Absence Of Pectoralis Major Muscle Research Articles

Unilateral Four-Headed Pectoralis Muscle Major

A unilateral four-headed pectoralis major muscle was observed on the left side of an 83 year-old Caucasian male cadaver. The accessory tendon arises from the lateral aspect of the pectoralis major muscle, travels along with the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii and blends into the capsule of the shoulder joint. This anomaly is rare. A complete or partial absence of pectoralis major muscle is normally reported. Additionally, supernumerary heads of muscles other than pectoralis major have been documented. However, the existence of an accessory tendon to the pectoralis major muscle is unique. The implications of such a finding are discussed.

Rarely Seen Poland–Moebius Syndrome: A Comprehensive View with Perspective of Pediatric Neurology

Background Moebius syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by a unilateral or bilateral congenital facial weakness with impairment of ocular movements. Poland syndrome is an occasional disease defined as the unilateral absence of pectoralis major muscle and ipsilateral syndactyly. As to, Poland–Moebius syndrome is a rare condition which consists of assembly components of Poland and Moebius syndromes. Patients and Methods Patient 1 is a 12-year-old male patient referred for evaluation of difficulties in eye movements to the hospital. On admission, facial, abducens, trochlear, and oculomotor cranial nerves involvement was determined in the neurological examination. His right pectoralis major muscle was hypoplastic in the examination. Patient 2 is a 4-month-old female patient who was admitted with restricted eye movements, weakness of crying, and difficulty in swallowing. Neurological examination indicated facial, abducens, trochlear, oculomotor, glossopharyngeal, and vagus cranial nerves involvement. Her physical examination demonstrated hypoplastic left pectoralis major muscle and hypoplastic left hand. Results The biochemical laboratory studies, creatinine kinase levels, and tests for inborn error of metabolism of both patients were normal. Chest X-ray studies revealed the lack of muscle tissue development in the left pectoral region. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging, echocardiography, and abdominal ultrasound were also normal. Conclusion This report highlights two cases of Poland–Moebius syndrome in two patients of varying age and clinical presentations, with a comprehensive review from the perspective of pediatric neurology.

Poland syndrome with absent ribs

Poland syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by ipsilateral absence of pectoralis major muscle. This syndrome is associated with various anomalies such as ipsilateral syndactyly, brachidactyly, dextrocardia, herniation of lung, underdevelopment of upper ribs, aplasia or hypoplasia of breast, etc. Only few cases had been reported with absent ribs in Poland syndrome. We report a rare case of Poland syndrome presented to us with mal-development of his right hemithorax and weakness of right hand.

Poland-Mobius syndrome in an infant girl

Mobius syndrome is a rare condition of unclear origin, characterized by a unilateral or bilateral congenital facial weakness with impairment of ocular abduction, which is frequently associated with limb anomalies. Poland described a condition in which there was unilateral absence of pectoralis major muscle and ipsilateral syndactyly. The combination of Poland-Mobius syndrome is rare, with an estimated prevalence 1:500 000. We describe a case of Poland-Mobius syndrome in association with congenital bilateral vocal fold immobility. To our knowldge, this is the first report of such an association between Poland-Mobius syndrome and congenital bilateral vocal fold immobility.

Ipsilateral foot and controlateral hand anomalies in a patient with Poland–Moebius syndrome

This report describes a patient who had bilateral facial nerve paralysis, external ophthalmoplegia, absence of pectoralis major muscle at right side, ipsilateral hand and foot, and controlateral hand anomalies. To our knowledge, this is the first patient with Poland syndrome reported in combination with Moebius syndrome, presenting with controlateral hand and ipsilateral foot anomalies.

Ipsilateral foot and controlateral hand anomalies in a patient with Poland?Moebius syndrome

This report describes a patient who had bilateral facial nerve paralysis, external ophthalmoplegia, absence of pectoralis major muscle at right side, ipsilateral hand and foot, and controlateral hand anomalies. To our knowledge, this is the first patient with Poland syndrome reported in combination with Moebius syndrome, presenting with controlateral hand and ipsilateral foot anomalies.

Bilateral Poland anomaly

Bilateral absence of the pectoralis major muscle with accompanying abnormalities of shoulder muscles has been reported in patients without Poland anomaly (PA). However, symmetric absence of pectoralis major muscles, hypoplasia of breasts and nipples with symmetric chest wall deformity and bilateral hand anomaly has not previously been reported. A 6-year-old girl with bilateral absence of pectoralis major muscles and hand involvement and symmetric chest wall deformity is, to our knowledge, the first known case of bilateral Poland anomaly.

Posterior shoulder girdle abnormalities with absence of pectoralis major muscle

AbstractWe have reviewed 12 consecutively ascertained individuals with unilateral absence of the sterno‐costal head of the pectoralis major muscle and have studied associated abnormalities of the posterior shoulder girdle and their frequency and extent as contrasted with that of the symbrachydactyly. We found certain previously unreported associations of skeletal and renal anomalies in these individuals. We review various speculations regarding the possible causes of the Poland anomaly.