTR: a missing link between exocrine and endocrine pancreas?

Interaction of antihypertensive acetazolamide with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

The binding of antihypertensive acetazolamide with eleven nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was investigated at pH 3, 7 and 9.5 with the objective of monitoring their interactive pharmacokinetics during digestion and absorption in human body. The results of UV–Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry revealed two NSAIDs (acetaminophen and dichlofenic sodium) to interact with acetazolamide in stomach fluid conditions forming complexes of 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometry. The complexation ratio was also verified by computational methods. The strong binding propensity of acetaminophen and dichlofenic sodium with acetazolamide prohibited their combined therapy. However, the poor binding affinity of aspirin and mefinamic acid suggested these drugs as preferred NSAIDs to be prescribed with acetazolamide.

Aqueous garlic extract and its phytochemical profile; special reference to antioxidant status

Garlic (Allium sativum L) has distinct nutritional profile with special reference to its bioactive components and is used in different diet-based therapies to cure various lifestyle-related disorders. For this purpose, characterization and extraction of garlic were carried out followed by antioxidant assays. Different solvents (50% aqueous ethanol, 50% aqueous methanol and water) at different time intervals (4, 5 and 6 h) at 60°C were used to optimize aqueous extraction efficiency of garlic. Among the solvents, water extract resulted in better extraction yield (31.85 ± 2.09 g/25 g) at 5 h. The antioxidant potential of all these solvents was estimated through in vitro studies. In this context, it was observed that higher amount of total phenolic contents was present in aqueous methanol 71.87 ± 1.69% at 45 min. Antiradical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay) and antioxidant activity showed that the maximum value was 73.80 ± 3.69 and 83.83 ± 0.16%, respectively, in methanolic extract at 45 min while glucose diffusion and ferric reducing antioxidant power were 97.00 ± 0.20 and 32.66 ± 0.72% at p < 0.05, respectively. Aqueous garlic extract was selected as the best treatment on the basis of percentage yield and safety modulation in human body absorption. Aqueous garlic extract was subjected to pH, acidity, total soluble solids (TSS) and colour. It was observed that the pH of aqueous garlic extract decreased with the passage of time while acidity increased. It was also concluded that storage affected the value of TSS and colour significantly. L* values for colour on 0 day were 34.18 ± 0.08, whereas those on 28th day were 38.84 ± 0.03. It was predicted that 28 days storage resulted in significant increase in L* value, while a* value decreased from 4.31 ± 0.01 to 0.32 ± 0.01 at the end of storage study.

Effect of Alcohol Used in Bovine Colostrum Powder Granulation on the Protein Content and Bacterial Microflora

Maintaining and improving of immunity has become a matter of interest for everyone in this day considering the appearance of drug-resistant strains of pathogenic (diseasecausing) microorganisms and new dangerous diseases that are often resistant to all known antibiotics. In this condition, a new interest for the old and natural remedy has emerged. Bovine colostrums form the first day after calving is a natural product rich in protein, immunoglobuline (natural antibody), lactoferrin, vitamins and minerals with rapid absorption in human body. In order to keep intake these substances, which are destroyed by high temperature, this product is turned into powder by freeze-drying, a process that involves drying by sublimation under vacuum condition and below 45°C. (Borissenko et al., 2009) The purpose of the test is to evaluate the changes occurred in the composition of colostrum powder obtained by lyophilization during wet granulation process (mixing with alcohol of starch). The initial powder present a low flowability, is electrified, very light and fluffy, with low density (0.20g/l), characteristics that make the powder difficult for subsequent processing. 14 formulations are prepared by mixing the powder with different concentration of ethanol and pharmaceuticals binders, passed to a sieve with aperture 2 mm and dry in a oven at 35–45°C. The alcohol used during the testes destroys over 70% of the protein but sterilize the product (the decrease of the microorganisms is from 2700*10 to a media 70*10 cfu/g) Although the alcohol denature the protein between 25.61 to 29.83%, the beneficial effect can be observed on the microbial load that drops to around 3.81–8.89% from the initial value but also on the appearance and on the particle size. The freeze-dry process does not allow any sterilization of the product so that the utilization of 40% ethanol is preferable in practice because the effect on the protein is low and microorganisms are destroy at a rate of over 90%.

Wireless power and data transmission strategies for next-generation capsule endoscopes

Capsular endoscopy is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to traditional gastro-intestinal (GI) examination techniques. However, the breakthrough of these devices is hindered by the limited amount of power that can be stored in a tiny pill. Most commercial devices use two watch batteries that can only provide an average power of 25 mW for about 6 h, certainly not sufficient for advanced robotic features. A dedicated inductive powering system, operating at 1 MHz to limit the human body absorption, has been developed which was proven to support the transfer of over 300 mW. The system relies on a condensed set of orthogonal ferrite coils, embedded in the capsule, and an external unit based on a Helmholtz coil driven by a class E amplifier. Control data can be sent through the inductive link by modulating the power carrier, whereas a dedicated high data rate RF link is used to transfer the images from the capsule to the base station. Besides evaluating the compatibility with radio transmission, several demonstrators were assembled combining the wireless powering system with various locomotion strategies and LED illumination. This paper describes the design and implementation of the inductive powering system, its combination with data transmission techniques and the testing activity with other capsule-dedicated modules.