Measurement Of Absorption Coefficient Research Articles

ChemInform Abstract: Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Electronic Structure and Optical Spectral Features of PbIn6Te10.

AbstractA single crystal of the title compound is prepared by the Bridgman—Stockbarger method from the elements and characterized by XRD, absorption coefficient measurements in the energy range of 0.82—1.13 eV, and full potential linear augmented plane wave computations.

Predicting the Sabine absorption coefficients of fibrous absorbers for various air backing conditions with a frequency-dependent diffuseness correction.

Fibrous absorbers can be installed with various air backing conditions to fulfil a given low frequency acoustic requirement. Since absorber manufacturers cannot provide the absorption coefficients for all possible mounting conditions, acousticians have difficulties knowing the absorption characteristics of their own configurations. This study aims to predict the absorption coefficient for various mounting conditions from a single measurement of an arbitrary mounting condition by extracting the air flow resistivity of the test specimen and the frequency-dependent effect of the chamber on the measured absorption coefficients. With two homogeneous fibrous absorbers, the predicted absorption coefficients agree well with the measurements.

Study of physical and sound absorbing property of epoxy blended coir dust biocomposite

Reinforcement biocomposite has gained more attention recently due to its low cost, abundantly availability, low density, specific properties, easy method of separation, enhanced energy recovery, CO2 neutrality, biodegradability and recyclable in nature. As a waste product of coconut fruit, the coconut coir dust (CCD) obtained from the coconut husk. The biocomposite material prepared from the CCD modified with the proper blended solution with the help of ultrasonic technique. The study of adiabatic compressibility of acetone / water (70/30) worth its blending property for bleaching of CCD. The biocomposite material of CCD was prepared with epoxy resin. The different physical properties such as sound absorption coefficient, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity were measured. The morphological study of biocomposite and measurement of sound absorption coefficient shows good evidence of sound absorbing characteristics of biocomposite of CCD. The sound absorption property of composite material shows a significant result where as the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity executes a weak result. Thus biocomposite of CCD can acts as a good sound absorber and band conductor of heat and electric current.

Ultraviolet (250-550 nm) absorption spectrum of pure water.

Data for the spectral light absorption of pure water from 250 to 550 nm have been obtained using an integrating cavity made from a newly developed diffuse reflector with a very high UV reflectivity. The data provide the first scattering-independent measurements of absorption coefficients in the spectral gap between well-established literature values for the absorption coefficients in the visible (>400 nm) and UV (<200 nm). A minimum in the absorption coefficient has been observed in the UV at 344 nm; the value is 0.000811±0.000227 m-1.

Approaching a methodology for the development of a multilayer sound absorbing device recycling coal bottom ash

The aim of the present work has been to develop a methodology which accurately predicts the acoustic behavior of a material without having to manufacture large panels and testing them in reverberation room. Moreover, it can be predicted the sound absorbing performance at normal and random incidence of the sound wave on a material for different thicknesses and multilayer configurations, dramatically reducing the number of experimental tests. This methodology might decrease the cost of the investigation, which is particularly important when dealing with recycled materials that must compete with commercial products used in the same application.The designed methodology consists of determining the acoustic intrinsic properties (open porosity, tortuosity and static airflow resistivity) of bottom ash-based concretes with different particle sizes by an indirect method. This method uses the acoustic absorption coefficient measurements obtained in the impedance tube and the mathematical equations that describe the acoustic behavior of porous materials, implemented in the software CARAM. With the intrinsic properties, the thickness of the panel and the vibroacoustic behavior simulation software SIMAM, simulations of the sound absorption coefficient are performed and compared to the experimental results at normal incidence in the impedance tube and at diffuse incidence of a multilayer panel tested in reverberation room.From the results obtained it can be concluded that the methodology proposed in this work gives accurate results of the acoustic absorption of products at industrial scale, with the advantages of requiring small specimens of the materials to carry out the characterization tests, and decreasing the total cost of the investigation.

Sensitivity analysis of volume scattering phase functions.

To solve the radiative transfer equation and relate inherent optical properties (IOPs) to apparent optical properties (AOPs), knowledge of the volume scattering phase function is required. Due to the difficulty of measuring the phase function, it is frequently approximated. We explore the sensitivity of derived AOPs to the phase function parameterization, and compare measured and modeled values of both the AOPs and estimated phase functions using data from Monterey Bay, California during an extreme "red tide" bloom event. Using in situ measurements of absorption and attenuation coefficients, as well as two sets of measurements of the volume scattering function (VSF), we compared output from the Hydrolight radiative transfer model to direct measurements. We found that several common assumptions used in parameterizing the radiative transfer model consistently introduced overestimates of modeled versus measured remote-sensing reflectance values. Phase functions from VSF data derived from measurements at multiple wavelengths and a single scattering single angle significantly overestimated reflectances when using the manufacturer-supplied corrections, but were substantially improved using newly published corrections; phase functions calculated from VSF measurements using three angles and three wavelengths and processed using manufacture-supplied corrections were comparable, demonstrating that reasonable predictions can be made using two commercially available instruments. While other studies have reached similar conclusions, our work extends the analysis to coastal waters dominated by an extreme algal bloom with surface chlorophyll concentrations in excess of 100 mg m-3.

Influence of sorption on sound propagation in granular activated carbon.

Granular activated carbon (GAC) has numerous applications due to its ability to adsorb and desorb gas molecules. Recently, it has been shown to exhibit unusually high low frequency sound absorption. This behavior is determined by both the multi-scale nature of the material, i.e., the existence of three scales of heterogeneities, and physical processes specific to micro- and nanometer-size pores, i.e., rarefaction and sorption effects. To account for these processes a model for sound propagation in GAC is developed in this work. A methodology for characterizing GAC which includes optical granulometry, flow resistivity measurements, and the derivation of the inner-particle model parameters from acoustical and non-acoustical measurements is also presented. The model agrees with measurements of normal incidence surface impedance and sound absorption coefficient on three different GAC samples.

Refractive index and absorption coefficient of blue phase liquid crystal in terahertz band

ABSTRACTThe refractive index and absorption coefficient of blue phase liquid crystals are investigated by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system. Four phases, including isotropic phase, BPII, BPI, and cholesteric phase are investigated. The refractive index of liquid crystal sample is dependent on the temperature, which is related to the different phases. In our experiment, in the frequency range of 0.2–1.2 THz, the refractive index of BPII and BPI is about 1.620 and 1.625, respectively. For BPII and BPI, the measured absorption coefficients increase with the increase of frequency, with absorption peak appearing at 1.11 and 1.05 THz, respectively. These properties of BPLC provide useful information for BPLC-based terahertz components such as phase shifter, wave-plates and so on.

Influence of Diffraction Effects on the Result of Measuring the Absorption Coefficient of Ultrasound in Weakly Absorbing Liquids by the Pulse Method

We consider the problem of the influence of diffraction effects on the result of measuring the absorption coefficient of ultrasound in weakly absorbing liquids by the pulse method. Diffraction attenuation of an ultrasonic signal in a measuring cell using solid-state delay lines is calculated. It is shown that the use of delay lines of the ultrasonic signal leads to a considerable distortion of the measured absorption coefficient in the low-frequency range from the true value and can either overestimate or underestimate the results.

Relating the optical absorption coefficient of nanosheet dispersions to the intrinsic monolayer absorption

The concentration of nanosheet suspensions is an important technological parameter which is commonly measured by optical spectroscopy, using the absorption coefficient to transform absorbance into concentration. However, for all 2D materials, the absorption coefficient is poorly known, resulting in potentially large errors in measured concentration. Here we derive an expression relating the optical absorption coefficient of an isotropic dispersion of nanosheets to the intrinsic monolayer absorption. This has allowed us to calculate the absorption coefficients for suspensions of graphene, MoS2 and other 2D materials, and to estimate the monolayer absorption for new materials from careful measurement of the suspension absorption coefficient.

Calculating 14N16O2 spectral line parameters in an infrared range: A comparison of “global” and “local” effective operator methods

Nitrogen dioxide, 14N16O2, line positions and intensities calculated by us based on a “local” effective operator method are compared to the recent results of the “global” calculation. The comparison was made for theoretical absorption coefficients in the spectral range of 600–3700cm−1 using the measured data taken from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. In order to conduct the calculations, empirical parameters of the effective rotational Hamiltonian of the twenty-one vibrational states were applied from the most recent experimental works. The second order parameters of the dipole moment function of 14N16O2 were determined for the first time. The “local” line list in this research consists of one hundred and four bands and includes the line intensities of the v1+v2+v3 band of 14N16O2 that have not yet been investigated in the literature. Among these bands, only eleven bands are included in HITRAN2012. The reasons behind the disagreements between the theoretical and measured absorption coefficients of 14N16O2 are discussed.

Contribution of particulate brown carbon to light absorption in the rural and urban Southeast US

Measurements of wavelength dependent aerosol light absorption coefficients were carried out as part of the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) during the summer of 2013 to determine the contribution of light absorbing organic carbon (BrC) to total aerosol light absorption in a rural location (Centreville, AL) and an urban area (Atlanta, GA). The light absorption coefficients in the near UV and visible wavelengths were measured for both ambient air, as well as ambient air heated in a thermal denuder to 200 °C to remove the semi-volatile organic compounds. Atlanta measurements show dominance of semi-volatile brown carbon with an average absorption angstrom exponent (AAE) of 1.4 before heating and about 1.0 after heating. In urban Atlanta, a decrease of about ∼35% in the light absorption coefficient at 370 nm after heating indicates that light absorbing organic compounds are a substantial fraction of the light absorption budget. Furthermore, a considerable increase in the fraction of light absorption by the semi-volatile aerosol occurs during the daytime, likely linked with photochemistry. Measurements at rural Centerville, on the other hand, do not show any major change in AAE with values before and after heating of 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. Overall the results suggest that photochemical aged urban emissions result in the presence of light absorbing BrC, while at rural locations which are dominated by aged aerosol and local biogenic emissions (based on measurements of Angstrom exponents) BrC does not significantly contribute to light absorption.

Measuring absorption coefficient of scattering liquids using a tube inside an integrating sphere.

A method for measuring the absorption coefficient μa of absorbing and scattering liquid samples is presented. The sample is injected into a small transparent tube mounted through an integrating sphere. Two models for determining the absorption coefficient using the relative optical output signal are described and validated using aqueous ink absorbers of 0.5 vol.% (0.3 mm-1<μa<1.55 mm-1) and 1.0 vol.% (1.0 mm-1<μa<4.0 mm-1) concentrations with 1 vol.% (μs'≈1.4 mm-1) and 10 vol.% (μs'≈14 mm-1) Intralipid dilutions. The low concentrations give μa and μs values, which are comparable with those of biological tissues. One model assumes a uniform light distribution within the sample, which is valid for low absorption. Another model considers light attenuation that obeys Lambert-Beer's law, which may be used for relatively high absorption. Measurements with low and high scattering samples are done for the wavelength range of 400-900 nm. Measured spectra of purely absorbing samples are within 15% agreement with measurements using standard transmission spectrophotometry. For 0.5 vol.% ink absorbers and at wavelengths below 700 nm, measured μa values are higher for samples with low scattering and lower for those with high scattering. At wavelengths above 700 nm, measured μa values do not vary significantly with amount of scattering. For 1.0 vol.% ink absorbers, measured spectra do not change with low scattering. These results indicate that the method can be used for measuring absorption spectra of scattering liquid samples with optical properties similar to biological absorbers, particularly at wavelengths above 700 nm, which is difficult to accomplish with standard transmission spectrophotometry.

Analysis of the error sources of the two-microphone transfer function method for measuring absorption coefficient in the free field using numerical modeling

Extension of the two-microphone transfer function absorption coefficient measurement technique from impedance tubes to the free field introduces several error sources. The three-dimensional nature of the sound field necessitates consideration of factors that are not relevant in an enclosed tube below the cutoff frequency. The impedance tube technique has been modified to account for non-planar wave propagation due to an acoustic point source. The sound field contamination from sample edge diffraction has generally restricted use of the technique to frequencies such that wavelengths are small relative to sample dimensions. This requires the use of very large test panels for low frequencies. Numerical models of the two-microphone free field technique have been created to quantify these effects. Each effect was isolated to better understand its independent impact on the accuracy of the technique. Finally, a series of experimental tests were conducted to validate the numerical modeling results.

CO2 laser photoacoustic measurements of ethanol absorption coefficients within infrared region of 9.2–10.8 μm

Absorption coefficients of the ethanol vapors at atmospheric pressure and room temperature were measured by photoacoustic technique using a cw, line-tunable, frequency-stabilized CO2 laser as radiation source. The spectrum of the employed CO2 laser includes 54 lines with wavelengths in the infrared region of 9.2–10.8μm and power levels up to 4.7W. Measurements revealed a predominant absorption for ethanol within 9.4μm band of the CO2 laser spectrum, where the highest values of the absorption coefficients were recorded: 3.68cm−1atm−1 at 9R(20) line and 3.65cm−1atm−1 at 9R(22) line. The estimated detection range covers six orders of magnitude, from a minimum of 30ppbV to a maximum of 4% concentration of ethanol in nitrogen, which proves the suitability of the photoacoustic technique for accurate measurements of the ethanol concentration in various applications.

Predicting the absorption of perforated panels backed by resistive textiles

This paper studies the diffuse field sound absorption coefficient of a system consisting of a rigid perforated panel with a thin porous woven/matted material glued to its back, which is placed in front of an air cavity with a rigid backing. To cut the cost of trial and error diffuse field sound absorption coefficient measurements, a prediction method was developed. Measurements were made in a two-microphone impedance tube of the complex specific acoustic impedances of the unperforated rigid panel materials and of the thin porous materials in front of a rigidly terminated air cavity. These values were used in the transfer matrix method to predict the complex specific acoustic impedances of the perforated panels systems as a function of the angle of incidence of the sound. These calculations assumed the systems to have infinite or finite lateral extent. The measured diffuse field sound absorption coefficient values usually lay between the infinite and finite predictions. The most important variables are the perforation factor of the panel, the acoustic resistance of the thin porous material and the cavity depth.

SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF LIGHT ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT OF SURFACE WATER

Absorption coefficient measurement can be used in estimating water quality, optical characteristic of water column, and marine bio-optical models. The purposes of this research were to determine values and variability of sea surface absorption coefficient in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (NEGOM) based on various seasons. The data were collected in spring, summer, and fall seasons in 1999-2000 with AC-9 instrument. The spatial distribution of absorption coefficient showed that relatively high values were generally found along the run off Missisippi, Mobile, Chochawati, Escambia, Apalachicola, and Suwannee rivers, as well as Tampa Bay. Meanwhile, relatively low values were found in offshore region. This pattern followed the distribution pattern of chlorophyll and CDOM. Based on the local region comparison of spectral average value of absorption coefficient, we found a significant difference (α = 95%) among regions with the highest value in the run off of the Mississippi and Mobile rivers, and the lowest value in the offshore region. Comparison of spectral average value of absorption coefficient among seasons at the three primary wavelengths (blue=440 nm, green=510 nm, and red=676 nm) also showed a significant difference (α = 95%) with the highest value during the summer 1999 (Su-99) and the lowest value during the spring of 2000 (Sp-00). Absorption coefficient values were influenced by oceanographic factors that varied in every season such as wind, surface currents, upwelling, the location and speed of the Loop Current, and the river discharge of fresh water into the NEGOM.Keywords: absorption coefficient, seasons, chlorophyll, CDOM, northeastern Gulf of Mexico

Localizing Molecules in Cellular CT Scans

Much like medical CT scans reveal anatomical structures in the body, soft x-ray tomography (SXT) visualizes and quantifies the organization of sub-cellular structures within a cell. In SXT, the specimen is illuminated with x-ray photons from within a region of the spectrum known as the ‘water window’ (284 - 543eV). ‘Water window’ x-ray photons are absorbed an order of magnitude more strongly by carbon- and nitrogen-containing organic material than by water. Consequently, variation in biomolecule composition and concentration gives rise to quantitative, high-contrast images of intact, fully hydrated cells without the need to use contrast-enhancing agents. Cells imaged by SXT are, therefore, highly representative of the cell in its native, functional state. Attenuation of soft x-rays, as they pass through the specimen, adheres to the Beer-Lambert Law. Attenuation is, therefore, a function of chemical composition and concentration of organic material, yielding unique quantitative Linear Absorption Coefficient (LAC) measurements for cellular components. LAC values are enormously powerful in terms of quantifying alterations in cell structures during events such as cell differentiation, progression or etiology of disease states, genetic manipulation, and application of exogenous agents. To localize molecules without perturbing cell structures, we use correlated high numerical aperture cryogenic fluorescence tomography (CFT). This multi-modal approach - imaging the same cell using both CFT and SXT - allows localization of labeled molecules directly in the context of a high-resolution 3-D tomographic reconstruction of the cell. I will show examples of data collected using these imaging technologies developed at the National Center for X-ray Tomography, an NIGMS-NIH supported Biomedical Technology Research Resource.

Vertical profiles of optical and microphysical particle properties above the northern Indian Ocean during CARDEX 2012

Abstract. A detailed analysis of optical and microphysical properties of aerosol particles during the dry winter monsoon season above the northern Indian Ocean is presented. The Cloud Aerosol Radiative Forcing Experiment (CARDEX), conducted from 16 February to 30 March 2012 at the Maldives Climate Observatory on Hanimaadhoo island (MCOH) in the Republic of the Maldives, used autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (AUAV) to perform vertical in situ measurements of particle number concentration, particle number size distribution as well as particle absorption coefficients. These measurements were used together with surface- based Mini Micro Pulse Lidar (MiniMPL) observations and aerosol in situ and off-line measurements to investigate the vertical distribution of aerosol particles.Air masses were mainly advected over the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Peninsula. The mean surface aerosol number concentration was 1717 ± 604 cm−3 and the highest values were found in air masses from the Bay of Bengal and Indo-Gangetic Plain (2247 ± 370 cm−3). Investigations of the free tropospheric air showed that elevated aerosol layers with up to 3 times higher aerosol number concentrations than at the surface occurred mainly during periods with air masses originating from the Bay of Bengal and the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This feature is different compared to what was observed during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) conducted in winter 1999, where aerosol number concentrations generally decreased with height. In contrast, lower particle absorption at the surface (σabs(520 nm) = 8.5 ± 4.2 Wm−1) was found during CARDEX compared to INDOEX 1999.Layers with source region specific single-scattering albedo (SSA) values were derived by combining vertical in situ particle absorption coefficients and scattering coefficients calculated with Mie theory. These SSA layers were utilized to calculate vertical particle absorption profiles from MiniMPL profiles. SSA surface values for 550 nm for dry conditions were found to be 0.94 ± 0.02 and 0.91 ± 0.02 for air masses from the Arabian Sea (and Middle East countries) and India (and Bay of Bengal), respectively. Lidar-derived particle absorption coefficient profiles showed both a similar magnitude and structure as the in situ profiles measured with the AUAV. However, primarily due to insufficient accuracy in the SSA estimates, the lidar-derived absorption coefficient profiles have large uncertainties and are generally weakly correlated to vertically in situ measured particle absorption coefficients.Furthermore, the mass absorption efficiency (MAE) for the northern Indian Ocean during the dry monsoon season was calculated to determine equivalent black carbon (EBC) concentrations from particle absorption coefficient measurements. A mean MAE of 11.6 and 6.9 m2 g−1 for 520 and 880 nm, respectively, was found, likely representing internally mixed BC containing particles. Lower MAE values for 880 and 520 nm were found for air masses originating from dust regions such as the Arabian Peninsula and western Asia (MAE(880 nm) = 5.6 m2 g−1, MAE(520 nm) = 9.5 m2 g−1) or from closer source regions as southern India (MAE(880 nm) = 4.3 m2 g−1, MAE(520 nm) = 7.3 m2 g−1).

Reconstruction evaluation of intensity ratio distribution for extraction of absorber information in homogeneous scattering medium

To extract effectively the absorber information embedded in a homogeneous scattering medium in the transmission geometry, a method of taking the ratio of the output intensity in a measured medium to that in a reference medium is evaluated. The reference medium is a virtual one with the same scattering coefficient distribution as that of the measured medium, but with a uniform absorption coefficient distribution. Numerical results show that the proposed method can enhance the output signal by extracting the ballistic-like component. We also apply a backprojection method to reconstruct the single absorber using many pairs of input and output intensity ratio distributions. The reconstruction position error and the quantitative measurement of absorption coefficient are discussed.