Absence Of Wheat Research Articles

Guided Gradual Egg-Tolerance Induction in Hen's Egg Allergic Children Tolerating Baked Egg: A Prospective Randomized Trial.

BackgroundOver the last few years, studies have shown that the majority of egg allergic children tolerate baked egg (e.g., cake), and that consuming baked egg accelerates the resolution of egg allergy. However, few prospective studies demonstrate the step-wise reintroduction of egg at home after developing baked egg tolerance. Although this could have a positive impact on the children's quality of life and nutrition. Additionally, research supporting the theoretical concept that heating in the presence or absence of wheat causes reduced allergenicity of egg proteins is limited.ObjectiveTo investigate the clinically most favorable duration of gradual egg-tolerance induction in baked egg tolerant children at home, with regard to complete raw egg tolerance.MethodsBaked egg tolerant children above 12 months of age were randomly assigned to a short- or long arm protocol. In the short arm, egg-tolerance induction was studied over 18 months compared to 30 months in the long arm. Children were guided through this protocol involving the step-wise introduction of increasingly allergenic forms of egg starting with baked egg offered as cake, followed by hard-boiled egg, omelet/waffle/pancake, soft-boiled egg, and finally raw egg. We hereby designed this protocol based on the influence of thermal processing in the presence or absence of wheat on egg proteins, as investigated by ELISA, SDS-PAGE, and immunoblotting. At inclusion, children either passed an in-hospital cake challenge or had ovomucoid sIgE ≤1.2 kUA/L, which was considered safe for introduction at home.ResultsGel electrophoresis revealed that the ovalbumin band became weaker with heating, while the ovomucoid band remained stable. In accordance, the IgE-binding to ovalbumin decreased with extensive heating, as opposed to ovomucoid. However, heating in the presence of wheat led to a decreased IgE reactivity to ovomucoid. Of the 78 children in the intention-to-treat group, 39 were randomized to each arm. Fifty-eight children reached the raw egg tolerance endpoint, of which 80% were in the short arm and 69% in the long arm. Within the short arm, the median time to raw egg tolerance was 24 months (95% CI, 21–27 months) compared to 30 months (95% CI, 28–32 months) in the long arm (p = 0.005). No grade IV reactions or cases of eosinophilic esophagitis were observed. The short arm was considered to be non-inferior to the long arm.ConclusionOur gradual short arm protocol appears to be safe and allows clinicians to guide baked egg tolerant children toward raw egg tolerance at home. The allergenicity of the egg proteins was affected by heating temperature and duration, as well as the presence of wheat.

Microbiota dynamics and volatile compounds in lupine based Moromi fermented at different salt concentrations

Fermented soy sauces are used as food seasonings in Eastern countries and all over the world. Depending on their cultural origins, their production differs in parameters such as wheat addition, temperature, and salt concentration. The fermentation of lupine seeds presents an alternative to the use of soybeans; however, the microbiota and influencing factors are currently unknown. In this study, we analyse the microbiota of lupine Moromi (mash) fermentations for a period of six months and determine the influence of different salt concentrations on the microbiota dynamics and the volatile compound composition. Cultured microorganisms were identified by protein profiling using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing provided an overview of the microbiota including non-cultured bacteria. The volatile compounds were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). At all salt concentrations, we found that Tetragenococcus halophilus (up to 1.4 × 109 colony forming units (CFU)/mL on day 21) and Chromohalobacter japonicus (1.9 × 109 CFU/mL, day 28) were the dominating bacteria during Moromi fermentation. Debaryomyces hansenii (3.6 × 108 CFU/mL, day 42) and Candida guilliermondii (2.2 × 108 CFU/mL, day 2) were found to be the most prevalent yeast species. Interestingly, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and other yeasts described as typical for soy Moromi were not found. With increasing salinity, we found lower diversity in the microbiota, the prevalence-gain of typical species was delayed, and ratios differed depending on their halo- or acid tolerance. GC–MS analysis revealed aroma-active compounds, such as pyrazines, acids, and some furanones, which were mostly different from the aroma compounds found in soy sauce. The absence of wheat may have caused a change in yeast microbiota, and the use of lupine seeds may have led to the differing aromatic composition. Salt reduction resulted in a more complex microbiome, higher cell counts, and did not show any spoiling organisms. With these findings, we show that seasoning sauce that uses lupine seeds as the sole substrate is a suitable gluten-free, soy-free and salt reduced alternative to common soy sauces with a unique flavour.

Attractiveness of Male and Female Adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) to Conspecifics With and Without Grain.

Whether stored-grain insects can communicate with each other inside stored-grain bulks is an important question for the development of pest management programs. Movements of the individual adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus towards caged adult(s), in the presence or absence of wheat, were studied inside an apparatus (10 cm length), using an infrared camera. The numbers of the caged adults were 1, 20, or 50 of females or males, and 100 or 200 mixed-sex adults. Without grain, both males and females moved towards the caged single male, but not the caged single female. With grain, neither males nor females moved towards the caged single male or female. When 50 males were added to the cage, females did move significantly towards the caged males. There were trends for introduced males and females to move towards caged males at higher densities.

Plant roots and deep-banded nutrient-rich amendments influence aggregation and dispersion in a dispersive clay subsoil

The ameliorating effect of deep banding of nutrient-rich organic amendments, termed subsoil manuring, on improving physical structure of sodic high-clay subsoils, has been often attributed to organic amendments per se. However, this cannot explain the transformation of soil physical properties between the rip-lines, away from the amendments. This study assessed the effect of deep-banding nutrient-rich amendments on aggregation and dispersion of a clay subsoil in the presence and absence of wheat (Triticum aestivum) roots under controlled environment conditions. A specially-designed dual-column was set up to simulate a soil profile where a well-structured topsoil overlaid a sodic clay subsoil with an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of 21%. The five amendments include a control (zero amendments), fertilizer nutrients (NPKS), wheat straw + fertilizer nutrients (straw/NPKS), poultry litter (PL) and poultry litter + controlled-release fertilizer (PL/mac). All amendments were added to the centre of the subsoil, 6 cm below the base of the topsoil. Our results showed that the presence of deep-placed nutrient-rich amendments, such as straw/NPKS and PL/mac, greatly enhanced deep root proliferation in this sodic clay subsoil, and resulted in the rapid build-up of large (>2000 μm) water-stable macroaggregates. There was a significant (P < 0.05) positive linear relationship between the root length density and the formation of large macroaggregates in the subsoil adjacent to and below the amendment. The stimulation of microbial growth by root exudates or by mucilage, as indicated by a significantly higher bacterial and fungal abundance (P < 0.05) in the planted than unplanted soils, is likely to have contributed to the formation of these macroaggregates. The effectiveness of wheat straw/NPKS in promoting the formation of macroaggregates in the unplanted soil could be attributed to the ‘straw effect’ which induced a marked increase in fungal growth (P < 0.05). Soil electrical conductivity (EC) and aggregate size were the key determinants of clay dispersion in the aggregated subsoil. Plant roots showed a contrasting effect on clay dispersion: increasing clay dispersion by reducing soil EC while suppressing clay dispersion via root-induced increases in large macroaggregates. We argue that the degree of slaking or disaggregation is likely to determine the net effect of roots on clay dispersion, and that root effect on increasing dispersion of macroaggregates in wet subsoil is limited. The major finding of the study is that increased aggregation in a dispersive clay subsoil can occur when wheat roots grow actively in these layers, in response to deep-placed nutrient-rich amendments.

Efficacy of ozone against adults and immature stages of phosphine susceptible and resistant strains of Rhyzopertha dominica

Ozone was investigated as a potential alternative to control phosphine resistant strains of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). The efficacy of 0.21 and 0.42 g/m3 concentrations of ozone against one phosphine-susceptible laboratory and two phosphine-resistant field strains of R. dominica was evaluated. Vials holding 20 adults with 0 and 10 g of wheat were exposed to each ozone concentration for up to 24 h to estimate lethal doses required for 50 (LD50) and 99% (LD99) mortality. After ozone exposure, mortality was assessed 5 d later. There were no significant differences between LD50 values of the samples exposed to 0.21 and 0.42 g/m3, regardless of strains and presence or absence of wheat. The small amount of wheat (10 g) affected efficacy at 0.21 g/m3, but showed a non-significant effect at 0.42 g/m3. Ozone tends to react with active sites on the surface of wheat kernels prior to reaching an effective lethal concentration for insects. High ozone concentration in the supply air reduced the time to saturate all active sites and ensured that lethal levels of free ozone were available to kill insects.Ozone successfully suppressed the adult progeny production for all tested strains. Emergence of adults from eggs of all three strains was reduced by 96.3–100% only after 72 h exposure to an ozone concentration of 0.42 g/m3. At the same ozone concentration, emergence of adults from young and old larvae was reduced by 97.1–99.7% after a 24 to 34 h exposure. However, reduction in emergence of adults from ozone exposed pupae at 10 h varied among the strains and ranged from 32.8 to 96.6%. After 2 and 6 h of exposure the reduction in emergence of adults from pupae ranged from 19.6 to 76.5%.

Influence of Weed Manipulation in Field Borders on Brown Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Densities and Damage in Field Corn.

Brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), is a damaging pest of corn, Zea mays L. (Cyperales: Poaceae), in the southeastern United States. In North Carolina, during the spring, winter-planted wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Cyperales: Poaceae), serves as the earliest available crop host, and E. servus seems to prefer this crop over seedling corn. In the absence of wheat in the agroecosystem, weeds serve as a bridge host for a portion of overwintered E. servus populations until they move to corn and other subsequent crops. Our objective was to reduce densities of E. servus in corn by manipulating the weedy field borders with mowing and applications of dicamba herbicide. During the study, multiple species of stink bugs (n =16) were found associated with weed plots. However, E. servus was the predominant (>94%) stink bug species in the corn. In this farmscape, density of E. servus adults in the unmanaged weed plots began declining around the second week of May, followed by an increase in density in adjacent corn plots. This movement coincided with the seedling growth of corn. In 2016, applications of dicamba in the weedy field border resulted in a lower density of E. servus in herbicide-treated weed plots compared with untreated plots. Despite this difference, manipulations of weeds did not lead to any significant changes in density of E. servus adults in corn. Further evidence suggested that a prominent external source of E. servus, other than field-bordering weeds, in the farmscape was likely driving densities in corn.

دامنهی میزبانی جمعیتهای مختلف زنگ برگی گندم در ایران

In order to investigate the host range of various populations of causal agent of wheat leaf rust, Puccinia. recondita sensu lato, during 2010-2016, fifty isolates of the pathogen were collected from different hosts of Poaceae in various parts of Iran including: Ardabil, Fars, Golestan, Ilam, Kerman, Khuzestan, Khorasan Razavi, Kurdistan, Mazandaran and West Azerbaijan. Pathogenicity of all isolates on seven hosts, including bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Boolani), durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf., cv. Karkhe & cv. Yavaroos), barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. Afzal), oat (Avena sativa L.), rye (Secale montanum Guss.) and triticale (Triticosecale Wittm. Ex A. Camus) was examined. Results indicated that all isolates had high disease severity on bread wheat (cv. Boolani) and triticale. Bread wheat isolates were avirulent on all hosts except for triticale, which showed a hypersensitive reaction or small, dispersed pustules. Triticale isolates were only pathogenic on triticale and bread wheat. Durum wheat isolates were virulent on bread wheat, durum wheat, and triticale, and were avirulent on barley and rye plants. Oat isolates showed an avirulence response on barley, rye and various genotypes of durum wheat and rye. Barley isolates were also pathogenic on bread wheat, triticale and barley and avirulent on durum wheat and rye. Although wild barley isolates were virulent on bread wheat, durum wheat, and triticale, they were avirulent on other hosts. Oat is a non-host for all leaf rust isolates, except for its own isolates. The findings indicate that in the absence of wheat, leaf rust populations are able to survive on other members of the Poaceae family.

Efficacy of Ozone against Phosphine Susceptible and Resistant Strains of Four Stored-Product Insect Species.

The efficacy of ozone was evaluated against four economically-important stored-product insect species at 27.2 °C and 20.4% r.h. Adults of phosphine-susceptible laboratory strains and phosphine-resistant field strains of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus), maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, and rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus), were exposed in vials to an ozone concentration of 0.42 g/m3 (200 ppm) for 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h with 0 and 10 g of wheat. Initial and final mortalities were assessed 1 and 5 d after exposure to ozone, respectively. After an 8–12-h exposure to ozone, initial mortality of Sitophilus spp. and O. surinamensis was 100%, whereas the highest initial mortality of T. castaneum was 90%. A 3–4-h exposure to ozone resulted in 100% final mortality of Sitophilus spp., whereas O. surinamensis required a 6- to 10-h exposure to ozone. Adults of T. castaneum were least susceptible to ozone, and after a 10-h exposure, mortality ranged between 82 and 95%. Time for the 5 d 99% mortality (LT99) for adults of laboratory and field strains of Sitophilus spp., O. surinamensis and T. castaneum were 2.00–5.56, 4.33–11.18 and 14.35–29.89 h, respectively. The LT99 values for adults of T. castaneum and O. surinamensis were not significantly different between bioassays conducted with 0 and 10 g of wheat. The LT99 values for the laboratory strains of Sitophilus spp. in the absence of wheat were significantly lower than those obtained in the presence of wheat. Both phosphine-susceptible and -resistant strains were equally susceptible to ozone. Ozone effectively suppressed adult progeny production of all four species. Ozone is a viable alternative fumigant to control phosphine-resistant strains of these four species.

Analysis of dough rheological property and gluten quality characteristics in wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides (Körn. ex Asch. et Graebn.) Schweinf.)

Improvement of flour quality is one of the main objectives in the process of wheat breeding. It is supposed that wild emmer wheat can provide a lot of genetic variants of the endosperm storage proteins in enhancing bread-making quality. However, the flour quality of wild emmer wheat itself, which is generally believed to be poor, is lack of awareness yet. In this work, dough rheological properties of 27 accessions of wild emmer wheat were intensively analyzed through the micro-doughlab. The results showed that the mean values of water absorption (WA), development time, stability time (ST), and degree of softening (four dough rheological parameters) for all the samples were 77.2 %, 1.73, 1.68 min and 116.6 BU, respectively. Surprisingly, the coefficient of variation of ST was apparently higher than those of the other three listed parameters, indicating that there may be a large difference among the flour quality of wild emmer wheat. Based on the four dough rheological parameters mentioned above, the cluster analysis of the 27 accessions of wild emmer wheat revealed good flour quality in some test materials, while majority of them showed poor property. Typically, two accessions of TD-129 and TD-51, with significantly different flour quality, are selected and systematically analyzed to deeply understand the flour quality of wild emmer wheat. It is exciting to find that the main quality parameters of TD-129 reach the normal level or even the strong gluten quality in absence of wheat D genome, with the values of WA, ST, Mid-line peak time, angle of descent and gluten index reaching 74.55 %, 9.55, 2.63 min, 12° and 46.5 %, respectively. These results imply that the endosperm storage proteins of TD-129 might contain valuable high-quality genes, which could be transferred to bread wheat in an attempt to improve baking quality.

Survey ofBarley Yellow Dwarf VirusandCereal Yellow Dwarf Viruson Three Perennial Pasture Grasses in Florida

Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV) are two important aphid-vectored viruses of small grains worldwide. In the Southeastern U.S., there is an absence of wheat, oat and barley during summer months. Thus, the availability of alternative summer hosts for the viruses and their vectors in the field is potentially critical for yellow dwarf epidemiology in the southeast. A 2-year survey of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge), limpograss [Hemarthria altissima (Poir) Stapf & Hubb.], and eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides L.) populations from the North Florida Research and Education Center, Marianna, FL. showed that bahiagrass and limpograss can act as alternative summer hosts of BYDV-PAV and CYDV-RPV. Additionally, bahiagrass also was shown to harbor BYDV-MAV. The finding of BYDV and CYDV on bahiagrass and limpograss indicates the potential of these perennial pasture grasses to act as “green bridges” between small grain seasons for yellow dwarf viruses. For bahiagrass and limpograss to act as sources of inoculum in yellow dwarf epidemiology, one or more aphid species will have to transmit the virus from these grasses to commercial small grains. However, very few aphids were collected and no known B/CYDV vector was found on these grasses in the 2 years of sampling. Sipha flava (Forbes), an aphid not listed as B/CYDV vector, was the only species collected on bahiagrass. Additionally, in B/CYDV transmission studies reported here, winged R. padi did not survive on bahiagrass and failed to transmit B/CYDV from bahiagrass to oats or from oats to bahiagrass.

Ecological fitness of a glyphosate-resistant Lolium rigidum population: Growth and seed production along a competition gradient

Repeated use of glyphosate has resulted in evolution of glyphosate-resistant Lolium rigidum populations in Australia. The relative growth, competitiveness and reproductive output of glyphosate resistant (R) and susceptible (S) L. rigidum phenotypes from a single population were compared in competition with wheat. Vegetative growth of R and S individuals was studied in response surface experiments in the glasshouse and seed production was measured using an additive neighbourhood design experiment conducted in pots outside during the normal growing season of L. rigidum in Australia. There were no significant differences in vegetative growth or competitiveness of the R and the S phenotypes. The mean weight of seeds produced by R plants was significantly greater than that produced by S individuals. In the absence of wheat and at tow wheat densities, S plants produced more seeds than R plants. However, at higher crop densities, differences in seed production were not significant. This is the first study to compare components of fitness at key life history stages for glyphosate R and S phenotypes isolated from a single weed population. The results presented indicate important differences in resource allocation during the reproductive stage for R and S phenotypes. Subtle differences in life history strategies may be manipulated by agronomic management to exploit the potential ecological fitness costs of the R phenotype. Further studies are required to provide a greater understanding of the occurrence and extent of fitness costs associated with glyphosate resistance. This knowledge can then be incorporated into models that simulate resistance evolution to design management strategies to prevent and/or contain the spread of glyphosate resistance. (C) 2006 Gesellschaft fur Okologie. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Dynamics of organic matter in soil as determined by variations in 13C/12C isotopic ratios and fractionation by ease of oxidation

Management of organic matter in soils requires techniques that accurately monitor changes in soil organic matter over the short term and long term. This study was carried out in a glasshouse pot experiment to examine changes in soil carbon under the influence of long-term cropping, plant residue, and fertiliser application, using variations in 13C/12C isotopic ratios of organic materials and fractionation by ease of oxidation. The study examines the changes in carbon contents of adjacent soil samples with different cropping histories as affected by application of fertiliser and crop residue and the growth of wheat. Significant increases in soil carbon values were observed with residue application. The effects of the applied fertiliser on soil carbon levels depend on the presence or absence of wheat. A higher amount of labile carbon was found in the native soil than in cultivated soil.

Influence of water and temperature on release of phosphine from aluminium phosphide-containing formulations

The rate of release of phosphine from commercial aluminium phosphide formulations was studied under controlled conditions in nitrogen with and without wheat in the exposure chamber. The shape of the cumulative release curve with time was unaffected by gas flow rate over the formulation or by temperature, humidity or manufacturer. It was well described by a power function relating quantity released to time, changing to an exponential phase after 70% of decomposition. Although an exponent of 1.15 in the initial phase described curves both in the presence of and without wheat satisfactorily, an exponent of 1.00 gave a better fit to data from formulations in wheat. Time to 50% decomposition was dependent on absolute water content of the gas passing over the formulation and independent of temperature. The rate of release under fixed conditions in the absence of wheat was linearly correlated with that in wheat. The rate of release in humidified nitrogen without wheat varied exponentially with gas flow rate reaching a limiting value at high flows. Release in wheat was little affected by gas flow. In 12.2% moisture content wheat at 30°C the release rate was 0.6–0.8 times the maximum value attained under the same humidity and temperature but without wheat. At low gas flows most of the moisture required for reaction was abstracted from the grain, not obtained from the humidified gas. Under conditions where weter availability was not rate limiting the rate of release of the most reactive formulation was about twice that of the least. The test systems described provide a means of rapid comparative assessment of release characteristics of formulations. A method of reconstructing cumulative release curves is given.

Laboratory evaluation of poison-base for the control ofFunambulus pennanti

Funambulus pennanti, the northern palm squirrel preferred wheat in its different forms out of ten cereals and oil seeds offered. It is revealed that the squirrels are selective feeders since out of eleven forms, i.e., whole, cracked, roasted and flour, wheat was found to be most palatable in seven trials followed by bajra (three trials) and jowar once. The addition of vegetable oils, salt and sugar does not enhance the bait acceptance. However, they preferred sugar in comparison to salt, and arachis and sesame oils. Wheat in its whole form is, therefore, recommended for use as a poison base for the control ofF. pennanti. In the absence of wheat, cracked bajra can also be used, which is the next preferred bait. The calorific requirement ofF. pennanti ranges from 16·18 to 34·98 k cal/100 g body weight/day when the bait is provided in single food choice.

Volatility of fungicidal mercury compounds on wheat seeds.

The volatility of two fungicidal seed dressings, Panogen 15 B liquid and Panogen PX powder, containing methyl mercuric dicyandiamide in equivalent amounts at the dosage used, was compared with that of triple distilled mercury. Tests were made in the absence and presence of cleaned Manitou wheat of 12.0% and 17.1% moisture content. The Panogen formulations were compared at the recommended and twice the recommended rate at different dosages, storage periods and storage temperatures. The Hg content of air samples was determined by the Corte-Monkman method, capable of determining 0.4 ng of Hg, which in a 1-L air sample is equivalent to 0.049 ppb (v/v). The volatility of the interstitial air expressed as mug of Hg vapor/m3 air depended on temperature, wheat moisture content and storage duration and ranged from 150 to 2,240 for metallic Hg, 21 to 350 for Panogen 15 B, and 31 to 380 for PX. In the absence of wheat the volatility of 15 B was greatest (395) at -17.5 degees C and least (75) at 4.5 degrees C, but increased rapidly thereafter with increased temperature. Volatility of metallic Hg after application to wheat of 12.0% and 17.1% moisture content was not significantly reduced after four days storage, but that of Panogen 15 B and PX was reduced considerably, particularly at the higher moisture level. Thus, volatility of mercurial seed dressings cannot be predicted from Hg content alone. Reduction of volatility through possible irreversible chemical bonding of Hg with seed components is suggested for more detailed investigation.