Absence Of Crystals Research Articles

Tuning the properties of plant-based whipped cream through zein nanoparticles-sodium stearate complex

The fabrication of plant-based whipped creams is proposed to reduce the high saturated fat content of regular whipped creams by using plant proteins and unsaturated oils. The lack of functionality of regular plant proteins and the absence of crystals in vegetable oils make this process challenging. Here, we hypothesize that the functionality of corn protein zein can be improved by the creation of zein nanoparticles-sodium stearate complex (ZNP-SS), and that monoacylglyceride (MAG) based oleogels can increase the solid fat content of vegetable oils. Therefore, plant-based whipped cream can be produced from oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by ZNP-SS and MAG. A serial of ZNP-SS was produced and characterized in terms of molecular interactions, wettability, and surface activity. Moreover, their ability to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions and foams in the presence or absence of MAG was evaluated. Results show that ZNP-SS complex were stabilized through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. An increase in the amount of sodium stearate caused an increase in hydrophilicity, which improved the interfacial properties of ZNP-SS. Corn oil-in-water emulsions were successfully stabilized by all the ZNP-SS, while only the ones with the highest amount of sodium stearate (ZNP-0.6) were able to create stable whipped creams because of the partially coalesced oil droplets in the presence of MAG.

Optimization, Formulation, and Stability of Topical Rapamycin Used for Rare Tuberous Sclerosis Disease: from Ointment to Liposomes

IntroductionTopical rapamycin has been established as an effective and safe therapy for facial angiofibromas in tuberous sclerosis. Different formulations have been tested for this skin disease, most using an ointment as a vehicle.PurposeTo improve the classical formulation of topical rapamycin and to determine the validity period of the proposed options based on chemical, physical, and microbiological stability studies.MethodsFour different 0.4% rapamycin formulations were prepared (ointment, emulsion, gel, and liposomes). The stability studies for each formulation over 56 days were as follows: (1) chemical: extraction with different solvents and high-performance liquid chromatography assay; (2) physical: pH, uniformity, extensibility, absence of crystals, absence of phase separation, and only for liposomal formulation, particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency were determined; and (3) microbiological: culture samples in blood-agar media.ResultsOnly liposomes were chemically, physically, and microbiologically stable after 8 weeks. Ointment, emulsion, and gel formulations lost their chemical or physical stability before 56 days.ConclusionsThe authors describe four new formulations to improve the previous treatment for facial angiofibromas in tuberous sclerosis. The liposome-based formulation was the most appropriate according to chemical, physical, and microbiological stability studies. However, it would be necessary to carry out clinical studies to ensure the effectiveness and safety of this formulation and also guarantee an improvement in the quality of life of patients.

Impact of geographical locations on essential oil composition and leaf histochemistry in Cinnamomum verum J. S. Presl

Cinnamomum verum is worldwide well-known for its culinary and medicinal properties. The distinguished aroma of this plant is due to the presence of oil cells containing oil drops which are known as the primary site of essential oil biosynthesis. In this study, we compared the content and composition of essential oils of C. verum leaves of two distinct seasons from two different geographical regions, viz. Kharagpur (Cv-K) and Mamit (Cv-M) - the eastern and north-eastern regions of India, respectively. The leaf essential oils of the Kharagpur region were mainly composed of phenylpropanoids (81.98%) while monoterpenoids (48.42%) dominated in the Mamit region. The major components of Kharagpur and Mamit chemotypes were eugenol (81.83±2.09%) and linalool (37.52±7.06%), respectively. Transverse sections obtained through cryomicrotomy showed the presence of lipids and terpenes in the oil droplets upon staining with Sudan III and Nadi, respectively. Though, histochemical analyses did not show any distinct differences in the secretory structures of C. verum growing in two different geographical locations, absence of crystal in Cv-M type leaves was noted. Because of substantial differences in the chemical composition of essential oils, these two populations of C. verum can be considered as two distinct chemotypes.

Effect of sintering condition on the attenuation of silica glasses fabricated by additive manufacturing

Over the past few years, additive manufacturing (AM) of silica glasses and silica optical fibers has received great attention, mainly due to the high manufacturing flexibility and low manufacturing cost. However, compared with the traditional methods, the silica material made by AM technology is sintered at temperature below the melting point and has not gone through the long-time fusing or melting, so it has more defects, leading a higher attenuation. Due to the large amount of hydroxyl groups in the raw materials used in AM technology, it directly affects strong hydroxyl absorption. In this work, the influence of sintering pressure (SP) and temperature (ST) on the attenuation of printed and sintered silica glasses, including Rayleigh scattering, intrinsic point defects at characteristic wavelengths and hydroxyl absorption, was studied. The defects in silica glasses fabricated by AM technology were analyzed and discussed against sintering conditions. On one hand, we found that lower SP significantly reduced Rayleigh scattering and the intrinsic point defects due to moisture in the air and that the stress caused by densification in sintering process could further increase the intrinsic point defects. On the other hand, in the absence of crystallization, higher ST also reduced Rayleigh scattering, and the stress affected the inherent point defects. Hydroxyl absorption was determined by the diffusion of water and the amount of intrinsic point defects. The optimization of the SP and ST increased the glass transmittance at 600 nm by nearly 30% and 19% compared with non-vacuum and 1170 °C sintering conditions, respectively.

Detection of microbial biofilms inside the lumen of ureteral stents: two case reports

BackgroundWe report large biofilm structures that covered almost the entirety of the lumen and surface of double-J stents in two postrenal transplant patients, with no development of urinary tract infection. Biofilm bacteria of one patient were integrated by coccus in a net structure, whereas overlapping cells of bacilli were present in the other patient. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that high-quality images of the architecture of noncrystalline biofilms have been found inside double-J stents from long-term stenting in renal transplant recipients.Case presentationTwo renal transplant recipients, a 34-year-old male and a 39-year-old female of Mexican-Mestizo origin, who underwent a first renal transplant and lost it due to allograft failure, had a second transplant. Two months after the surgical procedure, double-J stents were removed and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). None of the patients had an antecedent of UTI, and none developed UTI after urinary device removal. There were no reports of injuries, encrustation, or discomfort caused by these devices.ConclusionThe bacterial biofilm inside the J stent from long-term stenting in renal transplant recipients was mainly concentrated on unique bacteria. Biofilm structures from the outside and inside of stents do not have crystalline phases. Internal biofilms may represent a high number of bacteria in the double-J stent, in the absence of crystals.

Fused optical fiber combiner based on indium fluoride glass: perspectives for mid-IR applications.

For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the design and characterization of a 3 × 1 fused fiber combiner based on multimode step-index fluoroindate optical fibers (InF3) has been performed. Several efforts to develop a well-consolidated normalization procedure and a fabrication protocol have been required due to the low melting temperature and the mechanical properties of fluoroindates. Fabrication results demonstrate repeatability and absence of crystallization. Therefore, the described fabrication process paves the way for manufacturing fluoroindate devices. The electromagnetic design of the combiner is carried out through modal investigation and beam propagation method by computing the transmission efficiency. The experimental results agree with the simulation and demonstrate the device feasibility to operate in the mid-infrared spectral range.

Defrosted products with preserved micro- and macrostructure

In the modern world, due to the consumers’ pace of life and lifestyle, there is a need for production of frozen food products that are ready-to-eat after defrosting or heating. An important task, therewith, is preservation of the micro- and macrostructure of flour products and aerated desserts. The paper presents an analysis of studies of aspects of production and realization of frozen finished products with the preserved micro- and macrostructure. A possibility of positioning aerated fermented dairy desserts as functional products is substantiated. In investigation of this product category, particular emphasis is placed on the role of the nutrient composition (proteins, fats, stabilizers and emulsifiers) and an importance of technological operations (freezing and fermentation). Attention is given to the state of the structural elements in the frozen and defrosted states. Despite the absence of crystals in defrosted desserts, it is necessary to take into account their influence on dispersity of the air phase in a frozen product. It was found that frozen noodles are a common product type in Asian countries and consumption of this product is growing every year. Other flour products (macaroni, bakery and confectionery products) are in demand as fast-food products. A promising direction in production of finished food products is a search for solutions and components for preservation of the product macrostructure. Among important tasks are maintenance of the marketable appearance of a defrosted product, prevention of the ice crystal growth in the frozen state and preservation of the protein structure. An important place in production of macaroni and bakery products is occupied by selection of cryoprotectants — components having an ability to inhibit the ice crystal growth and facilitating preservation of the product macrostructure. An important aspect of frozen product quality is its safety upon defrostation. In particular, the control of microbiological indicators and the related water activity value is necessary.

Morphological characters, pharmacognostical parameters, and preliminary phytochemical screening of Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorni?k. & N.S.Lý in Quang Ngai Province, Vietnam

Abstract. Chen TV, Lam DNX, Thong CLT, Nguyen DD, Nhi NTT, Triet NT. 2022. Morphological characters, pharmacognostical parameters, and preliminary phytochemical screening of Curcuma sahuynhensis Škorni?k. & N.S.Lý in Quang Ngai Province, Vietnam. Biodiversitas 23: 3907-3920. Curcuma sahuynhensis (Vegetable Turmeric or Rau Nghe) has been used as a flavor and a spice in Vietnamese cuisines. Information on micromorphological characters, pharmacognostic parameters, and phytochemical screening of C. sahuynhensis has not been reported in the literature. Therefore, the accurate verification of plants requires further research to determine their quality and safety in order to make optimal use of them as raw materials for medicines and food. In this work, macro-and micromorphological features, pharmacognostic parameters, and phytochemical screening were performed according to the Vietnamese Pharmacopoeia V guidelines and other published data. Macromorphologically, it can grow up to 75 ± 5 cm tall and up to 10 per pseudostem. The inflorescence consists of 10–24 bracts. Rhizome branched, and remote tubers were present. The flower was yellow with a warm yellow midrib band, and an incision up to 0.6 cm long on the apex labellum. Anthers are L-shaped, stalked with no knobs below the thecae. Micromorphologically, there are anatomical similarities between the species in the genus Curcuma, particularly in terms of leaves, roots, and rhizomes. Under the lower epidermis of the leaf midrib are small vascular bundles (8–10 bundles). The stomatal index (SI) was 8.97 in abaxial and 1.06 in adaxial of the leaf. Prismatic calcium oxalate crystals were found in the leaf but they were absent in the root. Starch grains were also found in leaf powder (11–12.5 µm) and rhizome powder (15–20 µm). Additionally, the presence of oleoresin (in leaves and rhizomes) and the absence of crystals in the cortex region of the rhizome was found to be significant features in identifying C. sahuynhensis. Phytochemical screening found that its rhizome and inflorescence contain essential oil, amino acids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, triterpenoids, polyuronides, and reducing compounds. Pharmacognostically, rhizome powders' moisture content, total ash value, and acid-insoluble ash value were 11.79 ± 0.20%, 7.32 ± 0.60%, and 0.24 ± 0.08%, respectively.

Comparative micro-anatomical features of endemic Fritillaria taxa growing in the Mediterranean region (Turkey)

The micro-morphological features (anatomical) of the endemic Fritillaria taxa, i.e., F. melananthera, F. asumaniae, F. byfieldii, F. carica, F. elwesii, F. forbesii, F. milasense, F. mughlae, F. ozdemir-elmasii distributed in the Mediterranean region were investigated, and their valuable features were identified taxonomically. Anatomical investigations of taxa were made using a light microscope (LM). The cross-sections of stem and leaf of the studied taxa and the surface sections of leaf were examined. Stomata were observed on both the upper and lower surface of the foliar epiderma of the studied taxa. The taxa were distinguished according to similarities and differences of characters in their micro-morphological features, and relationship degrees were investigated. In stem cross sections of taxa, the number of layers of sclerenchyma, the size and shape of epidermis cell, the presence of papillae in the epiderma, the presence of micropapillae on the cuticle, density or sparseness of both papillae and micropapillae, the number of layers of the parenchyma under the epiderma and whether it has chloroplasts, whether the vascular bundles were regular or irregular, number and presence of vascular bundle in the middle, presence or absence of crystals were determined as important distinguishing anatomical features in the stem of the taxa. In leaf cross sections of the studied taxa, stomata index, margins of ordinary irregular shaped cells, the width and length of the stomata, the density or sparseness of stomata, the number of parenchyma layer in the mesophyll, the shape of mesophyll parenchyma, presence or absence of palisade-like parenchyma cells in the mesophyll, the density of micropapillae and papillae were also found as valuable distinguishing anatomical features in the foliar epiderma morphology of these taxa.

Scoping studies for low-temperature melting ZnO–Bi2O3–(B2O3, SiO2) binder glass

Low melting point glass systems were explored as candidates for binders of solid oxide nuclear wastes which include volatile elements such as radioactive iodine. The base glass systems considered were ZnO–Bi2O3–B2O3 and ZnO–Bi2O3–SiO2, with specific compositions selected for synthesis trials based on available phase diagrams and a desire to explore the whole glass-forming region. Ten compositions were synthesized by melt quenching. Promising candidate glass binders were selected based on the absence of crystallization and favorable thermal properties, including low glass transition temperature (Tg) combined with a high crystallization onset temperature. These thermal properties indicate stable glass forming which would lead to sintering behavior needed for glass binding. Compositional effects include: higher Bi2O3 content led to lower Tg values, high ZnO content generally led to crystallization on quench, and high SiO2 content resulted in requirements for excessively high melting temperature. 25ZnO–15Bi2O3–60B2O3 was down-selected for some detailed crystallization versus time and temperature studies.Graphical abstract

Oxalobacter formigenes treatment confers protective effects in a rat model of primary hyperoxaluria by preventing renal calcium oxalate deposition.

In primary hyperoxaluria, increased hepatic oxalate production sometimes leads to severe nephrocalcinosis and early end-stage kidney disease. Oral administration of Oxalobacter formigenes (O. formigenes), an oxalate-degrading bacterium, is thought to derive oxalate from systemic sources by inducing net enteric oxalate secretion. Here, the impact of O. formigenes on nephrocalcinosis was investigated in an ethylene glycol rat model mimicking hepatic oxalate overproduction in primary hyperoxaluria. Eighteen rats were administered ethylene glycol (0.75% in drinking water) for 6weeks, of which 9 were treated by oral gavage with O. formigenes and 9 received vehicle. Five control rats did not receive ethylene glycol or O. formigenes. Plasma and urinary oxalate levels, calcium oxalate crystalluria, urinary volume, fluid intake, and serum creatinine were monitored during the study. On killing, nephrocalcinosis was quantified. Ethylene glycol intake induced pronounced hyperoxalemia, hyperoxaluria, calcium oxalate crystalluria and nephrocalcinosis. Concomitant O. formigenes treatment partially prevented the ethylene glycol-induced increase in plasma oxalate and completely prevented nephrocalcinosis. Urinary oxalate excretion was not reduced by O. formigenes treatment. Nevertheless, absence of crystals in renal tissue of O. formigenes-treated ethylene glycol animals indicates that the propensity for oxalate to crystallize in the kidneys was reduced compared to non-treated animals. This is supported by the lower plasma oxalate concentrations in O. formigenes-treated animals. This study shows a beneficial effect of O. formigenes treatment on ethylene glycol-induced hyperoxalemia and nephrocalcinosis, and thus supports a possible beneficial effect of O. formigenes in primary hyperoxaluria.

Lifetime-Associated Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy Reveals the Hydrogen-Bond Structure of Supercooled Water in Soft Confinement.

We demonstrate a method to address the problem of spectral overlap in multidimensional vibrational spectroscopy and use it to investigate supercooled aqueous sorbitol solutions. The absence of crystallization in these solutions has been attributed to “soft” confinement of water in subnanometer voids in the sorbitol matrix, but the details of the hydrogen-bond structure are still largely unknown. 2D-IR spectroscopy of the OH-stretch mode is an excellent tool to investigate hydrogen bonding, but in this case it seems difficult because of the overlapping water and sorbitol contributions to the 2D-IR spectrum. Using the difference in OH-stretch lifetimes of water and sorbitol we can cleanly separate these contributions. Surprisingly, the separated 2D-IR spectra show that the hydrogen-bond disorder of soft-confined water is independent of temperature and decoupled from its orientational order. We believe the approach we use to separate overlapping 2D-IR spectra will enhance the applicability of 2D-IR spectroscopy to study multicomponent systems.

Configurational evidence for antiferromagnetic interaction in disordered magnetic ionic liquids by X-ray scattering-aided hybrid reverse Monte Carlo simulation

Magnetic ionic liquids (MIL) are a new type of ionic liquids that show paramagnetic response to magnetic fields. Here, we elucidate a plausible 3D liquid structure of the 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrachloroferate (Emim[FeCl4]) and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrachloroferate (Bmim[FeCl4]) MILs by X-ray scattering-aided hybrid reverse Monte Carlo simulations. Bmim[FeCl4] showed anomalously continuous structural changes over a wide temperature range (90–523 K) without crystallization, while Emim[FeCl4] displayed a melting point at 291 K with no glass transition.Conventional electron radial distribution function (ERDF) analysis provides misleading information about the structures of these MILs due to the mutual cancelation of the partial anion-anion and anion-cation ERDFs. Subsequent hybrid reverse Monte Carlo (HRMC) analysis revealed the precise coordination structures of both ionic liquids, and the alternating periodic arrangement of the anions and cations was visualized based on the HRMC simulation results. The results clearly revealed that the 1st coordination structure of the FeCl4 anion around the Bmim cation was widespread compared to that of the Emim cation, resulting in the absence of crystallization. In addition, we obtained new insights into the antiferromagnetic interaction between the FeCl4− ions of Bmim[FeCl4] even in the absence of the crystallization at low temperatures. Our results shed new light on the development of MILs not only for practical applications but also for the advancing the basic science of pure liquids with a high magnetic response.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF COSMETIC FOUNDATION USING EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE AS A SUN PROTECTION

Objective: The objective of the study was to obtain a lotion foundation using epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as an active ingredient designed with asun protection factor (SPF) value around 30 that can effectively protect facial skin from ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure and that is safe to use.Methods: In this study, we determine SPF value using UV–visible spectrophotometry at a wavelength between 290 and 320 nm. The preparationformula of the foundation was made with an EGCG concentration of 0.4%, a concentration which can yield the desired SPF value of about 30. Physicalstability was performed at low (4±2°C), ambient (25±2°C), and high (40±2°C) temperatures; cycling and centrifugation tests were also conducted.Safety was evaluated by eye irritation test using hen’s egg test on chorioallantois method and skin irritation test using the Draize and patch testsmethod.Results: The SPF values of 0.04% EGCG and lotion foundation containing 0.4% EGCG were 31.02±0.72 and 33.20±0.59, respectively. The results ofcycling and centrifugal tests indicated that lotion foundation showed an absence of crystals and lack of any phase separation between oil and waterphases. The physical stability test showed no significant changes for all parameters. Safety tests resulted in neither skin nor eye irritation.Conclusion: The EGCG foundation developed was physically stable with a good appearance and did not irritate the skin or eyes thus are safe to usealso can effectively protect skin against UVR exposure.

Induction of retinopathy by fibrillar oxalate assemblies

The formation of metabolite fibrillar assemblies represents a paradigm shift in the study of human metabolic disorders. Yet, direct clinical relevance has been attributed only to metabolite crystals. A notable example for metabolite crystallization is calcium oxalate crystals observed in various diseases, including primary hyperoxaluria. We unexpectedly observed retinal damage among young hyperoxaluria patients in the absence of crystals. Exploring the possible formation of alternative supramolecular organizations and their biological role, here we show that oxalate can form ordered fibrils with no associated calcium. These fibrils inflict intense retinal cytotoxicity in cultured cells. A rat model injected with oxalate fibrils recaptures patterns of retinal dysfunction observed in patients. Antibodies purified from hyperoxaluria patient sera recognize oxalate fibrils regardless of the presence of calcium. These findings highlight a new molecular basis for oxalate-associated disease, and to our knowledge provide the first direct clinical indication for the pathogenic role of metabolite fibrillar assemblies.

Evaluation of antiurolithiatic activity of moringa leaves by uv spectroscopic method

The effect of M.olifera leaf against Calcium oxalate was tested by uv Spectrscopy method. calcium oxalate crystals were confirmed by UV analysis. Then the sample was treated against leaf extract and again UV analysis was done to confirm presence or absence of crystals. Two type of assay the done to confirming the property Aggression assay and nucleation assay. calcium Oxalate, Phosphate, uric acid and proteins are important markers as well as citrate and magnesium are inhibitors which were tested for the confirmation of the stone. LDH and oxalate are the enzymes of liver and kidneys are having an important role in Urolithiasis were also estimated. After studding the absorbance and turbidity of calcium oxalate solution we concluded the results, studies showed significant data to confirm the efficacy of M.olifera leaf having anti-urolithic activity. The results of present study suggest usefulness of M.olifera in the treatment of kidney stone disease.

Nanoscale Lipophilic Prodrugs of Dexamethasone with Enhanced Pharmacokinetics.

The encapsulation of glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone, in nanoparticles (NPs) faces two main issues: a low drug loading and the destabilization of the nanoparticle suspension due to drug crystallization. Here, we successfully formulated a prodrug of dexamethasone, dexamethasone palmitate (DXP), into nanoparticles stabilized by the sole presence of distearoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine- N-[methoxy(poly(ethylene glycol))-2000] (DSPE-PEG2000). Two formulation processes, nanoprecipitation and emulsion-evaporation, allowed the formation of stable nanoparticles. By adjusting the drug/lipid ratio and the DXP concentration, nanoparticles of DXP (DXP-NPs) with a size between 130 and 300 nm can be obtained. Owing to the presence of DSPE-PEG2000, a high drug entrapment efficiency of 98% w/w was reached for both processes, corresponding to a very high equivalent dexamethasone drug loading of around 50% w/w in the absence of crystallization upon storage at 4 °C. The anti-inflammatory activity of DXP-NPs was preserved when incubated with macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide. Pharmacokinetics parameters were evaluated after intravenous (IV) injection of DXP-NPs to healthy mice. The release of DXM from DXP-NPs in plasma was clearly controlled up to 18 h compared with the free drug, which was rapidly eliminated from plasma after administration. In conclusion, a novel type of nanoparticle combining the advantages of prodrugs and nanoparticles was designed, easy to produce with a high loading efficiency and leading to modified pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution after IV administration.

New approach to the synthesis of polymethylsilsesquioxane dendrimers

Non-functional derivatives of polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSSQ) dendrimers of first to fourth generation were synthesized for the first time using combination of divergent and convergent synthetic approaches. Obtaining of non-functional derivatives allowed investigating their properties not only in solution, but also in the bulk. While having practically identical chemical composition with linear polydimethylsiloxanes, PMSSQ dendrimers demonstrated increased density, a significant increase in the viscous flow energy, an absence of crystallization, and a gradual increase in the glass transition temperature with the generation.

Surface tension and viscosity of liquid Pd43Cu27Ni10P20 measured in a levitation device under microgravity

Here we present measurements of surface tension and viscosity of the bulk glass-forming alloy Pd43Cu27Ni10P20 performed during containerless processing under reduced gravity. We applied the oscillating drop method in an electromagnetic levitation facility on board of parabolic flights. The measured viscosity exhibits a pronounced temperature dependence following an Arrhenius law over a temperature range from 1100 K to 1450 K. Together with literature values of viscosity at lower temperatures, the viscosity of Pd43Cu27Ni10P20 can be well described by a free volume model. X-ray diffraction analysis on the material retrieved after the parabolic flights confirm the glassy nature after vitrification of the bulk samples and thus the absence of crystallization during processing over a wide temperature range.

Hyaluronan Injections Show No Histologic Evidence of Adverse Tissue Effects.

Background:The safety of hyaluronan intra-articular injections is mostly based on animal studies and clinical evidence rather than histologic studies from human administration.Objective:This study analyzed the histologic effects of viscosupplementation with sodium hyaluronate on the synovium and articular cartilage of human knee specimen status post total knee arthroplasty within 3 years of viscosupplementation.Methods:Twenty-four specimens from total knee arthroplasties from April 2012 to August 2016 at NYU Winthrop Hospital were selected for microscopic analysis. All cases had a diagnosis of end-stage osteoarthritis at the time of surgery. Thirteen of the cases had 3 viscosupplementation injections of the knee with Euflexxa, a hyaluronate-based viscosupplementation agent, within 3 years preceding a total knee replacement. The remaining 11 did not receive viscosupplementation and were incorporated as controls. Upon histologic review, synovium was categorized by degree of hyperplasia and inflammation and the presence or absence of foreign material and giant cell reactions. Residual articular cartilage was categorized by staining intensity, and the presence or absence of crystals, foreign material, and giant cell reactions.Results:No significant difference was found between these groups for degree of synovial hyperplasia (P = .33) or for cartilage staining density (P = .42). None of the samples displayed evidence of foreign material, crystals, or giant cell reactions.Conclusion:In this cohort of patients, we demonstrated that Euflexxa was administered without any discernible microscopic adverse tissue effects.