Absence Of Specific Training Research Articles

Public health messaging during disasters: A qualitative study of emergency department key informants

BackgroundPatient education is a professional obligation for all nurses. Public health messaging in emergency departments during disasters can help prevent further risk or illness for affected communities. In this study, Australian emergency nurse Key Informants share their perceptions and experiences of preventative messaging provided in their departments during disasters and the governance and processes in place to support this practice. MethodsThe qualitative phase of a mixed methods study, where semi structured interviews were utilised, and data analysed using a six step Thematic analysis. ResultsThree themes were identified: (1) Part of the Job; (2) It’s all in the delivery; and (3) Preparation is the key. These themes include concepts involving the confidence and competence of nurses providing messages, what, when and how messages are being given and how prepared both the department and staff are regarding patient education during disaster events. ConclusionsNurse confidence is a key factor in the delivery of preventative messages during disasters, potentially resulting from a lack of exposure, a junior workforce and minimal training. Leaders agree that departments are not preparing or supporting messaging practice, with an absence of specific training, formal guidelines, and patient education resources; and that improvement is needed.

Тактико-психологический аспект взаимодействия в процессе проведения коммуникативных следственных действий

In an interrogation, the tactical value lies primarily in those structural elements of the forensic characteristic of the personality of the interrogator that suggest the possibility of effective influence on him or her. The effectiveness of the influence depends on the extent to which the personality traits are receptive to the stimulus contained in the tactical technique. Identifying the personality traits of the interrogator is therefore a necessary part of the interrogator's activity in communicative investigative actions. In order to investigate the ability to intuitively determine psychological properties of a person, a study was carried out. The collected empirical data demonstrates the following performance of psychodiagnostic skills without prior special training. When identifying a personality trait from a pair of polarities, the vector was correctly identified in 96 cases, or just under half (45.7%). Error gradation in quantitative determination of a personality trait is distributed as follows: a small error (up to 10 points) in 63 cases, a medium error (11-20 points) in 22 cases, and a large error (21-30 points) in 5 cases. The analysis of the obtained data allowed us to formulate the following conclusions. Conclusion 1. Interaction in the absence of specific training allows the psychological characteristics of the counterpart's personality to be assessed with 31 to 70 per cent accuracy. Conclusion 2. The effectiveness of tactical interactions is enhanced when directed at a susceptible personality characteristic. A significant error in the identification of psychodiagnostic characteristics based on the mundane level of skill in the tactical plan means the selection of ineffective or even counterproductive tactics. Conclusion 3. A solution to the problem of establishing personality characteristics beyond the habitual perception of the interrogator can be offered in the form of providing a description of the psychological characteristics of the individual. This description can be formulated in the format of a benchmark, psychotypes, parameters. - Benchmark A format for describing a person's characteristics that represents an example of a person who possesses the relevant psychological traits. - Psychotypes a format for describing personality characteristics, which represents mutually exclusive classification groups formed on the basis of psychological properties. - Parameters A format for describing personality characteristics that represents the structural components of a personality (such as processes, states and properties) in quantitative terms. Conclusion 4. Adaptation of borrowed knowledge having criminological value is reasonable to make, firstly, in relation to structure and content of tactical recommendations, secondly, in relation to personal features of the person conducting the criminal investigation, and thirdly, to the personality of the investigator. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

Do we need two ears to perceive the distance of a virtual frontal sound source?

The present study investigated whether the perception of virtual auditory distance is binaural, monaural, or both. Listeners evaluated the distance of a frontal source of pink noise simulated in a room via headphones. Experiment 1 was performed with eyes closed in a soundproof booth. Experiment 2 was performed with eyes open in the room used to create the stimuli. Individualized and non-individualized stimuli were compared. Different conditions for controlling sound level were tested. The amount of binaural information in the stimuli was varied by mixing the left and right ear signals in different proportions. Results showed that the use of non-individualized stimuli did not impair distance perception. Binaural information was not used by naive listeners to evaluate distance, both with and without visual information available. However, for some listeners, a complete absence of binaural information could disrupt distance evaluation with headphones. Sound level was a dominant cue used by listeners to judge for distance, and some listeners could also reliably use reverberation-related changes in spectral content. In the absence of specific training, artificial manipulation of sound level greatly altered distance judgments.

Family Loneliness: Its Effects in the Development of Empathy, Teamwork and Lifelong Learning Abilities in Medical Students.

ContextFamily offers an important source of social support where individuals acquire social abilities that are necessary to create positive human relationships. This influence has been discussed by different sociological and psychological theories along the life span of individuals. In medicine, empathy, teamwork, and lifelong learning have been described as specific elements of professionalism that have special importance in the interaction with patients and in physicians’ well-being at the workplace. This study was performed with the aim of demonstrating the following hypothesis: In the absence of specific training in empathy and teamwork and lifelong learning abilities, their development in medical students is associated with the students’ perception of loneliness from their family environment.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed in the only two medical schools of Cusco (Peru), one private and the other public. Jefferson Scales of Empathy, Teamwork, and Lifelong Learning were used as the main measures. Mother–son and father–son relationships and family loneliness were measured to characterize the family environment. In addition, information related to sex, medical school, academic achievements, and place of origin were collected to control possible biases. Comparative, correlation, and multiple regression analyses were performed among the variables studied.ResultsIn a sample of 818 medical students, differences by school appeared in empathy, teamwork, lifelong learning, and family loneliness. In addition, family loneliness showed an inverse correlation with empathy, teamwork, and learning measures. While having a positive relationship with the mother was associated with a greater development of empathy and learning abilities in the entire sample, a similar effect was observed in father–son relationships, but only in the private medical school group. Finally, in the public medical group, a multiple regression model explained 43% of the variability of empathy based on a lineal relationship with teamwork (p < 0.001), lifelong learning (p < 0.001), and family loneliness (p < 0.001).ConclusionThese findings confirm how family loneliness is detrimental to the development of medical professionalism. Also, they support the important role that the family, and especially parents, plays in the development of empathy, teamwork, and abilities in medical students. Finally, these findings highlighted important differences among students enrolled in public and private medical schools.

Geocollaboration in environmental inspection activities in the Environmental Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State – Brazil

The cost of geotechnologies are becoming more accessible. The capacity to generate real-time maps with ubiquitous access and applications based on geocollaborative platforms developed for the most diverse purposes have been multiplying, allowing users to generate, share, and collect information about geographical spaces. Even so, the geotechnologies employing geographic information system (GIS) are still limited among the Brazilian environmental military police. This lack of geotechnologies diffusion occurs due to the absence of specific training, requiring a constant update from these professionals. The current stage of evolution on geotechnology through cloud computing, user-centered design, and geocollaboration demands the police command-and-control structures to rethink their strategies. Several platforms are available and open for developers to create applications under this technology. This article analyzes the potential applicability of geocollaboration in environmental inspection activities, through a case study in the CPAm/PMERJ.

Depths and limits of spontaneous categorization in a family dog

Categorization has been tested in non-human animals after extensive training procedures under laboratory conditions and it is assumed that in non-primate species categorization relies on perceptual similarity. We report evidence of the ability to categorize objects in absence of specific training in a family dog with vocabulary knowledge of multiple toys, including exemplars of 4 categories. Our experimental design was devised to test categorization in absence of specific training and based on the spontaneously learned vocal labels of the categories, a condition that mirrors human studies more than previous experiments on non-human animals. We also observed that the dog’s categorization skills were more accurate when, prior to the categorization test, she was given the opportunity to play with the novel exemplars, suggesting that category representations arise not only from physical resemblance, but also from objects’ affordances (function).

Desempenho de estudantes de Educação Física em Educação Inclusiva no Enade/Brasil

A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os conteúdos e o desempenho de estudantes de Educação Física em questões de Educação Inclusiva no Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes (Enade/Inep). Para isso, o estudo se divide em duas etapas: revisão integrativa que fundamenta o contexto da formação e atuação dos professores de Educação Física na Educação Inclusiva de pessoas deficientes e análise psicométrica das questões acerca de Educação Inclusiva de pessoas deficientes nas edições do Enade (2004 a 2017). Na revisão integrativa identificamos ausência de formação específica, inexistência de trabalho multidisciplinar e necessidades de novos recursos. Na análise psicométrica observou-se a maioria dos itens com índices de facilidade médio e difícil, índices de discriminação bom ou muito bom e nos níveis aplicar ou superior na Taxonomia de Bloom Revisada. Observou-se maior desempenho entre os estudantes do gênero feminino, IES pública e das regiões Nordeste e Norte. Entendendo o Enade como um mecanismo importante na verificação de desempenho na formação inicial, torna-se necessário maior envolvimento das IES e dos estudantes com os conhecimentos que fundamentam essa temática no contexto acadêmico e na intervenção social, visto que a prova apresenta boa organização e a literatura indica a importância dessa formação.

Underdiagnosis of Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm in Noninvasive Brain Vascular Studies

Expert interpretation of modern noninvasive neuroimaging such as computed tomographic angiography (CTA) or MRA should detect nearly all aneurysms responsible for an isolated third nerve palsy. Whether a catheter angiogram should still be obtained in cases with negative CTA or MRA remains debated and mostly relies on whether the noninvasive study was correctly performed and interpreted. The aim of our study was to review the diagnostic strategies used to evaluate patients with isolated aneurysmal third nerve palsy at a large academic center. Retrospective review of all cases with posterior communicating artery (PCom A) aneurysmal third nerve palsies seen at our institution since 2001. We identified 417 cases with third nerve palsy, aneurysm, or subarachnoid hemorrhage, among which 17 presented with an acute isolated painful third nerve palsy related to an ipsilateral PCom A aneurysm (mean age: 52 years; range: 33-83 years). Patients were classified into 3 groups based on the results of the noninvasive imaging obtained at initial presentation. Group I included 4 cases with subarachnoid hemorrhage on initial noncontrast head CT initially obtained in an emergency department for evaluation of their isolated third nerve palsy. Group II included 5 cases with isolated third nerve palsy and normal noncontrast head CT at presentation, immediately correctly diagnosed with a PCom A aneurysm at the referring institution. Group III included the 8 remaining cases who all had aneurysms that were missed on noninvasive studies at outside institutions. Review of these outside studies at our institution showed a PCom A aneurysm, confirming misinterpretation of these tests by the outside radiologists, rather than inadequate technique. Absence of specific training in neuroradiology and inaccurate clinical information provided to the interpreting radiologist were associated with test misinterpretation at the outside institutions. The average size of PCom A aneurysms causing an isolated third nerve palsy across all 3 groups was 7.3 mm and was similar in each group. Our study suggests that aside from an accurate history, the training and experience of the interpreting radiologist is probably the most important factor in determining the reliability of a noninvasive scan in patients with isolated third nerve palsies.

Implementing clinical guidelines for bipolar disorder

To critically review the evidence concerning the implementation of clinical guidelines for bipolar disorder. A Medline search was made of the literature on the implementation of guidelines in bipolar disorder and mental health. The implementation of non-pharmacological treatments from the 2006 NICE Guideline for Bipolar Disorder was then used as a case example. May's model of normalization of complex interventions was then applied to the NICE guideline recommendations for bipolar disorder. The effective local implementation of guidelines requires a detailed understanding of local barriers to their implementation. Some recommendations in the NICE Guideline on advanced directives and management of anxiety disorder in bipolar disorder appear to follow the existing trends in practice and are more likely to be implemented. Interventions concerning the psychological management of bipolar depression and maintenance psychological treatments are going to be the most difficult to implement because of shortages of skilled staff, the absence of specific training and supervision, the requirements for staff to adopt practices that are quite different from what they are used to, and some uncertainty about whether these interventions are effective in the most severe patients. Without a detailed local understanding of the barriers to implementation and the resources and will to overcome them, there is likely to be a considerable local variation in the implementation of guidelines for bipolar disorder. Recommendations that require little change to working practices and resources are most likely to be implemented.

Perception of intraphonemic differences by phoneticians, musicians, and inexperienced listeners

Several studies have shown that extensive training with synthetic speech sounds can result in substantial improvements in listeners' perception of intraphonemic differences. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of listening experience on the perception of intraphonemic differences in the absence of specific training with the synthetic speech sounds being tested. Phonetically trained listeners, musicians, and untrained listeners were tested on a two-choice identification task, a three-choice identification task, and an ABX discrimination task using a synthetic [bi]-[phi] continuum and a synthetic [wei]-[rei] continuum. The three-choice identification task included the identification of stimuli with an "indefinite" or "ambiguous" quality in addition to clear instances of the opposing phonetic categories. Results included: (1) All three subject groups showed some ability to identify ambiguous stimuli; (2) phonetically trained listeners were better at identifying ambiguous stimuli than musicians and untrained listeners; (3) phonetically trained listeners performed better on the discrimination task than musicians and untrained listeners; (4) musicians and untrained listeners did not differ on any of the listening tasks; and (5) participation by the inexperienced listeners in a 10-week introductory phonetics course did not result in improvements in either the three-choice identification task or the discrimination task.