Absence Of Palmaris Longus Muscle Research Articles

Clinical assessment of absence of palmaris longus muscle and its association with ethnicity.

To compare two clinical tests used for assessment of absence of palmaris longus, and to determine the prevalence of the absence of palmaris longus among ethnic groups in a cosmopolitan setting. The cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the Bahria University Health Sciences, Karachi, from April 2021 to May 2022, during which forearms belonging to Sindhi, Punjabi and Urdu-speaking ethnic groups were tested. Assessment of presence or absence of palmaris longus was performed using Schaeffer's and Thompson's tests. Agenesis and association of ethnicity and agenesis were compared. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. Of the 250 subjects, 152(60.8%) were females and 98(39.2%) were males. The overall mean age was 20.4±2.23 years (range: 18-23 years). In terms of ethnicity, 100(40%) subjects each were Punjabis and Urdu-speaking, while 50(20%) were Sindhis. The total forearms assessed were 500. The overall agenesis was 186(37.2%). When the two assessment tests were compared, highly significant differences were noted (p<0.000). Overall agenesis was highest among Sindhis 40%, followed by 38% in Punjabis, and 35% in Urdu-speaking. Significant differences were observed when one-sided palmaris longus absence was compared with two-sided absence (p<0.037). Schaeffer's test had more accuracy compared to the Thompson's test in the determination of palmaris longus agenesis. There were variations in terms of agenesis among the ethnic groups.

Morphometric Study and Clinical Significance of Muscle/Tendon Ratio of Palmaris Longus

Hypothesis- Is there a functional relevance of relative length of muscle to tendon ratio in Palmaris longus muscle? Material and Methods Material for the present study consisted of 36 detached upper limbs of different age groups. The limbs used were those available in the Anatomy department at AIIMS, New delhi. The length and width of the PL-Muscle Belly (PL-MB) and PL-Tendon (PL-T) were measured with the help of centimeter scale and a thread. The unpaired t test was used to study the significance of the differences in right and left Palmaris longus muscle (PL). Muscle belly length (MBL): It is the dimension taken in Proximal-Distal plane from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the musculotendinous junction. Tendon Length (TL): The point of measurement taken for the tendon is in Proximal-Distal plane from the musculotendinous junction to its distal attachment. Muscle belly width (MBW): It is the dimension taken in Medio-lateral plane at the maximum width of the muscle belly. Summary of Results Various parameters that includesmean of length of total muscle, muscle belly, tendon and relative ratio of belly length with respect to tendon length were calculated and tabulated. These data were compared with previous literatures. Among 36 specimens, we found absence of PL in 6 specimens. This is more common on left side as per previous literature. In the present study, this preference was not seen. It was found that relative ratio of M/T was lesser on left side (0.66) than right side (0.92) indicating towards lesser muscle mass in left upper limbs. This increased tendon length indicates differential evolution of PL in both limbs. Conclusion- Currently, PL has clinical significance in surgery as it has tendon transfer applicability. Further evaluation of M/T ratio of this muscle in large sample size and also in living subjects may give new clues in understanding the evolution pattern of PL and its relevance to dexterity. It may also be useful to correlate the same with the occupation of the individuals.

Clinical Assessment of Existence of Palmaris Longus Muscle among South Indian Population.

Background: Palmaris longus tendon is often used as a donor tendon by surgeons in tendon grafts. It is one of the flexor muscles of the forearm and documented well for its variations in both morphology and number of tendons. Prevalence of absence of this muscle varies among the individuals of same population and individuals of various ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to assess the existence of Palmaris longus muscle within a group of students and its association with side of the limb and gender of the individual. Methods: Three hundred medical students of 150 males and 150 females with age group of 18-21 years were clinically assessed. The standard Schaffer's test was used for the assessment of PL tendon. If the tendon was not found in this test, the confirmation was done by other four tests. Results: Results of this study shows that an overall absence of palmaris longus muscle in both sexes was found to be 32%, out of which 21% absence was found in males and 43% absence found in females. Among the males, the unilateral agenesis was seen in 16% and bilateral agenesis in 4% and in females the unilateral agenesis was seen in 29% and bilateral agenesis seen in 14%. Conclusions: To conclude; in the present study, prevalence of Palmaris longus muscle agenesis was found to be more in female subjects on their left side. Surgeons who plan for tendon reconstructive procedures should know variations of Palmaris longus muscle and its clinical assessment.

Clinical Assessment of Absence of Palmaris Longus Muscle in Marathwada Region

Clinical Assessment of Absence of Palmaris Longus Muscle in Marathwada Region

Türkiye’deki Fleksör digitorum süperfisiyalis kas-tendon varyasyonları ve palmaris longus kas-tendon yokluğunun prevalans çalışması

Türkiye’deki Fleksör digitorum süperfisiyalis kas-tendon varyasyonları ve palmaris longus kas-tendon yokluğunun prevalans çalışması

Congenital absence of the palmaris longus muscle: A meta-analysis comparing cadaveric and functional studies

The aim of our paper was to provide comprehensive data on the prevalence of absence of palmaris longus muscle (PLM) and its anatomical characteristics and conduct two separate meta-analyses comparing cadaveric and functional studies while identifying variation among different ethnic groups. An extensive search was conducted through the major electronic databases to identify eligible articles. Data extracted included prevalence of absence of PLM among subjects, ethnicity, laterality, side, and gender. Our main findings revealed that the absence of PLM is more frequently reported in functional studies. Moreover, functional tests likely overestimated the absence of PLM and recommend future studies to assess the validity of functional tests and use an imaging assessment prior to excluding the use of a palmaris longus tendon graft in patients in whom a function test identified the absence of PLM.

Unusual trifurcation of brachial artery, superficial course of ulnar artery and absence of palmaris longus muscle: A case report

Unusual trifurcation of brachial artery, superficial course of ulnar artery and absence of palmaris longus muscle: A case report

THE PREVALENCE OF AGENESIS OF PALMARIS LONGUS MUSCLE IN STUDENTS OF NISHTAR MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, MULTAN

Background: Palmaris longus muscle belongs to the superficial group of muscles of forearm. This group normally have five muscles. It is the weak flexor of wrist joint and also anchor the skin and fascia of the hand. It is among the very useful muscles which are used for plastic and reconstructive surgery. The agenesis of Palmaris longus is variable in different population and countries. Objective: To determine the prevalence of agenesis of Palmaris longus muscle in students of Nishtar Medical University, Multan.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 567 randomly selected normal students of 1st year and 2nd year MBBS classes. There were 236 male students and 331 female students. The age was ranging from 17 years to 25 years. The anterior aspect of forearm and wrist was inspected and different tests were applied to find out the presence or absence of Palmaris longus muscle. Result: The bilateral agenesis of palmaris longus was 5.64%. The unilateral absence of palmaris longus was 7.23%. The right and left arm agenesis of palmaris longus was 4.05% and 3.17% respectively. The bilaterally agenesis in males and females is 6.35% and 5.13% respectively. Right arm and left arm agenesis in males is 4.66% on both sides while in females is 3.62% and 2.11% respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: The prevalence of agenesis of palmaris longus in our study group was 12.87%. It is similar as mentioned in Standard Anatomy Text Books. There was no significant dominance in any arm side (P&gt;0.05%) but when compared in gender it was significantly higher in males (P&lt;0.05%).

Prevalence of the absence of Palmaris longus muscle in the students of Kathmandu University

Background: Palmaris longus muscle is one of the superficial muscles of flexor compartment of forearm. Its main function is to anchor the skin and fascia of the hand. It is a weak flexor of the hand at wrist and tenses the palmar aponeurosis. It is one of the most variable muscles and is phylogenetically classified as a retrogressive muscle. The agenesis of Palmaris longus ranges from 0% to 63% with an overall 16% unilateral and 9% bilateral. It is very useful in orthopedics, cosmetic, plastic and reconstructive surgery. Objective: To determine the occurrence of unilateral and bilateral agenesis of Palmaris longus muscle in right and left forearms in the students of Kathmandu University. Materials and methods: The study was carried out on 1020 randomly selected normal students (570 male and 450 female) with an age ranging from 18 to 25 years. The volar aspect of the wrist was inspected to find out the presence or absence of Palmaris longus tendon in its usual anatomical position by performing different tests. Result: The present study showed overall agenesis of Palmaris longus in 27.65% cases. Overall agenesis in male and female was 28.42% and 26.67% respectively. Unilateral and bilateral agenesis were 77.16% and 22.84% respectively in male whereas 67.50% and 32.50% respectively in female. Left sided and right sided agenesis were 55.20% and 44.80% respectively in male whereas 53.09% and 46.91% respectively in female. Conclusion: Palmaris longus is absent unilaterally in 20.20% and bilaterally in 7.45% of its population with an overall absence of 27.65%.

Unilateral absence of Palmaris longus muscle – A case report

Ethnic variations in the prevalence of absence of the palmaris longus (PL) are well known. It is not uncommon in individuals to have unilateral or bilateral absence of palmaris longus, a structure which is often used in reconstructive plastic surgeries mainly in the grafting of tendons, although it has also been used for a wide variety of procedures including lip augmentation,1 ptosis correction2 and in the management of facial paralysis.3,4During the routine dissection procedure being carried out for the 1st year MBBS students at Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, we found the absence of Palmaris longus muscle unilaterally in the left upper extremity of a 58 year old male cadaver. Authors have compared their findings with the presence of palmaris longus muscle of other limb and possible variations of palmaris longus muscle reported in the literature. The importance of variation in absence of palmaris longus muscle has also been discussed.

Clinical Assessment of Absence of Palmaris Longus Muscle and its Association with Gender, Body Sides, Handedness and Other Neighboring Anomalies in a Population of Central India

The palmaris longus (PL) is a vestigial or degenerating superficial muscle in the anterior compartment of forearm. It is variable in its structure, attachments and presence or absence in different individuals in various populations and even in one population among individuals. It is well known that individuals may have unilateral or bilateral absence of PL. The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of absence of PL and its association with gender, body sides, handedness and other neighboring anomalies like the absence of flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle to little finger, the incomplete superficial palmar arch (SPA) etc. in a population of central India; and to correlate the same with the other related studies. We examined 400 Caucasian subjects (200males and 200 females of a population of central India) aged 18–55 years. Total 65 (16.25%) subjects had overall absence of PL, out of which 25 (6.25%) presented bilateral absence and 40 (10%) presented unilateral absence so statistically unilateral absence was little more common than bilateral absence. Overall absence and unilateral absence of PL were little more common in males (M:8.5%,17:7.75% and M:5.75%,17:4.25% respectively) whereas bilateral absence was little more common in females (17:3.5%,M:2.75) however these associations with gender were not statistically significant. In unilateral PL absence, the right and the left sides were more or less equally affected (RT: 5.25%, LT: 4.75%) and no statistical significance was evident for this association with body sides. Out of 65 subjects with absence of PL only 5 were left handed and rest right handed so this association with handedness was also statistically insignificant. No correlation was evident between PL absence and other neighboring anomalies like absence of FDS to little finger, incomplete SPA etc. So the present study concluded with (i) The unilateral absence is statistically little more common than the bilateral absence (ii) There is no statistical association between the PL absence and gender, body sides, handedness and other neighboring anomalies like absence of FDS to little finger, incomplete SPA etc. in a population of central India.

Prevalence of the absence of palmaris longus muscle assessed by a new examination test (Hiz-Ediz Test) in the population residing in the area of Van, Turkey

Objectives: The primary goal of this trial was to show the compatibility between a new test technique (Hiz-Ediz test) for detection of palmaris longus muscle (PLM) agenesis, which we recently developed, and the former tests, the Schaeffer and Mishra's second tests. Materials and methods: One thousand cases were enrolled in this trial. Schaeffer's test, Mishra's second test and Hiz-Ediz tests were applied to all cases. Examinations were performed to determine differences between genders and both hands. Consistency between all three tests was investigated. Results: In the Hiz-Ediz test, PLM agenesis was determined in 15.1%. No significant difference was found between the rates of unilateral and bilateral tendon agenesis determined by three tests (p>0.05). When the consistency of the three tests was evaluated using the kappa test, full consistency was determined between Mishra's second and the Hiz-Ediz test; however, full consistency was not determined between the Schaffer's and the other two tests. But, no statistical difference was found between the three tests. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the prevalence of PLM agenesis is consistent with the available data. The Hiz-Ediz test can be applied easily and safely to determine and to visualize the PLM agenesis, when compared to the Mishra's second test and the Schaeffer's test.