Absence Of Fees Research Articles

Grand Service Design Regional Library Pinrang Regency

Pinrang Regency Regional Library Service Grand Design. This study aims to measure 9 indicators of regional library service elements in Pinrang Regency. The study used descriptive quantitative methods, with non-probability sampling technique, measurements with a Likert scale involving 194 respondents, the determination of the sample was carried out by purposive sampling. The results showed that in general the 9 service elements in the regional library of Pinrang Regency received a good rating, while the scoring values for each service element were: elements of clarity and ease of requirements for getting digital-based services in good category with a score of 60%, service elements clarity and ease of procedures for obtaining services. digital-based services in the good category with a value of 51%, the service element of availability of information/guidance to get the service in the good category with a value of 53%, the service element of clarity and suitability of service time in the good category with a value of 62%, the service element of the duration/length of service time (opening hours). & closing hours) good category with a value of 52%, service element of speed of completion of document duplicating time in good category with a value of 46%, service element of clarity and reasonableness of the presence / absence of fees in good category with a value of 55%, service element of speed of response to complaints / complaints in good category with a value of 61%, and elements of follow-up services settlement of complaints/complaints in good category with a score of 64%.

Iota Tangle: A cryptocurrency to communicate Internet-of-Things data

The emergence of distributed ledger technologies (DLT) and design limitations of Blockchain systems for some types of applications led to the development of cryptocurrency alternatives for various purposes. Iota is a cryptocurrency with a new architecture called Tangle, which promises high scalability, no fees, and near-instant transfers, focused on the Internet-of-Things (IoT) solutions. This paper aims to present a systematic community’s visions of this new technology and to provide minimum background to understand the Iota Tangle and ecosystem generated by this distributed Ledger. The first parts of this article describe the ecosystem behind Iota, theoretical mathematical foundation, and its challenges and solutions for implementation. In the second part, we presented systematic research about Iota Tangle in academic databases: IEEE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Research Gate. We select the articles those of high impact which can be filtered with the H5-index indicator. This criterion aims to guarantee that the papers analyzed underwent a careful selection process, evaluated by peers. The methodology used helped have a global vision of Iota, including that this innovation is not only understood as a cryptocurrency but can be considered as a “distributed communication protocol”, absence of fees, low latency, and low computational cost for sending transactions. However, there exist several challenges in the vanguard of development of this ledger. It could also be identified that this technology enables many possibilities, however, it is fundamental to understand the potentials and limitations of this ecosystem to generate the best use cases.

Choosing independence or affiliation: The case of Portuguese four- and five-star hotels

In the increasingly competitive hotel environment, decision-makers must consider the risks and benefits of remaining independent or affiliating with a brand or consortium. This research sought to understand the level of importance associated with a set of motivating factors considered by Portuguese four- and five-hoteliers as it relates to remaining independent or affiliating. The study results suggest that independent hoteliers rank control over decision making and shorter decision making as most important in remaining independent, and increased sales and more aggressive marketing as most important in the decision to affiliate. Affiliated hoteliers rank shorter decision making and absence of fees as most important in remaining independent, and increased sales, brand value, and more aggressive marketing as most important in the decision to affiliate. Interestingly, independence and freedom were considered less important in the decision to remain independent, by all respondents. We apply Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory to explain some of the key findings.

A valence asymmetry in predecisional distortion of information: Evidence from an eye tracking study with incentivized choices.

Existing research shows that the order in which evidence arrives can bias its evaluation and the resulting decision in favor of information encountered early on. We used eye-tracking to study the underlying cognitive mechanisms in the context of incentivized financial choices based on real world market data. Subjects learned about the presence/absence of a transaction fee, before seeing expert opinions regarding an investment prospect and deciding whether to invest. Although the fee had no effect on the processing of negative opinions, we found that positive ones were processed more effortlessly (with lower gaze duration and pupil dilation) when it was absent, that is, when they were congruent with the positive initial information in the shape of the lack of fees. Despite their more effortless processing in the absence of fees, positive opinions then had a greater impact on the subjects' beliefs. In addition to an initial study with 100 subjects, these findings were replicated in a second, preregistered experiment with 103 subjects, in which a positive premium was paid in the event of no fee. Thus, we argue that the valence asymmetry in favor of positive information observed in evaluative priming, person perception, and related tasks (the density hypothesis) also plays a crucial role in incentivized economic choice. In fact, rather than being a detrimental bias, the overweighting of initial evidence often observed in decisions could be seen as an adaptive heuristic aimed at reducing the cost of processing later, similar information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Hardware Accelerator for Proof-Of-Work Operation in IOTA Cryptocurrency

The authors proposed hardware accelerator for the proof-of-work (PoW) operation in IOTA cryptocurrency. IOTA allows making secure and authenticated quantum resistant channels between IoT devices for communication and micropayments with no fees. Hardware acceleration reduces transaction time and increases throughput. In the article authors consider a basic theory of IOTA operations, generating and signing transaction with Winternitz one-time signatures. The authors describe operation principle of a new ternary hash function Curl. Winternitz one-time signatures and ternary hash function make IOTA quantum resistant. The core of IOTA is called Tangle and unlike Blockchain has Directed Acyclic Graph structure. There are no miners in the Tangle and IoT devices themselves maintain network operation, which leads to unlimited scalability and absence of fees. To add new transaction to the Tangle, IoT devices need to perform PoW operation for spam and Sybil attack protection — iteratively calculate Curl hash function for the IOTA transaction and change nonce field of the transaction until obtained result doesn’t satisfy given criteria, which is some amount of consecutive zero ternary values at the end of transaction hash. The software implementation of Curl hash function is very slow, the PoW operation on embedded devices can last up to 50 minutes, so the hardware acceleration of PoW operation is relevant task. In the proposed work authors created hardware accelerator for IOTA PoW operation. The structure and operation principle of accelerator is described. The proof-of-concept implementations was launched on DE10-nano board, based on Intel programmable logic chip. The proposed PoW hardware accelerator has parameterizable structure. It is possible manually set the number of PoW computing units by changing parameter value. In such parameterizable system one PoW computing unit is master and all remaining PoW units are slaves. Master PoW unit absorbs IOTA transaction, except nonce part, to midstate register utilizing sponge-like approach. Then all POW computing units (master and slaves) preload own state registers from midstate, randomly change personal nonces and start iterative search of valid nonce. When one of PoW computing units finds a valid nonce, PoW operation ends, nonce stored to destination buffer in SDRAM and interrupt is generated for ARM CPU. Final implementation of IOTA PoW hardware accelerator for DE10-nano board contains 11 PoW computing units, delivers 13.2 MH/s hash rate and gives x1000 speedup, compared to software implementation from IOTA developers, for only 30% of 5CSEBA6U23I7 programmable logic chip resources at 100 MHz clock frequency. The average PoW computation time in such implementation is 0.8 second.Ref. 14, img. 6.

Innovational Complementarities and Network Neutrality

Innovational Complementarities and Network Neutrality

Management mechanisms and financing of higher education in Germany

The higher education sector has to face competition much in the same way as other economic entities do. Much has been done to introduce reforms making use of economic terms and concepts. This paper will highlight the manner in which different models for financing higher education can contribute to the management of higher education. The general higher education framework in Germany -- which differs from that in other countries -- has to be taken into account. Amongst these differences are notably: -- the absence of fees as an instrument for the financing and management of higher education; -- the fact that only a restricted number of students are selected by institutions of higher education. Where student numbers for subjects in great demand are too high, applicants are distributed amongst various universities by a central office. This paper is divided into four part: (1) an analysis of the German higher education system,: (2) an examination of different management methods relating to a new system of distributing students amongst the different types of institutions (ordinary universities and universities of applied sciences -- Fachhochschulen). A discussion of the management of student distribution within a given university follows. (3) In this context, it is recommended to introduce a market-oriented system of tuition fees instead of making provisions for student admission on the basis of available capacity, curricular standards (CNW) and centralized procedures of the distribution of students; (4) conclusions are drawn from these reforms in order to develop systems for performance analysis (management accounting and control).

The private direct cost of secondary schooling in Tanzania

This paper presents data relevant to discussions on the financing of secondary education in Tanzania. The issue of financing is important because expansion in public schools is severely limited by budgetary constraints, high unit costs, and the fact that no part of public expenditures is currently recovered through fees. Given the financing difficulties, it may now be appropriate to reconsider the role of fees as a means of mobilizing private resources to supplement government funds. A prior question, however, is whether or not households already incur a significant cost even in the absence of fees, and further, whether or not they are willing to bear additional charges. The empirical analysis for Tanzania shows that although students pay no fees, their school related expenditure is in fact quite substantial, amounting in 1981 to US$139 for state students, and US$439 (including US$242 for fees) for private students. The results also show that students' expenditures vary more by enrollment characteristics than by family background, suggesting that given the substantial expenses involved, students do not spend more or less than what is necessary, regardless of their background. The large proportion of privately enrolled students in Tanzania indicates, however, that wealthier parents are both willing and able to bear a substantial user charge. A possible implication of these results is that user charges for public secondary education could potentially play an important role in mobilizing private household resources for the sector. Their actual relevance in Tanzania needs, however, to be confirmed by additional research.