Absolute Shielding Scale Research Articles

Experimentally Established 15N NMR Absolute Shielding Scale for Theoretical Calculations.

The nitrogen atom of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-N,N-diethylpyridin-4-amine (DEAP) is not available for non-covalent interactions. This molecule has been used to define the reference 15N NMR absolute chemical shielding (σref) required to convert between the chemical shift scale used in experiments and the absolute shielding scale used in theoretical calculations. The accuracy of the obtained σref was tested for solid samples of acetanilide-15N, the protonated homodimer of pyridine-15N, and poly(4-vinylpyridine-15N). Experimental 15N NMR chemical shift tensors were compared to 15N NMR shielding tensors calculated using the TPSSh, B3LYP, and ωB97XD functionals and the polarizable continuum model approximation. General recommendations are given for the smallest reliable basis set size. The reported structure of DEAP can be used to calculate σref for any other calculation method.

Ammonia: The molecule for establishing 14N and 15N absolute shielding scales and a source of information on nuclear magnetic moments.

Multinuclear Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) studies of the gaseous mixtures 3He/14NH3 and 3He/15NH3 are reported. Precise analysis of the 3He, 14N, 15N, and 1H resonance frequencies show a linear dependence on the gas density. Extrapolation of these results to the zero-pressure limit gives ν0(1H), ν0(14N), and ν0(15N) resonance frequencies of the isolated ammonia molecule at 300K. The analogous value for 3He atoms in gaseous mixtures ν0(3He) was measured as well. The application of a new scheme to introduce the most important electronic effects on NMR shieldings, together with highly accurate quantum chemical shielding calculations, allows the 14/15N and 1H shielding of the isolated ammonia molecule to be obtained with the greatest accuracy and precision. For the first time, these studies were carried out on ammonia within the so-called four-component relativistic framework. The NMR frequency comparison method provides an approach for determining the 14N and 15N nuclear magnetic moments. The new shielding parameters in ammonia were used for re-evaluation of the entire nitrogen absolute shielding scale. Additionally, the absolute shielding values of several gaseous compounds and secondary reference substances in liquids were presented. It was established that 14N and 15N absolute shielding constants in 14NH3 and 15NH3 are very similar and only differ by less than 0.01 ppm, which is not usually measurable in NMR experiments. Precise calculations of 14N and 15N dipole moments were also made from these accurate shielding values.

NMR absolute shielding scales and nuclear magnetic dipole moments of transition metal nuclei.

This work reports new, accurate nuclear magnetic dipole moments for NMR-active transition metal nuclei where the long-standing systematic error due to obsolete diamagnetic correction has been eliminated by ab initio calculations of absolute NMR shielding constants. The error of the diamagnetic correction reaches ≈ -14 000 ppm for rhenium, which results in magnetic dipole moment corrections of about -3 × 10-2μN for the 185Re and 187Re nuclei. Such extreme values are one to two orders of magnitude larger than the corrections reported in the literature so far. These findings may help to resolve discrepancies in hyperfine splitting experiments involving rhenium ions. To obtain the corrected transition metal nuclear magnetic dipole moments, NMR shielding constants for a series of transition metal complexes defined as NMR standards [Harris et al., Pure Appl. Chem., 2001, 73, 1795] were calculated using the non-relativistic coupled cluster method and four-component relativistic density functional theory. To reproduce the experimental conditions of the NMR standards, the solvent effects were incorporated by explicit and implicit solvent models.

Ab initio calculations of NMR shielding of Sc3+, Y3+ and La3+ ions in the water solution and 45Sc, 89Y, 138La and 139La nuclear magnetic dipole moments

Ab initio calculations of NMR shielding constants for water solvated trivalent scandium, yttrium and lanthanum cations are presented. The solvent effects of the first solvation shell are calculated explicitly using coupled cluster theory. The relativistic correction is calculated at non-correlated level. The influence of the second solvation shell is estimated at DFT level. The final NMR shielding constants define new NMR absolute shielding scales of scandium, yttrium and lanthanum and these shieldings were used for re-derivation of the nuclear magnetic dipole moments, eliminating long standing errors of ≈0.005μN.

NMR absolute shielding scale and nuclear magnetic dipole moment of (207)Pb.

An absolute shielding scale is proposed for (207)Pb nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It is based on ab initio calculations performed on an isolated tetramethyllead Pb(CH3)4 molecule and the assignment of the experimental resonance frequency from the gas-phase NMR spectra of Pb(CH3)4, extrapolated to zero density of the buffer gas to obtain the result for an isolated molecule. The computed (207)Pb shielding constant is 10 790 ppm for the isolated molecule, leading to a shielding of 10799.7 ppm for liquid Pb(CH3)4 which is the accepted reference standard for (207)Pb NMR spectra. The new experimental and theoretical data are used to determine μ((207)Pb), the nuclear magnetic dipole moment of (207)Pb, by applying the standard relationship between NMR frequencies, shielding constants and nuclear moments of two nuclei in the same external magnetic field. Using the gas-phase (207)Pb and (reference) proton results and the theoretical value of the Pb shielding in Pb(CH3)4, we find μ((207)Pb) = 0.59064 μN. The analysis of new experimental and theoretical data obtained for the Pb(2+) ion in water solutions provides similar values of μ((207)Pb), in the range of 0.59000-0.59131 μN.

Absolute shielding scales for Al, Ga, and In and revised nuclear magnetic dipole moments of (27)Al, (69)Ga, (71)Ga, (113)In, and (115)In nuclei.

We present coupled cluster calculations of NMR shielding constants of aluminum, gallium, and indium in water-ion clusters. In addition, relativistic and dynamical corrections and the influence of the second solvation shell are evaluated. The final NMR shielding constants define new absolute shielding scales, 600.0 ± 4.1 ppm, 2044.4 ± 31.4 ppm, and 4507.7 ± 63.7 ppm for aluminum, gallium, and indium, respectively. The nuclear magnetic dipole moments for (27)Al, (69)Ga, (71)Ga, (113)In, and (115)In isotopes are corrected by combining the computed shielding constants with experimental NMR frequencies. The absolute magnitude of the correction increases along the series and for indium isotopes it reaches approximately -8.0 × 10(-3) of the nuclear magneton.

Communication: The absolute shielding scales of oxygen and sulfur revisited.

We present an updated semi-experimental absolute shielding scale for the (17)O and (33)S nuclei. These new shielding scales are based on accurate rotational microwave data for the spin-rotation constants of H2(17)O [Puzzarini et al., J. Chem. Phys. 131, 234304 (2009)], C(17)O [Cazzoli et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 4, 3575 (2002)], and H2(33)S [Helgaker et al., J. Chem. Phys. 139, 244308 (2013)] corrected both for vibrational and temperature effects estimated at the CCSD(T) level of theory as well as for the relativistic corrections to the relation between the spin-rotation constant and the absolute shielding constant. Our best estimate for the oxygen shielding constants of H2(17)O is 328.4(3) ppm and for C(17)O -59.05(59) ppm. The relativistic correction for the sulfur shielding of H2(33)S amounts to 3.3%, and the new sulfur shielding constant for this molecule is 742.9(4.6) ppm.

Spin-rotation and NMR shielding constants in HCl

The spin-rotation and nuclear magnetic shielding constants are analysed for both nuclei in the HCl molecule. Nonrelativistic ab initio calculations at the CCSD(T) level of approximation show that it is essential to include relativistic effects to obtain spin-rotation constants consistent with accurate experimental data. Our best estimates for the spin-rotation constants of (1)H(35)Cl are CCl = -53.914 kHz and C(H) = 42.672 kHz (for the lowest rovibrational level). For the chlorine shielding constant, the ab initio value computed including the relativistic corrections, σ(Cl) = 976.202 ppm, provides a new absolute shielding scale; for hydrogen we find σ(H) = 31.403 ppm (both at 300 K). Combining the theoretical results with our new gas-phase NMR experimental data allows us to improve the accuracy of the magnetic dipole moments of both chlorine isotopes. For the hydrogen shielding constant, including relativistic effects yields better agreement between experimental and computed values.

NMR shielding constants in SeH2 and TeH2

Ab initio values of nuclear magnetic resonance shielding constants in SeH2 and TeH2 are calculated. We analyse the role of electron correlation, the magnitude of relativistic effects, the dependence of these results on the basis set and, in addition, the rovibrational effects. The relativistic effects on the isotropic shielding constants calculated with the Dirac–Coulomb Hamiltonian at the Hartree–Fock and Spin-Density Functional Theory levels are very similar, and the electron correlation effects are much smaller. For both molecules, however, the electron correlation contribution to the anisotropy of the heavy atom shielding is much more significant than for the isotropic constant. The total shielding constants derived by adding to the non-relativistic coupled-cluster values the Dirac–Hartree–Fock values of the relativistic effects, σ300 K iso(Se) = 2447 ppm and σ300 K iso(Te) = 4809 ppm, may be applied to define the absolute shielding scales for these heavy nuclei.

Coupled cluster study of NMR shielding of alkali metal ions in water complexes and magnetic moments of alkali metal nuclei

Coupled cluster calculations of NMR shielding constants of alkali metal ions in water complexes are described. Adding to these benchmark values the relativistic corrections we obtain the final estimates of the shielding of solvated alkali metal ions. The results confirm with good accuracy the available absolute shielding scales of alkali metal ions. New values of magnetic dipole moments of alkali metal nuclei are derived by utilizing standardized alkali metal to proton resonance frequency ratios, and much better agreement with nuclear magnetic moments measured in atomic beam experiments is reached.

Mg-25 ultra-high field solid state NMR spectroscopy and first principles calculations of magnesium compounds

Due to sensitivity problems, (25)Mg remains a largely under-explored nucleus in solid state NMR spectroscopy. In this work at an ultrahigh magnetic field of 21.1 T, we have studied at natural abundance the (25)Mg solid state (SS) NMR spectra for a number of previously unreported magnesium compounds with known crystal structures. Some previously reported compounds have been revisited to clarify the spectra that were obtained at lower fields and were either not sufficiently resolved, or misinterpreted. First principles calculations of the (25)Mg SS NMR parameters have been carried out using plane wave basis sets and periodic boundary conditions (CASTEP) and the results are compared with experimental data. The calculations produce the (25)Mg absolute shielding scale and give us insight into the relationship between the NMR and structural parameters. At 21.1 T the effects of the quadrupolar interactions are reduced significantly and the sensitivity and accuracy in determining chemicals shifts and quadrupole coupling parameters improve dramatically. Although T(1) measurements were not performed explicitly, these proved to be longer than assumed in much of the previously reported work. We demonstrate that the chemical shift range of magnesium in diamagnetic compounds may approach 200 ppm. Most commonly, however, the observed shifts are between -15 and +25 ppm. Quadrupolar effects dominate the (25)Mg spectra of magnesium cations in non-cubic environments. The chemical shift anisotropy appears to be rather small and only in a few cases could the contribution of the CSA be detected reliably. A good correspondence between the calculated shielding constants and experimental chemical shifts was obtained, demonstrating the good potential of computational methods in spectroscopic assignments of solid state (25)Mg NMR spectroscopy.

NMR frequency and magnetic dipole moment of 3He nucleus

We present new gas-phase NMR spectra which relate the resonance frequency of 3He nucleus to the resonance frequency of the proton in tetramethylsilane (TMS). We discuss the dependence of 3He resonance frequency on the density of the solvent gas, and we consider in detail the absolute shielding scales of both nuclei. Finally, we analyse the accuracy of the results, using the relationship between the resonance frequencies, absolute shielding constants and magnetic dipole moments of 1H and 3He nuclei.

Gas-Phase NMR Measurements, Absolute Shielding Scales, and Magnetic Dipole Moments of 29Si and 73Ge Nuclei

New gas-phase NMR measurements of the shielding constants of 29Si, 73Ge, and 1H nuclei in SiH4 and GeH4 are reported. The results, extrapolated to zero density, provide accurate isolated molecule values, best suited for comparison with theoretical calculations. Using the recent ab initio results for these molecules and the measured chemical shifts, we determine the absolute shielding scales for 29Si and 73Ge. This allows us to provide new values of the nuclear magnetic dipole moments for these two nuclei; in addition, we examine the dipole moments of 13C and 119Sn.

Nuclear magnetic resonance shielding constants in XH4 group XIV hydrides§

Self-consistent field and multiconfigurational self-consistent field wave functions are used to analyse NMR shielding constants in the XH4 hydrides, X = C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb. All relativistic corrections to order α4, where α is the fine structure constant, are included in the evaluation of the perturbation corrections to the non-relativistic shielding constants. Each of the relativistic corrections is compared to the results obtained for group XVI and XVII hydrides and noble-gas atoms. For the heavy nuclei, the computed relativistic corrections can be used to improve the absolute shielding scale. §Dedicated to Professor Andrzej J. Sadlej on the occasion of his 65th birthday. We are pleased and happy to contribute to this volume; Happy Birthday Andrzej!

Microwave Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy — What Is the Connection?

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Microwave spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy--what is the connection?

The history and development of microwave spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have much in common. In this Account, we discuss the less widely appreciated connections between the parameters measured using the two techniques. Selected examples from our laboratory and from the recent literature attest to the utility and importance of these connections. For example, how are nuclear spin-rotation tensors and NMR chemical shifts related? Why should chemists be interested in absolute magnetic shielding scales? What can chemists learn about trends in spin-spin coupling constants from the hyperfine parameters measured in microwave and molecular beam experiments? The increasingly important role of quantum-chemical calculations in the interpretation of the microwave and NMR data is also highlighted.

A revised experimental absolute magnetic shielding scale for oxygen

A revised absolute magnetic shielding scale for oxygen is established based on a recently reported highly precise experimental measurement of the O17 spin-rotation constant in carbon monoxide. The isotropic oxygen magnetic shielding constant for C12O17 at the equilibrium geometry, σe, is found to be −56.8±0.6 ppm. The experimental rovibrationally averaged value of the shielding constant at 300 K, 〈σ〉300 K, is −62.7±0.6 ppm, in excellent agreement with the ab initio value reported by Vaara et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 109, 8388 (1998)]. Based on the revised scale and on experimentally known oxygen chemical shifts, 〈σ〉300 K (H2O(l)) is 287.5±0.6 ppm and 〈σ〉300 K (H2O(g)) is 323.6±0.6 ppm.

Rovibrationally Averaged Nuclear Shielding Constants in OCS

The nuclear shielding constants in OCS are studied using ab initio theoretical methods and gas-phase NMR measurements. The shielding surfaces are calculated and the rovibrational effects and the resulting temperature dependence are analyzed. The temperature dependence of13C shielding in the gas phase is determined experimentally in the range 278–373 K.13C is the single nucleus for which the experimental data for the temperature dependence can be converted to a reference-independent scale, and good agreement of the measured and calculated ab initio results is observed. For33S, we discuss a new, more accurate absolute shielding scale.

Rovibrational effects, temperature dependence, and isotope effects on the nuclear shielding tensors of water: A new O17 absolute shielding scale

We calculate the rovibrational corrections, temperature dependence and isotope shifts of the isotropic and anisotropic nuclear shieldings of the water molecule. This is the first correlated study of rovibrational effects on the nuclear shieldings in the water molecule and the first study of these effects on the shielding anisotropies. The use of a large restricted active space self-consistent field wave function and a large basis set ensures that the results are of high accuracy. The rovibrational corrections are found to be substantial, 3.7% and 1.8% for the isotropic oxygen and hydrogen shieldings, respectively, in the H21O17 isotopomer at 300 K. For the shielding anisotropies and asymmetry parameters, the corresponding relative corrections are even larger. The changes in the shielding tensors due to molecular rotation and vibration are of the same order of magnitude as—and in some cases even exceed—the changes due to electron correlation. The accuracy of our calculated rovibrationally corrected oxygen shielding leads us to propose a new absolute shielding scale for the O17 nucleus: 324.0±1.5 ppm for the O17 shielding of H2171O in the gas phase (300 K). This shielding scale is supported by recent high-level CCSD(T) calculations on carbon monoxide. The absolute oxygen shielding constants of some oxygen-containing molecules are calculated using the new shielding scale and experimental data on oxygen chemical shifts, comparing the absolute shieldings to the results of recent high-level theoretical calculations.

The calculation of NMR shielding tensors based on density functional theory and the frozen-core approximation

The application of the frozen-core approximation to the calculation of the shielding tensor of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is discussed and an implementation is presented. A complete formulation of the shielding calculation within the frozen-core approximation is given, both in general terms and for the special case of density functional theory (DFT) and “gauge including atomic orbitals” (GIAOs). The practical implementation is validated by a detailed discussion of the consequences of the approximation. The general conclusion is drawn that the frozen-core approximation is a useful tool for shielding calculations—if the valence space is increased to contain at least the ns, np, (n − 1)p, (n − 1)d (fourth period and higher) shells, where n is the number of the given period in the periodic table of elements. The new method is applied to 77Se shieldings and chemical shifts for a small number of compounds. The agreement between theory and experiment is good for relative shifts, whereas calculated absolute shieldings are generally too small by about 300–400 ppm. This difference is attributed to the relativistic contraction of the core density at the selenium atom that had been explicitly incorporated into the experimental absolute shielding scale. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.