Absence Of Such Regulation Research Articles

Особенности проектирования кластеров как больших организационно-экономических систем

The need for accelerated reindustrialization of industry highlights the task of modernization based on modern principles of the procedure for designing new enterprises, holdings, clusters and other complex economic structures, united by a category of large organizational and economic systems. The problem is that if the development of a promising image of an industrial enterprise is carried out using an established technology (analysis of the initial data – development strategy development – building a business model – development of projects of production and social subsystems, as well as management subsystems – preparation of a business plan), then the procedure for designing an industrial cluster is not yet clearly regulated. Only the requirements for industrial clusters applying for state support for their development have been identified. The absence of such regulations leads to a situation in which some of the already created industrial clusters cease to exist due to miscalculations made during their formation and the organization of the initial stage of operation. The features of organizational design of industrial clusters – a promising form of regional concentration of production are consiered. The article discloses the features of industrial clusters and their differences from industrial enterprises from the point of view of design, and also proposes a procedure for performing this work, which includes an original set of actions that ensures the achievement of the goals of the participants in this association. Its specificity is associated with the cooperation of legally independent economic entities from various spheres of the economy, interested in obtaining an additional effect from the coordination of their activities in the region, on the terms of informal unification without losing the freedom to choose their areas of activity, but within the framework of coordinating the joint achievement of common goals.

Water Impacts and Effluent Quality Regulations of Canadian Mining

Energy transition relies on the scaling up of mineral production and may lead to increased pressure on water resources due to the intensity of water use in mining. The status of Canada as a major mineral producer and a country with effective environmental regulations prompted our study of the water impacts of Canadian mining. In 2002, the Canadian government introduced effluent quality regulations that targeted metal mining companies. By analyzing regional and sectoral data, we find that such regulations were important for mitigating both the water quality and water quantity impacts of metal mining. Despite increasing output, metal mining reduced its contribution to total mining withdrawals and discharge from 85% in the pre-regulation period to 62–65% in the post-regulation period. In the absence of such regulations, non-metallic mineral mining and, in particular, coal mining, increased their pressure on water resources. Finally, we find that since 2002, over 90% of regulated operations have met effluent quality standards. However, we document increased flows of discharge to mine tailings, a development which requires further analysis.

Should state regulate the private schools? An argument from the Indian perspective of primary education

ABSTRACT In the recent literature on the regulation of private schools by the state, Tooley argues that the state should refrain from such a practice. The important reasons for this view are that the state regulations are impractical and do not foster an entrepreneurship attitude. He prefers the implementation of a self-regulating mechanism for the private schools. We find that Tooley’s argument of private institutions functioning without state intervention, in the Indian context of primary education, is inappropriate. The reasons are: (i) the state has a duty to provide education and this cannot be done without state’s intervention. (ii) If the end-users in the market themselves demand state intervention, then Tooley has to accept it as it is the demand from the market and in the Indian context, the parents do demand state interventions and (iii) there is an incompatible interest between the private and state institutions on education and hence require state’s intervention. On these grounds, we argue that in India the state needs to regulate the private schools, especially for primary education. In the absence of such regulations, these private schools may focus on maximising their interest rather than ensuring justice in education.

Pay Secrecy, Discrimination, and Autonomy

A question facing nearly all private firms is whether they may keep employee pay secret. Many think it is obvious that firms are obligated to disclose a good deal of pay information once we properly appreciate the severity of pay discrimination in our economy and the autonomy-related interests that would be served by pay disclosure. This article puts forth a dissenting voice against the vast majority of recent commentary. It exploits a fissure between reasons we have to support certain coercive regulations and reasons firms have to act in the absence of such regulation. While acknowledging that we may need transparency regulations for firms that fail to act morally, it argues that otherwise moral firms need not disclose pay on the surveyed grounds.

This should change everything: using the toxic profile of heat-not-burn products as a performance standard to phase out combustible cigarettes

Cigarettes are inherently unsafe and no amount of tinkering and product modification over decades has made them safe or even less hazardous. Indeed, evidence suggests they have become more hazardous.1...

Umowa przewłaszczenia nieruchomości na zabezpieczenie i jej praktyka w świetle wizytacji i lustracji kancelarii notarialnych w latach 2013–2017

Transfer of ownership of immovable property by way of security for debt is not a popular means of securing debt repayment. Nevertheless, such agreements are of great social importance, because they regard a significant asset. The goal of this article is to analyse the notarial practice which was revealed in the reports of inspections of notarial offices. The analysis demonstrates that the most important part of an agreement of transfer of the ownership of immovable property by way of security for debt should be proper regulation of how the parties should settle claims in case of the debtor’s failure to repay the secured debt. In the absence of such regulations the notary is obliged to instruct both parties about the legal risks and consequences. The notary should refuse to prepare an agreement in which parties want to deprive an agreement relating to transfer of ownership of immovable property by way of security for debt of its security function, i.e. when they include provisions whereby the debtor gives up his/her right to claim back ownership of the immovable property once the debt has been repaid.

PROBLEMS OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE USE OPERATIVE UNITS OF SECURITY SERVICE OF UKRAINE

The problematic issues of using scientific, technical, natural and other special knowledge in criminal proceedings for the purpose of revealing, disclosure and investigation of crimes for a long time were always paid with considerable attention as from practical employees, and scientific workers. The actuality of this thematic range is conditioned by constant technical progress, updating ofa technical number ofscientific, criminalistic and other means which are used during revealing, formalizing and seizure of crime traces, by appearance of new types of expert researches, change of special knowledge forms use in criminal legal proceedings and by many other factors. There was pointed out to the lacks ofa legal regulation in the applicable legislation regarding participation of knowledgeable persons in operative-search activity. According to the results of the analysis performed, the author ascertains the absence of such regulation at the level of normative-legal acts defining legal bases for the separate law enforcement bodies activity (except for the National anticorruption bureau of Ukraine), and the normative-legal acts regulating separate kinds of activity of their operative units. In its turn, the similar state of matters can call into question legality of use of the received results ofsuch activity as proofs in the criminal proceedings. The research of scientific works ofprocessionalists established the absence of the uniform approach to the decision of the specified problematic questions. The paper also studies the level of legal regulation of special knowledge use for achievement of the operative activity goals in the post-Soviet territory countries, in particular, in Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Turkmenistan, Republic of Belarus, the Kyrghyz Republic and some other, and there is drawn a conclusion about the presence of the corresponding norms in the legislation of these countries. Taking into account stated, the author proves necessity of formalizing similar provisions in the corresponding normative-legal acts of Ukraine.

The environmental implications of redistributive land reform

Ownership of land is important for a number of reasons. One reason is the agenda-setting role the landowner has in terms of its use, which in turn has an impact on the environment. Environmental law plays a role in regulating the use of land, as do other devices such as planning law and private law controls including the law of nuisance. In the absence of such regulation the decisions of the owner are crucial. Land reform, by which it is meant the process that is geared towards the reallocation of property rights, either: changes who is invested with that crucial decision-making power; or influences the decision making of an existing owner, who might act in a way to negate any policy argument for reallocation of ownership. Both of these reactions can impact on the environment. How well are those impacts understood, and to what extent do they feature in the law-making process or the application of land reform measures? This article will use the contemporary Scottish scene, particularly its two land reform statutes of 2003 and 2016, to scrutinise where the environment sits in the land reform debate. This will provide an opportunity to assess the environmental implications of actual and forthcoming land reform measures where the environment has featured in a specific land reform process.

Labour Law Patrimonial Liabilities. General Aspects

The damages under labour law are assessed according to special legal provisions and in the absence of such regulations, civil law regulations must be applied in relation to the prices at the time at which the agreement of will was made or the damaged person may bring the action before the court. In the case of goods’ damage, the damage assessment is done in all cases taking into account the real degree of wear of the asset.

The Admissibility of Online Poker Games in the Polish Legal System versus Protective Legislation

In the paper we analyse amendments to the Gambling Act of 19 November 2009 (OJ 2009, no. 201, item 1540, as amended) concerning the playing of online poker games in the context of laws and institutions protecting potential players. We argue that the absence of such regulation was replaced by a blanket ban on online gambling, which the legislature perceives as a preventive measure. The paper focuses on an analysis of the gap that came to light during a review of the amended provisions of the Gambling Act. The gap consists in a lack of either regulation or indeed institutions protecting potential gamers-consumers, especially minors but also those that have an impaired perception of the actions they take, against the consequences of gambling. The legislature's rationale in enforcing a prohibition is of particular interest. The paper also looks at sample protective institutions in selected European countries.

OVERVIEW ON THE REFERENCE LEVELS FOR LOW FREQUENCY ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS IN THE LEGISLATION OF SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

In order to prevent adverse health effects from exposure to low frequency electric and magnetic fields, numerous national and international regulations have been published. They regulate the basic threshold and reference levels of exposure, exposure durations, measurement procedures and precautionary measures in case of exceeding the prescribed values. While many countries have implemented these regulations, in some countries they are only partially implemented or there is the absence of such regulations into their national legislation. This paper gives an overview of the applied regulations in the countries of Southeast Europe, concerning public and occupational safety from low frequency electric and magnetic fields. The aim of the paper is to determine the level of implementation of these regulations in the region.

Flagellar oscillation: a commentary on proposed mechanisms

Eukaryotic flagella and cilia have a remarkably uniform internal 'engine' known as the '9+2' axoneme. With few exceptions, the function of cilia and flagella is to beat rhythmically and set up relative motion between themselves and the liquid that surrounds them. The molecular basis of axonemal movement is understood in considerable detail, with the exception of the mechanism that provides its rhythmical or oscillatory quality. Some kind of repetitive 'switching' event is assumed to occur; there are several proposals regarding the nature of the 'switch' and how it might operate. Herein I first summarise all the factors known to influence the rate of the oscillation (the beating frequency). Many of these factors exert their effect through modulating the mean sliding velocity between the nine doublet microtubules of the axoneme, this velocity being the determinant of bend growth rate and bend propagation rate. Then I explain six proposed mechanisms for flagellar oscillation and review the evidence on which they are based. Finally, I attempt to derive an economical synthesis, drawing for preference on experimental research that has been minimally disruptive of the intricate structure of the axoneme. The 'provisional synthesis' is that flagellar oscillation emerges from an effect of passive sliding direction on the dynein arms. Sliding in one direction facilitates force-generating cycles and dynein-to-dynein synchronisation along a doublet; sliding in the other direction is inhibitory. The direction of the initial passive sliding normally oscillates because it is controlled hydrodynamically through the alternating direction of the propulsive thrust. However, in the absence of such regulation, there can be a perpetual, mechanical self-triggering through a reversal of sliding direction due to the recoil of elastic structures that deform as a response to the prior active sliding. This provisional synthesis may be a useful basis for further examination of the problem.

A new paradigm for forecasting security returns in a market regulated by price limits

Numerous futures markets in the US and many stock markets around the world set a “limit” price before each trading session, based on the settlement price at the end of the previous trading day. Price limits are boundaries set by market regulators to restrict large daily fluctuations in the price of securities. Once the return limit is triggered, traders cannot observe the equilibrium return that would have prevailed in the absence of such regulation. We develop an innovative approach for forecasting security returns (and prices) in a market regulated by price limits. Our forecasting model allows for multiple limit-hits. The model is robust, straightforward and easy for practitioners to use. A few numerical predictions are provided for hypothetical securities, and for seven traded futures contracts.

Muramyl dipeptide activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 protects mice from experimental colitis

The mechanisms underlying the susceptibility of individuals with caspase recruitment domain 15 (CARD15) mutations and corresponding abnormalities of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) protein to Crohn disease are still poorly understood. One possibility is based on previous studies showing that muramyl dipeptide (MDP) activation of NOD2 negatively regulates TLR2 responses and that absence of such regulation leads to heightened Th1 responses. We now report that administration of MDP protects mice from the development of experimental colitis by downregulating multiple TLR responses, not just TLR2. The basis of these in vivo findings was suggested by in vitro studies of DCs, in which we showed that prestimulation of cells with MDP reduces cytokine responses to multiple TLR ligands and this reduction is dependent on enhanced IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) activity. Further studies of mouse models of colitis showed that this inhibitory role of IRF4 does in fact apply to MDP-mediated protection from colitis, since neither IRF4-deficient mice nor mice treated with siRNA specific for IRF4 were protected. These findings indicate that MDP activation of NOD2 regulates innate responses to intestinal microflora by downregulating multiple TLR responses and suggest that the absence of such regulation leads to increased susceptibility to Crohn disease.

PVHL modification by NEDD8 is required for fibronectin matrix assembly and suppression of tumor development.

Functional inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene is the cause of the familial VHL disease and most sporadic renal clear-cell carcinomas (RCC). pVHL has been shown to play a role in the destruction of hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF-alpha) subunits via ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and in the regulation of fibronectin matrix assembly. Although most disease-causing pVHL mutations hinder the regulation of the HIF pathway, every disease-causing pVHL mutant tested to date has failed to promote the assembly of the fibronectin matrix, underscoring its potential importance in VHL disease. Here, we report that a ubiquitin-like molecule called NEDD8 covalently modifies pVHL. A nonneddylateable pVHL mutant, while retaining its ability to ubiquitylate HIF, failed to bind to and promote the assembly of the fibronectin matrix. Expression of the neddylation-defective pVHL in RCC cells, while restoring the regulation of HIF, failed to promote the differentiated morphology in a three-dimensional growth assay and was insufficient to suppress the formation of tumors in SCID mice. These results suggest that NEDD8 modification of pVHL plays an important role in fibronectin matrix assembly and that in the absence of such regulation, an intact HIF pathway is insufficient to prevent VHL-associated tumorigenesis.

Chimeric Proteins between UCP1 and UCP3: The Middle Third of UCP1 Is Necessary and Sufficient for Activation by Fatty Acids

Uncoupling protein (UCP) 1 and UCP3 are mitochondrial inner membrane proteins which both mediate proton leak and thus decrease the mitochondrial transmembrane proton gradient. However, UCP1 and UCP3 differ in their biochemical regulation. UCP1 is activated by free fatty acids and inhibited by purine nucleotides. Using heterologous expression studies in yeast, UCP3 was found to lack both fatty acid activation and purine nucleotide inhibition. To assess which domains are responsible for the regulation of UCP1 by free fatty acids and by purine nucleotides and the absence of such regulation in UCP3, chimeric proteins were generated. Given that uncoupling proteins, like all members of the mitochondrial carrier family, possess a tripartite structure and consist of three repeated domains of approximately 100 residues, swaps in the three repeated domains were made between UCP1 and UCP3. Regulation of the resulting six different chimeric proteins by free fatty acids and purine nucleotides was studied after heterologous expression in yeast mitochondria. In this study, it is shown that activation of UCP1 by free fatty acids is mediated by the second repeated domain, since substitution of the second repeat of UCP1 by the equivalent repeat of UCP3 abolishes fatty acid activation. In contrast, replacing the second repeat of UCP3 by the corresponding repeated domain of UCP1 results in fatty acid activation similar to wild type UCP1. The lack of free fatty acid activation of UCP3 is not due to the absence of the histidine pair H145 and H147 found in the second repeated domain of UCP1. Furthermore, the findings with respect to purine nucleotide inhibition are consistent with a significant role of the C-terminal repeated domain of UCP1 in mediating purine nucleotide inhibition.

Non-Occupational Exposure to Asbestos in Buildings: A Practical Risk Management Program

Current federal regulations do not address non-occupational exposure to asbestos. In the absence of such regulations, if asbestos-containing materials are present in a building, it is advisable to develop a management program to ensure that the inhalation risk to building occupants does not increase with time and that appropriate steps are taken during activities which have the potential to release asbestos fibers to air. When numerous areas of a building contain asbestos, priorities must be established for selecting and implementing appropriate surveillance or interventions for control. We present a framework for implementing an Asbestos Risk Management Program, the primary objective of which is to minimize the risk of employee and public exposure to asbestos in air. The program includes a decision framework for evaluating and ranking building areas according to the asbestos fiber release potential, and assigns priorities for control interventions. Another decision framework is presented for selecting an...

Non-Occupational Exposure to Asbestos in Buildings: A Practical Risk Management Program

Current federal regulations do not address non-occupational exposure to asbestos. In the absence of such regulations, if asbestos-containing materials are present in a building, it is advisable to develop a management program to ensure that the inhalation risk to building occupants does not increase with time and that appropriate steps are taken during activities which have the potential to release asbestos fibers to air. When numerous areas of a building contain asbestos, priorities must be established for selecting and implementing appropriate surveillance or interventions for control. We present a framework for implementing an Asbestos Risk Management Program, the primary objective of which is to minimize the risk of employee and public exposure to asbestos in air. The program includes a decision framework for evaluating and ranking building areas according to the asbestos fiber release potential, and assigns priorities for control interventions. Another decision framework is presented for selecting an air monitoring strategy and for making appropriate decisions based upon measured airborne fiber concentrations. Procedures are included for minimizing employee exposure, operating a maintenance permit system and maintaining an episode response plan. Procedures for employee education and training, medical surveillance programs, asbestos monitoring and record-keeping also are presented.

Regulatory Boundaries and Efficient Resource Allocations in the Production and Transportation of a Single Good

This paper analyzes efficient resource allocations in the production and transportation of a single good in a spatial economy. It was demonstrated that an optimal allocation of resources maximizing net social payoff may require the franchising of decreasing-cost firms, together with marginal-cost pricing and subsidies, even though a viable competitive sector could exist in the absence of such regulation. In formulating regulatory policy in industries with both decreasing and non-decreasing cost firms, therefore, the criterion for policy makers should not be to confine government regulation to those areas and decisions which competition cannot regulate. Restricting entry and using correct output and pricing policies as needed would effectively establish regulatory boundaries for decreasing-cost firms. It was also shown that formation of such regulatory boundaries must necessarily consider production technologies in and transportation technologies among other markets in a spatial economy. Determination of the quantity to be produced in any market is interdependent with the determination of the quantity produced and consumed in all markets and of the quantities transported between markets.

DETERMINANTS OF PART-WHOLE PERCEPTION IN CHILDREN

40 first-grade children, 20 of whom scored high and 20 of whom scored low on a test or part-whole perception, were tested for their ability to reconstruct part-whole configurations from memory, for their verbal descriptions of simple fabricated objects, and for their success on verbal and object tests of logical addition. Children who scored high on the part-whole test also scored significantly higher than the low group on the reconstruction, description, and logical addition tasks. Results were interpreted as supporting the view that the development of part-whole perception is predominantly mediated by the development of logiclike perceptual regulations. In the absence of such regulations, verbal formula may, however, sometimes serve as the mediating apparatus for the perception of part-whole configurations.