Absolute Advantage Research Articles

Land Resource Areas and Spatial Analysis of Potential Location of Bioenergy Crops Production in Mississippi

Mississippi State is renowned for its land resource areas (LRA) and production of bioenergy crops which generate both agricultural and economic benefits. Agricultural commodities play a key role in economic growth, therefore the ability to produce more would enhance development. This paper offers an analysis of the production of bioenergy crops in Mississippi. Relative measures, time series graphs and descriptive statistics coupled with geographic information systems (GIS) mapping using ArcMap were employed to generate the outcome of this research. The outcome of the statistical analysis indicated that corn and soybeans were the most produced crops in Agricultural Districts 10 and 40. These districts produced more bioenergy crops than the other districts. GIS mapping results also showed that the potential area for bioenergy crops is in zone 131 of the Mississippi Land Resource Area (MLRA). This zone has an absolute advantage in the production of these crops which includes the diversity of biomass production such as corn, cotton, soybeans, wheat, rice, barley, grain sorghum, canola, camelina, algae, hardwoods, and softwood. The paper recommends a constant GIS mapping and land management systems for each agricultural district in Mississippi to enable researchers and farmers to determine the factors which contribute towards the increasing and decreasing trends in the production of the bioenergy crops.

Phytoplankton community structure and driving factors in typical reservoirs of arid region of northwest China

为了解西北干旱区水库浮游植物群落结构特征，并进一步探究浮游植物与环境因子之间的相关关系，于2017年对张掖境内不同分布区域的8座典型水库进行为期4个季度的采样调查.结果显示，调查期间共计检出浮游植物8门106属294种，其中硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门占比分别为48.35%、26.64%和14.47%.浮游植物密度在0.3×10⁴~4.38×10⁷ cells/L之间，夏、秋季较高，冬季最低，且随着海拔的降低浮游植物密度呈现显著升高的趋势.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef指数年均值分别为2.26、0.77、1.20和0.86，综合浮游植物细胞密度和物种组成对水质进行评价可知，K1、K2、K3和K5水库为贫营养，K4、K6、K7和K8水库为中营养-富营养.Spearman相关性分析和典范对应分析发现，总氮、电导率、温度和海拔是水库浮游植物密度大小及优势种分布的主要影响因子，低海拔水库中细小平裂藻（Merismopedia minima）、史密斯微囊藻（Microcystis smithii）和惠氏微囊藻（Microcystis wesenbergii）等水华蓝藻随着水温升高而占据绝对优势，尤其史密斯微囊藻密度在夏季超过水华阈值（10⁷ cells/L），值得引起注意.;In order to explore the structural characteristics of phytoplankton community in the main reservoirs in arid climate area, northwest China, and to further study the correlation between phytoplankton and environmental factors, 8 major reservoirs in different distribution areas were surveyed for 4 quarters in 2017. The results reveled that a total 294 species belonging to 8 phyla and 106 genera were identified to be mainly composed of the Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta and in the proportions of 48.35%, 26.64% and 14.47%, respectively. During the survey period, the density of phytoplankton was between 0.3×10⁴-4.38×10⁷ cells/L, which was higher in Summer and Autumn than in Winter and Spring, with the existence of a significant increasing trend with decreasing altitude. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson index, Pielou evenness index, and Margalef index were 2.26, 0.77, 1.20, and 0.86, respectively. The comprehensive evaluation combining the density of phytoplankton, indicator species and four diversity indices showed that K1, K2, K3 and K5 reservoirs were oligotrophic, while K4, K6, K7 and K8 reservoirs were meso-trophic to trophic. Spearman correlation analysis of phytoplankton density and environmental factors found that phytoplankton density was extremely significantly correlated with total nitrogen (TN), electrical conductivity (Spc), and altitude, and significantly correlated with temperature, pH, and Sal. Spearman correlation analysis and CCA analysis found that TN, Spc, temperature, and altitude were the main factors influencing phytoplankton density and dominant species distribution in reservoirs. Water-blooming cyanobacteria such as Merismopedia minima, Microcystis smithii and Microcystis wesenbergii had an absolute advantage in low-altitude reservoir as temperature rise. It was worth noting that the density of Microcystis smithii increased with temperature rise and exceeded the bloom threshold (10⁷ cells/L) in Summer.

Shelf life of composite flour mixtures

Enrichment of food products with proteins, minerals and dietary fiber is possible by introducing grinding products of some cereal crops into wheat flour, i.e. obtaining composite flour mixtures. To date, there is a need to enrich food products with essential fatty acids, especially Linolenic acid (w-3), the deficiency of which leads to serious disruptions in functioning of the human body. Analysis of the lipid composition of various oilseed crops shows that the composition of flaxseed oil as a source of w-3 demonstrates an absolute advantage. The solution to the problem of flour enrichment with essential fatty acids is currently being solved by using crushed flaxseed cake. However, the use of flaxseed cake has several disadvantages. First of all, as studies have shown, the amount of such flaxseed flour in the composition of the composite mixture should be 15-20% to ensure the required amount in essential fatty acids, which significantly impairs the consumer properties of bread. The use of flax seeds directly will significantly reduce their proportion in the composition of the composite mixture.

ИСКУССТВЕННЫЙ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ МАКРОЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ

The mechanism of artificial intelligence for macroeconomic regulation and planning in Russia is shined in the article. The innovative model of the country's economy is something that we need to actively develop in order to keep up with the global technological race. The introduction of technological solutions at the state level can create a new absolute advantage for Russia. In this aspect, some problems in the Russian macro-economic policy are considered and solutions based on artificial intelligence are proposed. To illustrate the global loyalty to the use of AI for national purposes, examples of its implementation in China are given; financial indicators investment, the size of the AI market and forecast expectations are evaluated.

관광지관리 방향설정을 위한 관광목적지 네트워크 분석

This study was conducted to derive a management plan for tourist attractions by analyzing the Namwon tourism network. To this end, we conducted a survey of four major tourist attractions in Namwon and conducted a tourism behavior analysis (n=552) and a social network analysis (n=311). The proportion of tourists staying in Namwon within one day is very high, and the number of tourist attractions is limited to two or less. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a tourism management strategy to increase the stay time of tourists in order to revitalize them. According to the analysis of the centrality of Namwon tourist attractions, Gwanghallu Garden had an absolute advantage. Gwanghallu Garden is a representative tourist destination in Namwon and a key tourist network. A strategy is needed to link tourist attractions in the downtown area, including Comprehensive Tourist Complex of Namwon, which is adjacent to Gwanghallu Garden. The expansion of contents linking Jirisan Mountain tourist attractions around Jeongryeongchi Pass, which has a high betweenness centrality, is required, and a tourism management strategy should be established as a tourist hub that can link tourist attractions in the downtown area and Jirisan area. Honbul Literary House is a representative tourist destination in the northern region and requires a strategy to link tourist attractions in the downtown area. Namwon is scattered with tourist attractions in the downtown, northern, and Jirisan areas, but tourists are concentrated in specific places, so the development of tourism programs that induces an appropriate linkage of tourist contents and tourist destinations and extended stay time will improve the attractiveness of Namwon tourism.

Productivity impacts of infrastructure development in Asia

This study investigates the impact of infrastructure capital on total factor productivity in selected Asian countries. The scope of the assessment is broadened by exploring the effect of infrastructure development on sectoral differences in total factor productivity. The study calculated the total factor productivity over the period 2006–2016 for 16 manufacturing industries in 19 Asian countries. Further, the impact of lagged infrastructure and endowment is also explored with an eye toward improving different infrastructural measures. The empirical findings show that lagged infrastructure and endowment exert a positive and significant impact on infrastructural improvement. The impact of telecommunications, road, and power infrastructure on sectoral productivity is investigated by applying the fully modified ordinary least squares estimation technique to control the endogeneity problem associated with infrastructure provision. Overall, the empirical findings show that infrastructure provision, particularly the provision of telecommunications and power, is an important factor for explaining patterns of comparative advantage, whereas the provision of roads is important to explain patterns of absolute advantage. The results further indicate that road infrastructure is more important for low technology-intensive industries, while power infrastructure is crucial for high technology-intensive industries.

СУЧАСНІ НАПРЯМКИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ АГРАРНОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ

Competitiveness should be understood as the ability of an individual entity to function successfully in a competitive environment, having an absolute or relative advantage over the “main players” – key competitors in the market. It is determined that the competitiveness of products is associated with the appropriate level of its quality, which is better than analogues to meet the needs of consumers. Another component is the cost of products, the nature of which is more variable compared to quality, which explains the formation of quality throughout the production cycle under the influence of mostly objective factors. The cost of production, which consists of cost and profit, has a higher level of variability due to the dependence of the level of profit on the state of market demand. In terms of profit, the competitiveness of products is closely linked to the success of the enterprise, its stability and development potential. Another aspect of product competitiveness is considered market parameters. Thus, “hard” and “soft” factors of product competitiveness were distinguished, where the first group is represented by the quality and cost of production, and the second – profit and marketing. The analysis of the existing criteria of competitiveness of goods allowed to add to the identified factors the following: social targeting, consumer novelty, informativeness, reliability, safety for consumers and the environment, product image. Features of ensuring the competitiveness of products in the agricultural sector are considered. The dependence of agricultural specialization on the location determines the critical dependence of product quality on the resource potential, which requires preservation and reproduction. This necessitates the inclusion of environmentally responsible components of responsible land use in the ways of ensuring the competitiveness of products. It is determined that the most difficult factor in managing the competitiveness of agricultural products is the price due to the peak load in the collection of crops and the need for significant storage reserves for storage of products for a long time. Ways to manage this factor are proposed to consider the development of commodity exchanges, the use of financial instruments, risk insurance. Horizontal integration for small farms and vertical integration for agricultural enterprises are recognized as additional ways to ensure the competitiveness of agricultural products.

Simulation research on online marketing strategies of branded agricultural products based on the difference in opinion leader attitudes

By virtue of the low-cost and high-efficiency internet traffic monetizing ability, key opinion leaders (KOL) have achieved great success on social media platforms in terms of agricultural brand e-commerce marketing. However, opinion leaders tend to adopt different promotion strategies according to their preference to brands. How to optimize online marketing strategies based on the difference in opinion leaders’ attitudes remains a problem demanding prompt solution for agricultural product brand enterprises. This study takes agricultural product brand enterprises and opinion leaders with limited rationality as the research subjects. On the premise of considering the difference in opinion leaders’ attitudes towards brands, the paper combines the evolutionary game theory to construct agricultural product brands’ online promotion strategy evolutionary model, adopts visualization system to simulate the evolutionary process of brand online promotion strategies, verifies model validity and explores the influencing mechanism of punishment on opinion leaders’ negative promotion. Results of multi-agent-based simulation demonstrate that investment in brand promotion, irrelevant to opinion leaders’ attitudes towards brands, pertains to the absolute advantage strategy of agricultural product brand enterprises. Reinforced intensity of punishment against opinion leaders following negative promotion may change opinion leaders’ promotion strategies for agricultural product brands. Moreover, the present study provides an idea and reference to the management decisions of agricultural product brand enterprises’ online brand promotion strategies.

The Distinction between the Absolute and Relative Advantages of Cultural Capital: Different Conceptualizations, Different Consequences

Cultural capital has been increasingly understood as acquirable cultural resources that concern a plural class structure and localized relational symbolic struggles. Against this background, the advantages of cultural capital can be conceptualized not only as the gap between the upper and the lower classes (the absolute advantage), but also as the status relative to the peers of a substantively meaningful group (the relative advantage). The current study makes the distinction between the absolute and relative advantages of cultural capital, and illustrates it using the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2000. Both types of advantages are significantly stratified by family origin, but the absolute advantage has a significantly stronger positive correlation with test performances than the relative advantage while only the relative advantage reveals a significantly negative correlation with school misbehaviour.

Comparison of biotransformation mechanisms of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene and its hydride-Meisenheimer metabolite by the old yellow enzyme family of flavoproteins

2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a persistent pollutant; for removing it from environment, the biodegradation becomes an economical and environmentally friendly alternative. However, TNT is difficult to naturally mineralize due to the stability of benzene ring. Interestingly, the hydride metabolite (Hˉ-TNT) of TNT can produce dearomatized products by the biotransformation of old yellow enzyme (OYE) family, which is highly different with TNT. It is a promising strategy for the ring-opening degradation of TNT. Here, we explore the biotransformation difference of TNT and Hˉ-TNT by OYE family. The results show that the electron-withdrawing ability of nitro groups makes them obtain the majority of negative charges of Hˉ-TNT, which promotes the strong interaction between the substrate and key residues. It in turn promotes the formation of π-π stacking configuration between Hˉ-TNT and the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor, which is a precondition of the aromatic ring reduction. As a result, the aromatic ring reduction occupies an absolute advantage, while the nitro reduction is suppressed. The conclusions are in line with previous understanding and can explain experimental phenomena. This work can provide a valuable reference for the combined strategy of mineralizing TNT.

Use of Aluminum-Containing Technogenic Raw Materials for Obtaining High-Strength Earthquake-Resistant Bricks Based on Low-Melting Clay of the Aktobe Region

The use of nanotechnogenic petrochemical raw materials-spent IM-2201 catalyst containing more than 70 % Al2O3, and as a clay binder-lowmelting clay from the Ilek Deposit in the Aktobe region allows you to get a ceramic brick that corresponds to the M150 brand. It is possible to build load-bearing walls of the lower floors of high-rise buildings (more than 10 floors) from M150 ceramic bricks. Innovative proposals for the use of waste from production and spent catalyst in the production of ceramic high-strength earthquake-resistant bricks with increased strength and frost resistance have been developed. The absolute advantage of using multi-tonnage waste and spent catalyst IM-2201 is to relieve the environmental situation.

Production differentiation in the industrial markets for mechanical engineering: Supply factors

Amid the turbulence in the external environment, the issue of finding adaptive strategies is becoming increasingly relevant. This problem is especially acute in industrial markets. One of the most common strategies is differentiation. Numerous modern theories of differentiation rest on the distinctive features of consumer demand and often do not take into account the factors of product supply. These factors, however, serve as the basis for determining the generic development strategy of an industrial enterprise. The paper explores production differentiation and justifies the factors of supply affecting it. The theory of industrial organization, the theory of strategic management and the microeconomic approach constitute the methodological framework of the present article. General scientific methods of logic-structural analysis were used. The empirical base includes data from nine industrial markets for mechanical engineering in the Russian Federation. Having analyzed the theoretical approaches to substantiating the existence of production differentiation, we managed to identify its fundamental factors: specialization and the presence (absence) of economies of scale. To assess these factors, we propose using two indicators: the industry specialization coefficient and the indicator of absolute cost advantage. Matrixing industrial markets for mechanical engineering by the parameters “the level of industry specialization” and “economies of scale” allowed pinpointing three types of production differentiation and their corresponding generic strategies. In the presence of economies of scale and a narrow specialization, an enterprise should choose the strategy of “capturing a niche”; in the presence of economies of scale and a broad specialization, it should follow the strategy of wide differentiation. In the absence of economies of scale for broad and narrow industry differentiation, the generic strategy of a machine-building enterprise is competitive marketing. The author’s methodological approach to choosing the type of production differentiation is versatile and can be used to substantiate generic strategies of industrial enterprises.

Research on development mode of characteristic towns in China from perspective of production of space

The development of characteristic towns is a systematic process with many subjects and elements. The production of space of characteristic towns is the process of reshaping the space of the town through various factors and finally forming various characteristic industries based on space. Based on the analysis of the concept of the production of space of characteristic towns, the pattern of manifestation of the influence of spatial production on local characteristics is summarized as the production of physical space, the production of industrial space, the production of cultural space, the production of community space and the production of market space. Then according to the pattern of manifestation of the production of space of characteristic towns, the development mode of characteristic towns can be divided into natural capital mode, industrial capital mode, cultural capital mode, community capital mode and market demand mode. Therefore, take the two batches of 403 national characteristic towns announced by the ministry of housing and urban-rural development as an example, the paper analyzes the utilization of the production of space combined with each town’s own characteristics industries, and explores the development law of characteristic towns in China. The result shows that, the quantity of characteristic towns is in the order of Western China, Eastern China, Central China and Northeast China in terms of region, the quantity of characteristic towns is in the order of cultural capital mode, natural capital mode, industrial capital mode, market demand mode and community capital mode in terms of the development mode, and the cultural capital mode has an absolute advantage, the community capital mode is quite different from other modes.

Theoretical study on a kind of cyclization mechanism of boron trichloride and hexamethyldisilazane to form the borazine ring for SiBCN ceramics precursor

Borazine rings act as a pivotal part in siliconboroncarbonitride ceramics (SiBCN) for high-temperature stability and great resistance to crystallization. A detailed investigation of the ring formation mechanism will guide the design and synthesis of SiBCN to meet application requirements under extreme conditions. Boron trichloride (BCl3) and hexamethyldisilazane (HN(SiMe3)2) are common raw materials for the synthesis of precursors for SiBCN. In this paper, quantum chemical calculation was used to study the cyclization reaction mechanism between BCl3 and HN(SiMe3)2 to form trichloroborazine (TCBZ) at the MP2/6-31G (d,p) level of theory. We discussed the structure properties, reaction pathways, energy barriers, reaction rates, and other aspects in detail. The results show that BCl3 and HN(SiMe3)2 alternately participate in the reaction process, accompanied by the release of trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS), and that the entire reaction shows an absolute advantage in terms of energy. In the Step by step reaction, lower reaction barriers are formed due to the introduction of BCl3 with more heat released compared to that for the introduction of HN(SiMe3)2. The final single-molecule cyclization and TMCS elimination steps are found to be faster compared to all previous bimolecular reactions.

An Analysis of Support Mechanisms for New CHPs: The Case of Poland

The increasing demand for energy on a global scale, as well as the social pressure related to counteracting the effects of climate change, has created favourable conditions for the transformation of energy sectors towards the possession of low-emission generation sources. This situation, however, requires investment actions in order to modernise the existing power and CHP (Combined Heat and Power) plants and construct new units. These issues, together with the climate and energy policy pursued by the European Union, are the main reasons for the emergence of various governmental mechanisms supporting the replacement of old coal power units with highly efficient cogeneration units based on gas turbines and other units. The support may take different forms. This article discusses two examples of mechanisms available on the Polish market, i.e., (i) the capacity market and (ii) promoting electricity from high-efficiency cogeneration in the form of individual cogeneration premium. The purpose and novelty of the analysis was to identify the pros and cons and the key parameters which determine the advantage of a given mechanism. Both these mechanisms have been characterised and then compared via the example of a planned cogeneration gas unit (an open cycle gas turbine—OCGT). This assessment was made using discount methods based on the FCFF (free cashflow to company) approach. The analysis did not bring forward an unequivocal answer as to the absolute advantage of any of the solutions, but it was able to point out significant problems related to their practical use.

The 21-gene recurrence score in node-positive, hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer: a cautionary tale from an NCDB analysis.

The 21-gene recurrence score assay (RS) has not been prospectively validated to predict adjuvant chemotherapy benefit in hormone receptor-positive (HR+), HER2-negative (HER2-), node-positive breast cancer patients. Nevertheless, de-escalation based on RS has been demonstrated and partially advocated by retrospective data. The purpose of this study was to identify subgroups of node-positive patients with low to intermediate RS who still benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. The National Cancer Database was used to identify 28,591 women with stage I-III, T1-T3, N1, HR+, HER2- breast cancer and a RS ≤ 25 between 2010 and 2016. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify variables correlating with chemotherapy use and 5-year survival. Subgroup analysis was performed to discern patients in whom the use of adjuvant chemotherapy correlated with better survival. A 35% decline in chemotherapy use was observed from 2010 to 2016. Patients with younger age, higher RS, larger tumors and more positive lymph nodes, and those treated by mastectomy, axillary lymph node dissection and radiation, were more likely to receive chemotherapy. Chemotherapy use was associated with an improved 5-year survival (HR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.28-2.07). Upon subgroup analysis, this association was lost in patients > 70years and those with a RS ≤ 11, while patients ≤ 70 with a RS of 12-25 treated with chemotherapy had an absolute 5-year survival advantage of 3.0% (HR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.42-2.57). Clinicians should be cautious when considering omission of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients ≤ 70years, with HR+, HER2-, N1 tumors and a RS 12-25, at least until the results of the anticipated RxPONDER trial become available.

Discrimination of mining microseismic events and blasts using convolutional neural networks and original waveform

Microseismic monitoring system is one of the effective methods for deep mining geo-stress monitoring. The principle of microseismic monitoring system is to analyze the mechanical parameters contained in microseismic events for providing accurate information of rockmass. The accurate identification of microseismic events and blasts determines the timeliness and accuracy of early warning of microseismic monitoring technology. An image identification model based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is established in this paper for the seismic waveforms of microseismic events and blasts. Firstly, the training set, test set, and validation set are collected, which are composed of 5250, 1500, and 750 seismic waveforms of microseismic events and blasts, respectively. The classified data sets are preprocessed and input into the constructed CNN in CPU mode for training. Results show that the accuracies of microseismic events and blasts are 99.46% and 99.33% in the test set, respectively. The accuracies of microseismic events and blasts are 100% and 98.13% in the validation set, respectively. The proposed method gives superior performance when compared with existed methods. The accuracies of models using logistic regression and artificial neural network (ANN) based on the same data set are 54.43% and 67.9% in the test set, respectively. Then, the ROC curves of the three models are obtained and compared, which show that the CNN gives an absolute advantage in this classification model when the original seismic waveform are used in training the model. It not only decreases the influence of individual differences in experience, but also removes the errors induced by source and waveform parameters. It is proved that the established discriminant method improves the efficiency and accuracy of microseismic data processing for monitoring rock instability and seismicity.

RESEARCH OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS DESIGN SOFTWARE

The main goal is to maximize automation of system design and analysis stages in order to create formal and nonlinear models of the system. Many modern CASE tools support structural and object-oriented methodologies for analyzing and designing information systems. The software is intended for solving specific user tasks and mainly for organizing the computing process of an information system. The application package is a powerful tool for automating user-defined tasks. It completely frees the user from the need to know how the functions and procedures of information processing are performed on the computer. CASE technologies are usually used when creating complex information systems that require collective project implementation. The absolute advantage of CASE technology is that documents are always responsible for the current state of work. Because any changes in the project are automatically displayed in the database.

Efficient Allocation of Customers to Facilities in the Multi-Objective Sustainable Location Problem

This paper aims to evaluate the impact of customer allocation on the facility location in the multi-objective location problem for sustainable logistics. After a new practical multi-objective location model considering vehicle carbon emissions is introduced, the NSGA-II and SEAMO2 algorithms are employed to solve the model. Within the framework of each algorithm, three different allocation rules derived from the optimization of customer allocation based on distance, cost, and emissions are separately applied to perform the customer-to-facility assignment so as to evaluate their impacts. The results of extensive computational experiments show that the allocation rules have nearly no influence on the solution quality, and the allocation rule based on the distance has an absolute advantage of computation time. These findings will greatly help to simplify the location-allocation analysis in the multi-objective location problems.

Study on dynamic mechanical properties of phosphate rock through experimental tests and mesoscale simulation

Dynamic characteristics of rock masses are an important part of the safety and stability analysis in rock mass engineering. The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests on the phosphate rock in Yichang are conducted, combined with the Split-desktop digital image method and mesoscopic discrete element method (DEM). Both macroscopic and mesoscopic characteristics of the phosphate rock have been studied from such perspectives as stress and strain, fractal characteristics of fragment size, and the spatial and temporal evolution of cracks. The research results show that the dynamic strength of the phosphate rock presents obvious strain rate effect, but the dynamic elasticity modulus is not so sensitive to the strain rate. There is a great correlation between the failure degree of rock specimens and the strain rate. The fractal characteristics of specimen fragments can be used to quantitatively evaluate the rock failure degree under impact loading. According to the characteristics of crack propagation, the rock failure process under the impact can be divided into four stages, namely the elastic crack-free stage, the crack initiation stage, the rapid crack growth stage, and the slow crack development stage. Moreover, with the increase of impact loading, micro-cracks are activated in large quantities. The specimens gradually change from the local damage mode to the axial splitting failure mode and to the crushing failure mode, and in this process, the number of tensile cracks takes an absolute advantage compared with the number of shear cracks.