Absence Of Attributes Research Articles

Terracotta Figurines of Goddesses on Thrones from Borysthenes

Figurines of goddesses on the throne were the main coroplastic images of ancient centers of the archaic period. They predominate among figurines from Borysthenes as well. The peculiarities of the image of such goddesses are studied on the example of the collection of similar terracotta figurines stored in the Scientific Funds of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Most often, they were so homogenous that it is easy to identify the image from very small fragments. But in Borysthenes, a number of peculiar items were found showing a variety of attributes, as opposed to other centers of the Northern Black Sea region. This is a goddess with a child, with varieties: a child wearing a pillius or in the form of a potbellied God; goddess with animal features: with the head of a bear or in the form of a monkey with a baby; a goddess with a paredros wearing a pillius; with a dove in her hands. In the absence of attributes, the headdresses differ, and among them, the high polós was of a cultic significance.
 It is concluded that one should not hasten to correlate the image of the goddess on the throne without attributes with the cult of a definite goddess. The figure of the goddess with her hands on her knees with no distinctive features could be intended for use in various cults. Therefore, there is a need to reconsider the tradition of defining such unattributed images as Demeter’s, typical of the written sources devoted to the Northern Black Sea region. In the archaic period, the number of coroplastic workshops was significantly smaller than in subsequent periods, when attributes had become a more frequent addition to the image. Most of the analyzed items are from the Eastern Mediterranean. Therefore, the decrease in the percentage of the number of Demeter and her daughter images in the subsequent periods took place due to the reduction of images common to many goddesses and their diversity.
 The variety of archaic times images of goddesses on the throne in Borysthenes is an interesting phenomenon, but it should be explained not so much by the exceptional amount of cults but the extensive links with various sanctuaries having their own coroplastic workshops. The cults that used images of the goddess on the throne were associated with the least known Cabeiri (Kabeiroi), as well as Dionysus, Demeter, Artemis, Aphrodite, the Mother of the Gods, and other deities whose attributes remained clear to followers without their image.

‘Cyber Due Diligence’: A Patchwork of Protective Obligations in International Law

Abstract With a long history in international law, the concept of due diligence has recently gained traction in the cyber context, as a promising avenue to hold states accountable for harmful cyber operations originating from, or transiting through, their territory, in the absence of attribution. Nonetheless, confusion surrounds the nature, content and scope of due diligence. It remains unclear whether it is a general principle of international law, a self-standing obligation or a standard of conduct, and whether there is a specific rule requiring diligent behaviour in cyberspace. This has created an ‘all-or-nothing’ discourse: either states have agreed to a rule or principle of ‘cyber due diligence’, or no obligation to behave diligently would exist in cyberspace. We propose to shift the debate from label to substance, asking whether states have duties to protect other states and individuals from cyber harms. By revisiting traditional cases, as well as surveying recent state practice, we contend that – whether or not there is consensus on ‘cyber due diligence’ – a patchwork of different protective obligations already applies, by default, in cyberspace. At their core is a flexible standard of diligent behaviour requiring states to take reasonable steps to prevent, halt and/or redress a range of online harms.

Application of temporal penalty analysis for the optimization of sugar reduction in protein beverages

AbstractThis study evaluated the application of penalty analysis to temporal evaluation of vanilla‐flavored protein beverages sweetened with different sweeteners. Iso‐sweet concentrations of sucrose, sucralose, stevia, and monk fruit, as well as natural sweetener blends, were assessed in the study. Ready‐to‐mix protein beverages were formulated with flavoring, sweetener, and whey protein isolate (25 g protein per 360 ml serving). Consumers (n = 143 total) participated in both temporal liking and temporal check‐all‐that‐apply (TCATA) exercises. Consumer results from temporal liking were matched at each second with results from their TCATA profiling. Significant penalties to liking associated with the presence or absence of attributes were subsequently identified. The sucrose formulation received no penalties and had the most consistent temporal liking of all formulations. Monk fruit beverages were penalized (p < .05) for metallic sensation over the course of aftertaste evaluation, and stevia beverages were penalized for bitter and metallic tastes, astringency, and lingering bitterness. Natural sweetener blends proved effective at mitigation of these unpleasant temporal sensory qualities. Understanding the temporal aspects of protein beverages related to the different sweetener types may provide guidance for formulating reduced‐sugar products that maintain an acceptable consumer temporal experience.Practical applicationNonnutritive sweetener systems are often less palatable than sucrose‐sweetened products, presenting a barrier to more widespread consumption. This study utilized a novel penalty analysis approach from a temporal perspective to identify formulations that are viable alternatives to nutritive sweetener formulations. Findings from this study may be of specific interest to manufacturers of high‐protein products. Additionally, the approaches used within this study may hold practical value for food manufacturers as a whole, as they outline a novel consumer‐centric approach for refining product formulations.

Scalable Biclustering Algorithm Considers the Presence or Absence of Properties

Most existing biclustering algorithms take into account the properties that hold for a set of objects. However, it could be beneficial in several application domains such as organized crimes, genetics, or digital marketing to identify homogeneous groups of similar objects in terms of both the presence and the absence of attributes. In this paper, the author proposes a scalable and efficient algorithm of biclustering that exploits a binary matrix to produce at least three types of biclusters where the cell's column (1) are filled with 1's, (2) are filled with 0's, and (3) some columns filled with 1's and/or with 0's. This procedure is scalable and it's executed without having to consider the complementary of the initial binary context. The implementation and validation of the method on data sets illustrates its potential in the discovery of relevant patterns.

METHOD OF FUNCTIONING AND REALIZATION OF ONTOLOGY-BASED INTELLIGENT AGENT FOR PARSING THE NATURAL-LANGUAGE SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS

The paper is devoted to development of ontology-based intelligent agent for parsing the natural-language software requirements specifications. The paper develops a method of functioning, structure and realization of ontology-based intelligent agent for parsing the natural-language software requirements specifications. The simplicity of the method of functioning the intelligent agent provides high-speed parsing of natural-language specifications. The developed intelligent agent makes it possible to perform the analysis of natural-language specifications to determine the presence or absence of attributes needed to determine the non-functional characteristics-components of software quality. As a result of such parsing, the proposed intelligent agent determines the number and percentage of missing attributes, displays which attributes are missing for a particular subcharacteristics of non-functional characteristics, and also forms a real ontology for non-functional characteristics. The results of the operation of the intelligent agent are then used to assess the sufficiency of information (attributes) to determine the non-functional characteristics-components of software quality, and can also be used as recommendations for developers of specifications (requirements’ engineers) with the purpose of providing the maximum quantity of attributes, which are necessary to determine the non-functional characteristics, in the specifications of software requirements.

Marginal Inscriptions as Objects of Museum Studies: the Case Study of the Library of the National Museum of Ukrainian History

The first attempt in the scientific practice of the National Museum Ukrainian History to conduct an individual and complex studying of marginal inscriptions has been done in this article. There is the case study of the Hand Press Books and antiquarian books from the library of the mentioned museum. The object of the study has been characterized and reasoning why the antiquarian books published in XIX century, but after 1830, have been chosen as the objects of this research, besides the classical objects of the study of marginal inscriptions (Hand Press Books and antiquarian books). Sources and historiography of the research as well as publications of the museum specialists have been systemized. The conclusion about the small attention of researchers to the library of the National Museum of Ukrainian History has been done too. The author of the article has substantiated one more conclusion about the absence of publications dedicated to the library as the source of information about the history of book printing in Ukraine or museum book collections = historical libraries beyond the museum. The generally accepted scientific criteria for the classification of marginal inscriptions have been generalized on the basis of historiography. Four additional criteria for studying marginal inscriptions have been proposed for the discussion. Challenges of the research have been analyzed in the main part of the article. There is the absence of attribution and fixation of the history of acceptance of the books in the museum library because of the specific status of all museum libraries in Ukraine; absence of a formal right to use such definitions of the Ukrainian legislation as the Rare and Valuable Books concerning the books published in XVIII – the early XIX centuries and some antiquarian books; problems of identifications of handwriting exactly as a marginal inscription, not a written bookplate (exlibris). Some samples to the mentioned challenges have been proposed. The author of the article has implemented the aim of the research and presented attribution of the marginal inscriptions in eleven Hand Press Books and three antiquarian books, including one handwritten antiquarian book – the object of this study. The content of the marginal inscriptions in Mykola Zakrevskyi‘s book “Depiction of Kyiv” (1868) – the most unique book from the point of view of the historical narrative as well as the invitation letter to Mykola Zakrevskyi (the object of the museum importance or so-called “Museum finding”) has been presented in this research. The maximum of available information about the content and classifications of the types of marginal inscriptions (handwritten, marginal glosses, and Marginal inscriptions of publishing houses) has been presented in the article too. Contribution in research and popularisation of the collection of the National Museum of Ukrainian History, studying of the history of a book as the object of the material and spiritual heritage, the personality of (less)known readers and reading cultures in different йpoques have been done based on the results of attribution, bibliographical description, and classification of the books, marginal inscriptions, and bookplates. Another essential result of the research is entering in the scientific circulation the Preliminary list of the Hand Press Books and antiquarian books with marginal inscriptions that have been chosen as the objects of this research. The stress on the urgent relevance of continuation of the complex studying of these books with the aim to give them the status of the Rare and Valuable Books through the entry in the State Register of the National Cultural Heritage has been done. The author has determined some perspectives of this research. They are a continuation of the complex studying of the marginal inscriptions, searching of new marginal inscriptions and fragments of historical libraries that nowadays are parts of the collection of the National Museum of Ukrainian History in other museums, archives, and libraries for contribution to the development of the museum communication and studying of Auxiliary Sciences of History. Keywords: bookplate, book research, in script, marginal inscription, National Museum of Ukrainian History.

Attributes of True and Deceptive Statements Made in Evaluations of Criminal Defendants

ABSTRACTCourt-ordered psychological evaluations of criminal defendants generally include two types: mental status (competence or sanity) versus risk assessment. When defendants are deceptive in mental status evaluations, lies of commission, in which symptoms of psychopathology are feigned (malingering), are most likely. When defendants are deceptive in risk assessments, lies of omission, in which antisocial impulses are concealed or denied, are most likely. Four research conditions, consisting of the true and false statements of two men accused of sex offenses and two men claiming an insanity defense, were rated by participants on a test of truthfulness containing eight items derived from Criterion-Based Content Analysis and Reality Monitoring. All items, as well as the collective test score, significantly differentiated between true and false statements. Further, the lie of commission was rated as significantly more false than the lie of omission, and a confession was rated as more truthful than a true statement involving only exculpatory information, which is in accordance with the theory of cognitive load. Factor analyses provided support for the construct validity of the test of truthfulness and two subscales. Further, the data suggests that statements judged true are characterized by the presence of attributes of truthfulness, while statements judged false are characterized by the absence of attributes of truthfulness along with the presence of attributes of untruthfulness.

Extending inclusion dependencies with conditions

This paper introduces a class of conditional inclusion dependencies (CINDs), which extends inclusion dependencies (INDs) by enforcing patterns of semantically related data values. We show that CINDs are useful not only in data cleaning, but also in contextual schema matching. We give a full treatment of the static analysis of CINDs, and show that CINDs retain most desired properties of traditional INDs: (a) CINDs are always satisfiable; (b) CINDs are finitely axiomatizable, i.e., there exists a sound and complete inference system for the implication analysis of CINDs; and (c) the implication problem for CINDs has the same complexity as its traditional counterpart, namely, PSPACE-complete, in the absence of attributes with a finite domain; but it is EXPTIME-complete in the general setting. In addition, we investigate the interaction between CINDs and conditional functional dependencies (CFDs), as well as two practical fragments of CINDs, namely acyclic CINDs and unary CINDs. We show the following: (d) the satisfiability problem for the combination of CINDs and CFDs becomes undecidable, even in the absence of finite-domain attributes; (e) in the absence of finite-domain attributes, the implication problem for acyclic CINDs and for unary CINDs retains the same complexity as its traditional counterpart, namely, NP-complete and PTIME, respectively; but in the general setting, it becomes PSPACE-complete and coNP-complete, respectively; and (f) the implication problem for acyclic unary CINDs remains in PTIME in the absence of finite-domain attributes and coNP-complete in the general setting.

A two way assessment of tourism websites to increase their effectiveness

Tourism, world’s most significant revenue earning sector, is highly dependent on the effectiveness of the tourism website. A tourist destination must have a website enriched with different design and service related attributes. Here, a user feedback based study was conducted. This user feedback based study shows that there is a lot of difference between the appeal of Indian and International tourism websites. A fuzzy score has been obtained to assign ranks to the websites on the basis of user feedback. On the other hand, ranks were given to the same set of websites on the basis of simple presence and absence of attributes. Websites having more presence of attributes were given higher ranks. The presence and absence of attributes were judged from simple observation. Then it was observed that there is a high degree of correlation between the ranks obtained from the two methods. This shows that more presence of attributes gives better user feedback and an increase in the number of design and service related attributes which is required for Indian tourism websites. In this way, Indian tourism websites can give better impact on user’s mind. Key words: Effectiveness, tourist.

Implicit attribution

Writing classes and style manuals consistently emphasize proper source acknowledgment in published writing (hence also in student work). Though attribution is commonly held to be of paramount importance on ethical and other grounds, published writers regularly manage to dispense with explicitness about the use of source material in the course of a text. That is, attribution is often merely implicit – sometimes so weakly so that a scrutinizing reader may be unsure whether it even exists. How is such discourse possible, given the usual strictures? Reports on two data collections based on reader judgments, in which readers are shown to use textual organization (heading, paragraph structure) cues in inferring the presence or absence of attribution, help suggest answers to this question. The stated need to attribute is argued to be highly conditional, based more on a principle of assessed risk than on a categorical requirement of the type normally taught in expository writing classes. This risk-based principle may help account for the minimal use of attribution in certain genres of writing (e.g., basic-level textbooks, newspapers and high-circulation magazines) and its maximal use in others (e.g., scholarly journals).

A novel signaling system from the synapse to the nucleus

One of the central unsolved riddles in neurobiological research is the identification of the activity-dependent signaling system that communicates between the synapse and nucleus. How might a synaptic event signal the gene regulatory process? More than 20 years ago Schmitt et al.[1xSchmitt, F.O. et al. Science. 1976; 1973: 114–120CrossrefSee all References[1]in a seminal review suggested that a retrograde signal, unspecified at that time, might serve this purpose. Until recently, the nature or identification of this signal has not been forthcoming.Imagine our surprise when we found that the nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) was present within the crude synaptosome preparations taken from hippocampus[2xMeberg, P.J. et al. Mol. Brain Res. 1996; 38: 179–190Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (166)See all References[2]. Because this might represent contamination from another subcellular compartment, we searched the literature and were reassured to find that NF-kB was present in cortical synaptosomes[3xKaltschmidt, C. et al. Mol. Cell Biol. 1994; 14: 3981–3992Crossref | PubMedSee all References[3]. Because these authors had not done so, we thought it important to propose an explicit model of how this synapse-to-nucleus signaling might occur. In this model, which was in Fig. 9 of our report, it was suggested that NF-kB would be present in presynaptic terminals, postsynaptic zones, and in perinuclear cytoplasm. It would then be translocated to the nucleus from any of these sites, acting as a signal to communicate events at the synapse to the nucleus and, at the same time, regulate gene transcription. There was good evidence that the translocation of the transcriptionfactor from the distant site involved a release from an inhibitory factor triggered by protein kinase activation. Thus, we saw the possibility that kinase activation could, in parallel, regulate short-term events by phosphorylating synaptic proteins involved with neurotransmission[4xBenowitz, L. and Routtenberg, A. Trends Neurosci. 1997; 20: 84–91Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (862)See all References[4]and long-term events by releasing one or more transcription factors to the nucleus.Imagine our initial satisfaction when a similar idea, presented in a figure in a recent review of NF-kB appeared[5xO'Neill, L.A.J. and Kaltschmidt, C. Trends Neurosci. 1997; 20: 252–258Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (725)See all References[5]. But we were disheartened by the absence of attribution, even though the authors referred to our paper in the context of that figure. In a recent review[4xBenowitz, L. and Routtenberg, A. Trends Neurosci. 1997; 20: 84–91Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (862)See all References[4], a figure modified from another author was included and attribution to that figure and its modification was noted in the figure caption, an approach that would have been appropriate in Ref. [5xO'Neill, L.A.J. and Kaltschmidt, C. Trends Neurosci. 1997; 20: 252–258Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (725)See all References[5].The discovery of NF-kB in the synapses of cerebral cortex[3xKaltschmidt, C. et al. Mol. Cell Biol. 1994; 14: 3981–3992Crossref | PubMedSee all References[3]and hippocampus[2xMeberg, P.J. et al. Mol. Brain Res. 1996; 38: 179–190Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (166)See all References[2]represents a potentially important and novel mechanism for synapse-to-nuclear signaling. It will be necessary to tag these molecules to demonstrate whether, in fact, such traffic does exist. Then perhaps hypothetical figures will be replaced with laser confocal time-lapse micrography.

A reliability index for presence-absence data

The Jaccard index has long been used as an indicator of agreement or similarity between two individuals regarding the presence or absence of attributes, but there has been no formal development of such an index for more than two individuals. A more general index would be useful in various kinds of reliability studies involving presence-absence data. This paper develops a special case of a generalization of Gower's index as an index of reliability. The index involves weights to be assigned to attributes which are present on varying proportions of the individuals. Possible weighting systems are discussed. Also, a theoretical basis for the index is investigated using a binomial distribution composited with a continuous attribute appearance probability distribution. The index is calculated for molecular biological data on repeated RAPD analyses of the DNA of 23 strains of a fungus.