Absence Of Exercise Research Articles

The metabolic cost of breathing for exercise ventilations: effects of age and sex.

Given that there are both sex-based structural differences in the respiratory system and age-associated declines in pulmonary function, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of age and sex on the metabolic cost of breathing (V̇o2RM) for exercise ventilations in healthy younger and older males and females. Forty healthy participants (10 young males 24 ± 3 yr; 10 young females 24 ± 3 yr; 10 older males 63 ± 3 yr, 10 older females 63 ± 6 yr) mimicked their exercise breathing patterns (voluntary hyperpnea) in the absence of exercise across a range of exercise intensities. At peak exercise, V̇o2RM represented a significantly greater fraction of peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak) in young females, 12.7 ± 4.0%, compared with young males, 10.7 ± 3.0% (P = 0.027), whereas V̇o2RM represented 13.5 ± 2.3% of V̇o2peak in older females and 13.2 ± 3.3% in older males. At relative ventilations, there was a main effect of age, with older males consuming a significantly greater fraction of V̇o2RM (6.6 ± 1.9%) than the younger males (4.4 ± 1.3%; P = 0.012), and older females consuming a significantly greater fraction of V̇o2RM (6.9 ± 2.5%) than the younger females (5.1 ± 1.4%; P = 0.004) at 65% V̇emax. Furthermore, both younger and older males had significantly better respiratory muscle efficiency than their female counterparts at peak exercise (P = 0.011; P = 0.015). Similarly, younger participants were significantly more efficient than older participants (6.5 ± 1.5% vs. 5.5 ± 2.0%; P = 0.001). Normal age-related changes in respiratory function, in addition to sex-based differences in airway anatomy, appear to influence the ventilatory responses and the cost incurred to breathe during exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we show that at moderate and high-intensity exercise, older individuals incur a higher cost to breathe than their younger counterparts. However, as individuals age, the sex difference in the cost of breathing narrows. Collectively, our findings suggest that the normative age-related changes in respiratory structure and function, and sex differences in airway anatomy, appear to influence the ventilatory responses to exercise and the oxygen cost to breathe.

The effect of chronic exercise training and acute exercise on power spectral analysis of heart rate variability.

Moderate to vigorous physical activity performed regularly is cardioprotective and reduces all-cause mortality, concomitant with increased resting heart rate variability (HRV). However, there are contradictory reports regarding the effects of chronic and acute exercise on nocturnal HRV in those performing exercise well-beyond physical activity guidelines. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the power spectral analysis components of HRV in middle-aged endurance athletes (EA) and recreationally active individuals (REC) and explore acute exercise effects in EA. A total of 119 EA (52, 49-57 years) and 32 REC (56, 52-60 years) were recruited to complete 24h Holter monitoring (GE SEER 1000) in the absence of exercise. Fifty one EA (52, 49-57 years) then underwent 24h Holter monitoring following an intense bout of endurance exercise. Power spectral HRV analysis was completed hourly and averaged to quantify morning (1000-1200h), evening (1900-2100h), and nocturnal (0200-0400h) HRV. EA had greater very low frequency (VLF) and low frequency (LF) (both p< 0.001) compared to REC. LF/high frequency (HF) was greater in EA at 0200-0400h (p=0.04). Among all participants, the change in HR and HF from 1000-1200 to 0200-0400h was negatively correlated (r=-0.47, p< 0.001). Following acute exercise in EA, only nocturnal HRV was assessed. VLF (p< 0.001) and HF (p=0.008) decreased, while LF/HF increased (p=0.02). These results suggest that in EA, both long-term and acute exercises increase nocturnal sympathovagal activity through an increase in LF and decrease in HF, respectively. Further work is required to understand the mechanism underlying reduced nocturnal HRV in middle-aged EA and the long-term health implications.

Effect of a Kinect-Based Exercise on Improving Job-Related Physical Fitness Tests for Korean Firefighters

OBJECTIVES Firefighters play a critical role in high-temperature environments that demand substantial physical strength for efficient job performance. However, South Korean firefighters face challenges in maintaining optimal fitness levels due to limited opportunities for exercise. Factors that contribute to this issue include shift work, frequent dispatches, and the absence of exercise instructors.METHODS At total of 20 male Korean firefighters were divided into an exercise group (EG) and a control group (CG) with ten participants each. The EG group underwent an 8-week exercise intervention at a fire academy in Busan using a kinect-based exercise device called Virtual Mate (VM), while the CG group maintained their regular lifestyle without any additional exercise. Pre- and post-assessments were conducted, including the Candidate Physical Ability Test (CPAT), a physical fitness evaluation commonly used for firefighting duties in North America, the Korea Firefighter Performance Battery (KFPB), which is a modified version of CPAT, and basic physical fitness tests. The effect of exercise was analyzed using statistical methods, including repeated measures analysis of variance and paired t-tests.RESULTS Significant group-by-time interactions were observed for CPAT completion time (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = .004) and KFPB completion time (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = .012). After 8 weeks of exercise, the EG demonstrated a significant decrease in CPAT completion time (543.7 ± 93.0 sec vs. 500.8 ± 64.1 sec, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = .004) and KFPB completion time (584.1 ± 47.8 sec vs. 525.3 ± 16.2 sec, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = .001), while the CG did not show significant changes. In terms of basic physical fitness, only in EG, number of sit-ups performed in one minute significantly increased (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; .001)CONCLUSIONS The Kinect-based exercise device, VM, proves to be a valuable solution for addressing the practical challenges faced by Korean firefighters, ultimately enhancing their physical fitness.

The effect of aerobic exercise alone and in combination with cognitive behavioural therapy on obsessive compulsive disorder: A randomized control study

PurposeCognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been found to be an effective treatment for OCD, but there remains a significant proportion of individuals who fail to show a treatment response. Aerobic exercise has previously been associated with decreases in anxiety and depression, as well as improvements in OCD symptoms in small-scale studies. The purpose of the present research was to use a randomized control trial design to examine the effects of exercise alone and in combination with CBT, on OCD symptoms and secondary symptoms. Method125 participants were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: waitlist control, exercise, CBT, and CBT with exercise. OCD symptom severity was measured at four points over the course of treatment, secondary outcome measures were gathered at three points over treatment. ResultsCBT alone and combined with exercise was associated with significantly greater OCD symptom reduction than exercise alone or the control groups. Total exercise frequency predicted OCD symptom reduction in the groups in which exercise was measured. Group membership did not significantly predict reductions in secondary outcome measures. ConclusionExercise frequency, rather than the presence or absence of exercise, appears to predict OCD symptom reduction, as did participation in CBT.

Body Temperature Manipulation Increases Salivary Cortisol Independent of Exercise

The vast majority of circulating cortisol in the blood is bound and inactivated by binding proteins like corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and albumin. The cortisol that is free of these binding proteins is secreted via saliva and other body fluids. Ex-vivo studies have shown that CBG binding to cortisol is temperature-dependent within the physiological range of human core body temperatures. Exercise is a standard experimental paradigm for inducing cortisol responses. However, these studies rarely consider that exercise-induced changes in core body temperature might increase free cortisol independent of psychological stress or physical exertion. We tested the effect of heat exposure without exertion or other stressors on saliva cortisol. 26 Participants (18 healthy and 8 with Major Depression MDD) sat motionless in a dry infrared sauna set to 65.5 degrees C (150 F). They had their tympanic membrane temperature and salivary cortisol measured as their body temperature increased. Exposure to exogenous heat significantly increased core body temperature from 36.93 C/98.48 F (95% CI 36.79-37.07 C, 98.23-98.73 F) to 38.42 C /101.16 F (95% CI 38.24-38.6 C, 100.83-101.48 F) after 45 minutes of heat exposure, F(15,42.33)=43.509, p<0.001. Concurrently saliva cortisol also increased significantly from 4.00 nmol/l (95%CI 1.89-6.11) to 9.87 nmol/l (95% CI 5.58-14.17), F(1,33.17)=6.64, p=0.015. Elevations in core body temperature can significantly increase free cortisol levels even in the absence of exercise or overt psychological stressors.

Nitrate exposure reprograms hepatic amino acid and nutrient sensing pathways prior to exercise: A metabolomic and transcriptomic investigation in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Scope: Nitrate supplementation is a popular ergogenic aid that improves exercise performance by reducing oxygen consumption during exercise. We investigated the effect of nitrate exposure and exercise on metabolic pathways in zebrafish liver. Materials and methods: Fish were exposed to sodium nitrate (606.9 mg/L), or control water, for 21 days and analyzed at intervals during an exercise test. We utilized untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis and measured gene expression of 24 genes central to energy metabolism and redox signaling. Results: We observed a greater abundance of metabolites involved in endogenous nitric oxide (NO) metabolism and amino acid metabolism in nitrate-treated liver at rest, compared to rested controls. In the absence of exercise, nitrate treatment upregulated expression of genes central to nutrient sensing (pgc1a), protein synthesis (mtor) and purine metabolism (pnp5a and ampd1) and downregulated expression of genes involved in mitochondrial fat oxidation (acaca and cpt2). Conclusion: Our data support a role for sub-chronic nitrate treatment in the improvement of exercise performance, in part, by improving NO bioavailability, sparing arginine, and modulating hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycolytic capacity in the liver.

Hyperbaric Exposure of Scuba Divers Affects the Urinary Excretion of Nucleic Acid Oxidation Products and Hypoxanthine.

In recent studies, oxidative stress after scuba diving has been explored by measuring urinary biomarkers in volunteers under controlled conditions. Dive depth and duration, water temperature, and workload are all variables that can elicit metabolic responses. A controlled diving experiment was performed in an indoor pool at 20, 30, and 40 m depths at a water temperature of 32 °C, on three different days. Samples of urine from five male scuba divers were taken before diving and at four time points after diving, and then tested for their concentration of five different oxidative stress biomarkers by means of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics analysis. The results showed no variation in the five biomarkers after diving, but a decreasing trend was observed over the three days, with no differences among the three depths. The lack of effect on oxidative stress biomarkers has been attributed to the comfortable water temperature and to the absence of exercise in the divers during the experiment. Instead, an increase in hypoxanthine excretion, which can be considered a biomarker sensitive to hyperbaric exposure, was found after diving. Finally, the results suggest a physiological mechanism of metabolic adaptation to a new condition.

The Influence of Obesity and Weight Loss on the Bioregulation of Innate/Inflammatory Responses: Macrophages and Immunometabolism.

Obesity is characterized by low-grade inflammation and more susceptibility to infection, particularly viral infections, as clearly demonstrated in COVID-19. In this context, immunometabolism and metabolic flexibility of macrophages play an important role. Since inflammation is an inherent part of the innate response, strategies for decreasing the inflammatory response must avoid immunocompromise the innate defenses against pathogen challenges. The concept “bioregulation of inflammatory/innate responses” was coined in the context of the effects of exercise on these responses, implying a reduction in excessive inflammatory response, together with the preservation or stimulation of the innate response, with good transitions between pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages adapted to each individual’s inflammatory set-point in inflammatory diseases, particularly in obesity. The question now is whether these responses can be obtained in the context of weight loss by dietary interventions (low-fat diet or abandonment of the high-fat diet) in the absence of exercise, which can be especially relevant for obese individuals with difficulties exercising such as those suffering from persistent COVID-19. Results from recent studies are controversial and do not point to a clear anti-inflammatory effect of these dietary interventions, particularly in the adipose tissue. Further research focusing on the innate response is also necessary.

Functional roles of non-coding RNAs in atrophy

Atrophy is defined as a reduction in cell, organ, or tissue size after reaching their normal mature sizes because of loss of organelles, cytoplasmic compartments, and proteins. This process is also involved in the pathogenesis of human disorders. Inadequate nourishment, poor circulation, inadequate hormonal support, defects in nerve supply of the tissue, disproportionate induction of apoptosis in the tissue, and absence of exercise are some underlying causes of atrophy. Recently, several non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been identified that regulate atrophy, thus participating in the pathobiology of related disorders such as neurodegenerative/ neuromuscular diseases, age-related muscle atrophy, and cardiac tissue atrophy. In the current review, we have focused on two classes of ncRNAs namely long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) to unravel their participation in atrophy-associated disorders.

Acute Response to Capsiate Supplementation at Rest and during Exercise on Energy Intake, Appetite, Metabolism, and Autonomic Function: A Randomized Trial

Objective The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of capsiate supplementation on energy intake, self-reported appetite-related sensations, energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and autonomic parameters with and without an exercise intervention. Methods Thirteen healthy men completed four randomized trials: two trials for the control condition (without exercise), one with capsiate supplementation (CTRLcap) and one with a placebo (CTRLpla), and two trials for the exercise condition, one with capsiate supplementation (EXcap) and one with placebo (EXpla). Exercise sessions were performed 150 min after the consumption of a standardized breakfast, and supplementation 115 min after consumption of breakfast. An ad libitum buffet was offered 200 min following the completion of the standardized breakfast, and energy intake (EI) and relative energy intake (REI) (relative energy intake = energy intake - energy expenditure related to exercise) were evaluated. Results There were no significant effects on EI, self-reported appetite sensations, fat oxidation, and energy expenditure. REI was reduced in conditions involving EX when compared to CTRL. A low-frequency to high-frequency ratio for heart rate variability was higher in CTRLcap (1.6 ± 1.1) vs. CTRLpla (1.2 ± 0.9) (p = 0.025; d = 0.39). Conclusion Acute capsiate supplementation combined with aerobic exercise has limited effects on the examined variables (EI, REI, fat oxidation, energy expenditure, and autonomic parameters), while changes in the autonomic nervous system function in the absence of exercise may have occurred without influencing other variables. Clinical trial registration ensaiosclinicos.gov.br number, RBR-5pckyr https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-5pckyr

Need of Postural Awareness in School-going Children

Posture refers to the position a person assumes while sitting, standing, or lying down. Our skeleton is formulated to support our body without spending much energy even with the pull of gravity. If we adopt poor posture, our muscles have to carry out the job of skeleton. When this overload remains for hours or days, we habitually develop some movement-related problems which hamper us at both, workplace and home.Postural problems in children are more concerning because heavy backpacks are badly affecting school-going children. Growth rate of appendicular skeletal system halts around 16 years of age for females and 18 years for males. Secondary ossification of vertebrae stops in mid-twenties. Therefore, spine is vulnerable to injury for longer time period. Various risk factors like inadequate ergonomic conditions, improper school bags, classroom's furniture, prolonged poor sitting posture, repetitive tasks, sedentary lifestyle, and absence of exercise are hampering children on daily basis in terms of developing musculoskeletal disorders including shoulder, upper &amp; lower back and knee pain.In rural areas of Pakistan, children are used to sit on floor for prolonged period in schools due to unavailability of furniture, prolong sitting period which leads to many musculoskeletal disorders and eventually may cause spinal curvature to be poorly affected. American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA )recommends that students should carry backpacks no more than 15% of their body w e i g h t . A b i l l h a s p a s s e d b y K h y b e r Pakhtunkhwa government that bag weights shouldn't be more than 7kg. Other provinces should also enact similar laws to protect children from postural problems. An international study found that carrying10-kg backpack on one shoulder brought about asymmetric gait which meant selecting bags with two-straps andhanging it on both shoulders can prevent the gait kinetics to be disturbed1. A study conducted in Pakistan onschool going children, analyzed 54.61%children with low back paindue to poor posture2. According to educational statistics 2016-17, in Pakistan, there are around 28.68 million school-going children which portrays that a significant number of population, due to unawareness, no ergonomic measures in classrooms, no postural adaptations, is at a greater riskfor developing posture-related musculoskeletal disorders and in near future, disability. It is the need of hour to promote postural education in Pakistan as a strategy to mitigate high prevalence of musculoskeletal problems in school-going children. There is low awareness among parents and teachers about school bag weight limit, accurate carrying method, and proper posture. Many school administrations are acquainted with problems related to carrying heavy backpacks, but they pay no heed, so conducting seminars only isn't enough, the implementation and adaptation of correct posture in school is pivotal. There should be exercise session for 30 minutes per day to train bodies to preventpain onset and to improve body stance. Take into consideration that consuming proper diet alone is not enough to stay healthy, good posture equally matters for staying physically stable in long run.

MicroRNAs in Extracellular Vesicles in Sweat Change in Response to Endurance Exercise.

BackgroundTo date, microRNAs (miRs) carried in extracellular vesicles (EVs) in response to exercise have been studied in blood but not in non-invasively collectable body fluids. In the present study, we examined whether six exercise–responsive miRs, miRs-21, -26, -126, -146, -221, and -222, respond to acute endurance exercise stimuli of different intensities in sweat.MethodsWe investigated the response of miRs isolated from sweat and serum EVs to three endurance exercise protocols: (1) maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), (2) anaerobic threshold (AnaT), and (3) aerobic threshold (AerT) tests. Sauna bathing was used as a control test to induce sweating through increased body temperature in the absence of exercise. All protocols were performed by the same subjects (n = 8, three males and five females). The occurrence of different miR carriers in sweat and serum was investigated via EV markers (CD9, CD63, and TSG101), an miR-carrier protein (AGO2), and an HDL-particle marker (APOA1) with Western blot. Correlations between miRs in sweat and serum (post-sample) were examined.ResultsOf the studied miR carrier markers, sweat EV fractions expressed CD63 and, very weakly, APOA1, while the serum EV fraction expressed all the studied markers. In sweat EVs, miR-21 level increased after AerT and miR-26 after all the endurance exercise tests compared with the Sauna (p < 0.050). miR-146 after AnaT correlated to sweat and serum EV samples (r = 0.881, p = 0.004).ConclusionOur preliminary study is the first to show that, in addition to serum, sweat EVs carry miRs. Interestingly, we observed that miRs-21 and -26 in sweat EVs respond to endurance exercise of different intensities. Our data further confirmed that miR responses to endurance exercise in sweat and serum were triggered by exercise and not by increased body temperature. Our results highlight that sweat possesses a unique miR carrier content that should be taken into account when planning analyses from sweat as a substitute for serum.

Development of Taiwan Risk Score for Sarcopenia (TRSS) for Sarcopenia Screening among Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

The SARC-F questionnaire has been suggested by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) as a first-step screening tool for sarcopenia. However, the sensitivity to SARC-F is low among community-dwelling older adults. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a new prediction model for sarcopenia screening in the community setting. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Taiwan Integration of Health and Welfare (TIHW) study. Covariates including comorbidities, socioeconomic status, social support, health behaviors, body composition, and serum biomarkers were collected for analysis. Sarcopenia was defined using handgrip strength and gait speed cut-off values suggested by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Risk scores for sarcopenia were estimated by stepwise logistic regression. Among 1025 participants (mean age, 71.95 ± 6.89 years), 179 (17.5%) had sarcopenia. Seven items, including age, female sex, receiving social assistance pension, absence of exercise, being underweight, abnormal fasting glucose levels, and abnormal creatinine levels were selected for the Taiwan Risk Scores for Sarcopenia (TRSS) with a cutoff value of 76 (sensitivity, 71.8%; specificity, 71.1%) and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.757. Our results suggested that the TRSS model could be applied cost-effectively in the community for early detection of sarcopenia.

Mung Bean Protein Supplement Improves Muscular Strength in Healthy, Underactive Vegetarian Adults.

Although vegetarian diets are considered generally protective against chronic disease, nutrient deficiencies, including protein, are possible due to low bioavailability from plant-based sources. The consequences of inadequate dietary protein include reduced lean body mass (LBM) and muscle weakness. This study examined relationships between protein intake, strength, and LBM in 37 underactive vegetarians and recorded the impact of protein supplementation (18 g/day mung bean protein) on these indices utilizing an eight-week, randomized, controlled, feeding trial. Both handgrip and knee flexor and extensor strength were measured at baseline and week eight. At baseline, LBM was significantly related to grams of protein consumed daily. LBM was also correlated to grip strength (r = 0.569, p < 0.001) and lower body strength (r = 0.763 to 0.784; p < 0.001). Twenty-five vegetarians completed the feeding trial, including 11 in the protein supplementation group (PRO) and 14 in the control group (CON). At the end of the trial, LBM and strength did not differ significantly between groups. However, the average percent change for grip, flexor, and extensor strength did differ between PRO and CON participants (+2.9 ± 7.2% and −2.6 ± 7.3% respectively, p = 0.05). Thus, there were strong associations between dietary protein, LBM, and strength in vegetarians and an indication that supplementary vegetarian protein increased strength in the absence of exercise and independent of LBM.

Associations of presence or absence of exercise and/or physical activity with non-restorative sleep by gender and age: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesNon-restorative sleep (NRS) is related to qualitative aspects of sleep. The associations of NRS with exercise (EX; a planned and purposeful activity) and physical activity (PA; daily bodily movement) by...

Mechanisms of Blood Flow Restriction: The New Testament

When restricting blood flow for the purpose of increasing or maintaining muscle fitness, the aim is to reduce the amount of arterial flow into the limb and restrict the venous flow out of the limb. Doing so has been shown to elicit positive adaptations with regards to skeletal muscle size, and strength, while some evidence also eludes to beneficial effects on vascular and bone tissue. Regarding skeletal muscle, the main benefits of blood flow restriction are the ability to stimulate increases in size and strength while avoiding the greater mechanical stress associated with traditional high-load resistance training, and the greater volumes required when exercising with low loads to failure. While the most robust benefits are observed following blood flow restriction during low-load resistance training, evidence suggests positive adaptations occur while restricting blood flow during low-intensity aerobic exercise, and perhaps even during periods of disuse in the absence of exercise. Although the exact mechanisms are unclear, most of the evidence seems to allude to cell swelling and metabolite-induced fatigue during exercise stimulating synthetic pathways that can lead to muscle growth. While the blood flow restriction stimulus has been shown to be relatively safe for participants, the practitioner should be cognizant of the relative pressure being applied to the underlying tissue. This is important as cuff type, cuff width, and limb circumference can all influence the restrictive stimulus. Therefore, to ensure a similar, safe stimulus all variables should be accounted for.

Stanozolol administration combined with exercise leads to decreased telomerase activity possibly associated with liver aging.

Anabolic agents are doping substances which are commonly used in sports. Stanozolol, a 17α-alkylated derivative of testosterone, has a widespread use among athletes and bodybuilders. Several medical and behavioral adverse effects are associated with anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) abuse, while the liver remains the most well recognized target organ. In the present study, the hepatic effects of stanozolol administration in rats at high doses resembling those used for doping purposes were investigated, in the presence or absence of exercise. Stanozolol and its metabolites, 16-β-hydroxystanozolol and 3′-hydroxystanozolol, were detected in rat livers using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Telomerase activity, which is involved in cellular aging and tumorigenesis, was detected by examining telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression levels in the livers of stanozolol-treated rats. Stanozolol induced telomerase activity at the molecular level in the liver tissue of rats and exercise reversed this induction, reflecting possible premature liver tissue aging. PTEN gene expression in the rat livers was practically unaffected either by exercise or by stanozolol administration.

Cytokine Responses to Cyclical Blood Flow Restriction Exercise

IntroductionWe developed a novel adaptation of blood flow restriction exercise, cyclical blood flow restriction exercise (C‐BFRE), as a method to potentially augment the cardio‐protective effects associated with conventional exercise (CE) and remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC). As the cytokines IL‐6 and IL‐10 have been implicated in mediating the acute cardio‐protection associated with both exercise training and RIPC when performed independently, we hypothesized that C‐BFRE would augment the systemic release of these factors compared to an acute bout of either CE or RIPC alone.Methods13 young healthy subjects (6M/7F, age 28±2 y) completed 3 experimental sessions separated by at least 1 month each. Aerobic exercise was performed via 40‐min of treadmill walking at 65–70% HRmax with (C‐BFRE) and without (CE) application of bilateral thigh cuffs inflated to 220 mmHg (4 × 5‐min inflation periods followed by 5‐min reperfusion periods). RIPC consisted of 4 × 5‐min thigh cuff inflation periods (220 mmHg) followed by 5‐min reperfusion periods in the absence of exercise. Venous blood samples (via an antecubital vein) were collected at baseline and immediately following completion of each protocol for analysis of IL‐6 and IL‐10 via multiplex ELISA.ResultsPlasma IL‐6 increased from baseline following CE (Pre, 0.26 ± 0.03 vs. Post, 0.40 ± 0.07 pg/ml; P=0.03) but not with C‐BFRE (Pre, 0.28 ± 0.05 vs. Post, 0.34 ± 0.07 pg/ml; P=0.75) or RIPC (Pre, 0.31 ± 0.04 vs. Post, 0.32 ± 0.03 pg/ml; P=1.0). There were no changes in plasma IL‐10 from pre‐ to post‐intervention for any of the three conditions (P=0.42 for main effect of time).DiscussionContrary to our hypothesis, we observed no change in plasma IL‐10 or IL‐6 with application of acute C‐BFRE. These findings suggest that the model of C‐BFRE utilized in this study does not augment the release of these cytokines in young healthy individuals. This may be due to the timing of the blood samples, the use of a standard occlusive pressure across all subjects, and the young, healthy subjects tested in this study. Future work should delineate the inflammatory response induced by C‐BFRE at more extended recovery time points, with use of individualized occlusive pressures, and in more clinically relevant populations in both acute and long term settings.Support or Funding InformationFunding for this study was provided, in part, by training fellowships awarded to Justin Sprick through a NIH‐supported Neurobiology of Aging Training Grant (T32 AG020494, PI: Singh, M), and a Ruth L. Kirchstein NRSA F31 Predoctoral Fellowship (1F31HL134242‐01A1; PI: Sprick, JD), a UNTHSC Faculty Research Pilot Grant (PI: Rickards, CA), and a Texas Chapter of the American College of Sports Medicine (TACSM) Student Research Development Award (PI: Sprick, JD).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

La alfabetización universitaria y el contacto con las fuentes de información, claves para el aprendizaje en la universidad

Considering that education is subject to permanent dynamic renewal, this study aims to describe and analyze what difficulties are facing students enrolled in two different universities: one is public (Faculty of Elementary and Special Education, National University of Cuyo); the other one is private (Faculty of Psychology, Aconcagua University). Students face difficulties when they get in contact with searching information tasks, as well as with the topics of the so called academic literacy. Theoretical coincidences suggest the existence of an eloquent difficulty of adaptation to university life, which is compounded when taking into account difficulties in working with information search tools as for reading and writing are the basic and constitutive academic elements of literacy. In the face of this problem, it is essential to consider the benefits that the incorporation of a new academic culture could provide to students. So, the general objective of this study becomes to find the link that can be established between the strategies of information search, reading, and writing, and the capitalization of knowledge at the beginning of the university studies for freshmen students in the Faculty of Elementary and Special Education, University of Cuyo (FEEyE), and the Faculty of Psychology, Children, Youth and Family, and Criminalistics, University of Aconcagua; both are located in Mendoza, Argentine. A structured, quantitative design methodology was implemented to achieve this objective; in this methodology, the survey technique was applied, and a questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument, prepared ad hoc for these studies. The 146 participants selected responded to a non-probabilistic sampling strategy, which considered the two universities under study and the four careers chosen. To apply the strategy the students should be enrolled in the second year of their careers, so that this condition could account for the aspects under research. The data obtained were processed from a descriptive, univariate and bivariate statistics, which would provide a descriptive image of the subjects studied, as well as the main variables and indicators mentioned in the research objectives. Thus, by way of conclusion, regarding the contact with sources of information, it is notable that about 13% of the students of both universities do not use ICTs in their university performance, despite public policies in state institutions executed years ago. One in five students does not know how to look for academic information on Internet; they confuse and do not know the available tools. Concerning the axes of academic literacy, reading and writing, the lack of specific disciplinary language appears as one of the main difficulties both to produce and to understand a text, accompanied by the absence of exercise in the production of academic texts of their own. Despite the initial assumption, no significant differences were found to be attributable to the public and private qualities of the universities where the groups under study were enrolled.

A Memory of Early Life Physical Activity Is Retained in Bone Marrow of Male Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet.

Studies have reported opposing effects of high-fat (HF) diet and mechanical stimulation on lineage commitment of the bone marrow stem cells. Yet, how bone marrow modulates its gene expression in response to the combined effects of mechanical loading and a HF diet has not been addressed. We investigated whether early-life (before onset of sexual maturity at 6 weeks of age) voluntary physical activity can modulate the effects of a HF diet on male Sprague Dawley rats. In the bone marrow, early-life HF diet resulted in adipocyte hypertrophy and a pro-inflammatory and pro-adipogenic gene expression profile. The bone marrow of the rats that undertook wheel exercise while on a HF diet retained a memory of the early-life exercise. This memory lasted at least 60 days after the cessation of the voluntary exercise. Our results are consistent with the marrow adipose tissue having a unique response to HF feeding in the presence or absence of exercise.