Abrasive Hardness Research Articles

Effect of graphene content on the tribological and corrosion behavior of high-speed-laser-clad high-entropy-alloy composite coatings

To repair oil drill pipe joints that have failed owing to dry wear and tribocorrosion, graphene-reinforced CoCrFeMo0.5NiTi0.5 high-entropy alloy composite coatings (HEACCs) were developed through high-speed laser cladding. The HEACC containing 1.5 wt% graphene exhibited dry wear and tribocorrosion rates that were 59.18 % and 32.20 % of those observed in the high-entropy alloy coating, respectively. The HEACC exhibited a corrosion current density of 2.475 × 10−7 A/cm2. The HEACC containing 1.5 wt% graphene underwent progressive damage during dry wear owing to the combined effects of abrasive wear, which created furrows; adhesive wear, which led to flaking; and oxidative wear, which formed oxide layers. During tribocorrosion, chloride ions exacerbated surface damage caused by hard abrasives and asperities, intensifying corrosive–abrasive wear interactions.

Contrast Role of Third Body Layer and Hard Abrasives in the Wear Process of a TiAlSiN Hardness-Modulated Multilayer Coating: A Case Study on the Effect of Normal Load and Velocity

Working conditions exert an important influence on the tribological properties of protective coatings, thus affecting the wear resistance of workpieces. In this work, a TiAlSiN hardness-modulated multilayer coating with a good match of strength and toughness was deposited on WC-Co substrates. The adhesive wear played a predominant role under the condition of a larger normal load and lower velocity, leading to the formation of a third body layer composed of compressed and lubricating oxides. As a result, the wear rate of the coating tested at 20 N reduced by 23% of that tested at 5 N. Instead, abrasive wear was more manifest, leading to the formation of big-size abrasives, and thus the wear rate increased by 2.8 times while the velocity elevated from 4 mm/s to 16 mm/s. A full factorial analysis of the wear behaviors, including the nanohardness and roughness of the wear track, and the friction coefficient and wear rate of the coating, offered good guidance for the comprehension of the wear form of the TiAlSiN multilayer coating. The results demonstrated the optimization of multilayer structures for TiAlSiN coatings to attain better wear resistance under coupling conditions of normal load and velocity: harder or more lubricated sublayers.

Investigation of Synthesis, Characterization, and Finishing Applications of Spherical Al2O3 Magnetic Abrasives via Plasma Molten Metal Powder and Powder Jetting.

Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is an efficient finishing process method using magnetic abrasive particles (MAPs) as finishing tools. In this study, two iron-based alumina magnetic abrasives with different particle size ranges were synthesized by the plasma molten metal powder and powder jetting method. Characterization of the magnetic abrasives in terms of microscopic morphology, phase composition, magnetic permeability, particle size distribution, and abrasive ability shows that the magnetic abrasives are spherical in shape, that the hard abrasives are combined in the surface layer of the iron matrix and remain sharp, and that the hard abrasives combined in the surface layer of the magnetic abrasives with smaller particle sizes are sparser than those of the magnetic abrasives with larger particle sizes. The magnetic abrasives are composed of α-Fe and Al2O3; the magnetic permeability of the magnetic abrasives having smaller particle sizes is slightly higher than that of the magnetic abrasives having larger particle sizes; the two magnetic abrasives are distributed in a range of different particle sizes; the magnetic abrasives have different magnetic permeabilities, which are higher than those of the larger ones; both magnetic abrasives are distributed in the range of smaller particle sizes; and AZ31B alloy can obtain smaller surface roughness of the workpiece after the grinding process of the magnetic abrasives with a small particle size.

Enhancing wood coatings with red beetroot-derived pigments: Investigating synergy with UV absorber and composite filler for improved durability and aesthetics

The objective of this study is to assess the synergy among a specific bio-based pigment derived from red beetroot, a composite filler, and a UV absorber as additives for wood paints. The composite filler aims to enhance the mechanical properties of the coating, while the UV absorber is selected to improve the pigment's color stability under solar radiation. The impact of these additives on sample aesthetics is evaluated through color, gloss, and roughness measurements. Mechanical properties are analyzed using Buchholz surface hardness and Taber abrasion resistance tests. The protective role of the UV absorber is further examined through accelerated degradation tests in a UV-B chamber. To ensure that the additives do not compromise the coating's barrier properties, water uptake tests, resistance to liquids, and contact angle measurements are conducted. Overall, the study demonstrates how each additive serves a distinct purpose and their combined application offers benefits such as enhanced color retention and improved mechanical durability of the coating. It highlights the potential of using bio-based pigments to enhance color durability without sacrificing the protective performance of wood coatings.

Microstructure and properties of laser-melted FeCoCrNiSiMox high-entropy alloy coatings

In this research, FeCoCrNiSiMox high-entropy alloy coatings were created using laser cladding technology on 45 steel surfaces in order to provide a coating with high hardness and strong abrasion resistance. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of including Mo elements on the tissue, structure, and mechanical characteristics of FeCoCrNiSiMox high mercury alloy coatings under optimal laser melting process conditions. Through the regulation of Mo element incorporation, it has been observed that for values of x less than or equal to 0.2, the coating exhibits a singular FCC structure. However, for values of x greater than 0.2, a phase transition occurs in the coating’s structure, resulting in the appearance of a second phase. Consequently, the alloy primarily comprises a solid solution phase combined with the FCC phase and the Mo-rich phase. The introduction of the Mo element results in a steady reduction in the microstructure of the coating, which predominantly consists of dendritic structures. Additionally, the average hardness of the coating exhibits an increase, accompanied by an enhancement in its wear resistance.

Analysis of Grindability and Surface Integrity in Creep-Feed Grinding of High-Strength Steels.

Creep-feed grinding of high-strength steel is prone to excessive wheel wear and thermal damage defects, which seriously affects the service performance of parts. To solve the above-mentioned issue, a creep-feed grinding test was carried out on high-strength steel using SG and CBN abrasive wheels. The grindability of high-strength steel was scrutinized in terms of grinding force, machining temperature and grinding specific energy. Moreover, the effects of operation parameters and grinder performances on the surface integrity of the workpiece such as surface morphology, roughness, residual stress and hardness were rigorously studied. The results indicate that, when the instantaneous high temperature in the grinding area reaches above the phase transition temperature of the steel, the local organization of the surface layer changes, leading to thermal damage defects in the components. The outstanding hardness and thermal conductivity of CBN abrasives are more productive in suppressing grinding burns than the high self-sharpening properties of SG grits and a more favorable machining response is achieved. The effects of thermal damage on the surface integrity of high-strength steel grinding are mainly in the form of oxidative discoloration, coating texture, hardness reduction and residual tensile stresses. Within the parameter range of this experiment, CBN grinding wheel reduces grinding specific energy by about 33% compared to SG grinding wheel and can control surface roughness below 0.8 µm. The weight of oxygen element in the burn-out workpiece accounts for 21%, and the thickness of the metamorphic layer is about 40 µm. The essential means of achieving burn-free grinding of high-strength steels is to reduce heat generation and enhance heat evacuation. The results obtained can provide technical guidance for high-quality processing of high-strength steel and precision manufacturing of high-end components.

The Influence of Organic and Inorganic Additives on the Specific Electrical Resistance of Coke

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of both inorganic (boron carbide nanopowders and silicon carbide (carborundum) and organic lean (petroleum coke) additives on the quality of coke produced in a laboratory furnace, as well as on its electrical properties. Analyzing the results of the quality assessment of the obtained coke, it can be argued that the addition of a fixed amount (0.25-0.5 wt.%) of non-caking nanoadditives allows to regulate the process in the plastic state in order to increase the coke strength. This modification affects the coke quality and has a significant dependence on the grade composition of the coal charge. The use of nanoadditives is especially important for coal charges with poor coking properties. Adding 5% of petroleum coke to the coal charge leads to an increase in the gross coke yield by 1.2-1.3%; a decrease in coke ash content by 0.2-0.3%; an increase in the total sulfur content in coke by 0.15-0.23%; deterioration in both mechanical (P25 − by 0. 1-0.6%; I10 − by 0.1-0.2%) and coke strength after the reaction (CSR - by 0.6-1.0%), coke reactivity (CRI - by 0.2-0.3%), as well as structural strength (SS by 0.3-0.4%), abrasive hardness (AH by 0.7-1.0 mg) and specific electrical resistance (ρ by 0.002-0.007 Om×cm). The obtained data may indicate an increase in the order degree of the coke structure and the appearance of a larger number of nanostructures. In addition, it should be noted that a sharper deterioration in blast furnace coke quality is observed when using a coal charge characterized by a lower coal content of the Concentrating Factory Svyato-Varvarynska LLC.

Tribological behavior of detonation sprayed CrFeNiAl0.3Ti0.3 high entropy alloy coatings in seawater environment

In this study, the CrFeNiAl0.3Ti0.3 high entropy alloy coating was deposited onto a SUS304 substrate steel by detonation spraying. The CrFeNiAl0.3Ti0.3 coating consists of FCC, BCC and B2 phases. It’s hardness, bonding strength and porosity are 576 HV, 86 MPa and 0.87%, respectively. In seawater, the tribological properties of the coating depends on the counterparts. The CrFeNiAl0.3Ti0.3/SiC sliding-pairs presents the best tribological properties in seawater due to the lubricious SiO2·nH2O and a dense tribo-layer. For AISI 440 C and Al2O3 counterparts, moderate abrasive wear occurs for the coating. For CuZn40 alloy counterpart, a soft copper-rich tribo-layer reduces the wear. For Ti6Al4V counterpart, many hard TiO2 and Al2O3 abrasion particles lead to the severe wear of the two contacting surfaces.

Вплив добавок на показники якості коксу

DOI: 10.31081/1681-309X-2024-0-2-3-14 Specialty 161. U.D.C. 662.7:552.57 INFLUENCE OF ADDITIVES ON COKE QUALITY PARAMETERS © D.V. Miroshnychenko, Doctor of Technical Sciences, O.I. Zelenskii, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences (National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", 2, Kyrpychova str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine), O.L. Borysenko, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, V.V. Koval, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences (State Enterprise “Ukrainian State Research Institute for Carbochemistry (UKHIN)”, 7 Vesnina str., Kharkiv, 61023, Ukraine), E.L. Solovyov (NTU “KhPI”), S.V. Pyshyev, Doctor of Technical Sciences (Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12, S. Bandera Str., Lviv, 79013, Ukraine) The article is devoted to the study of the possibility of identifying the influence of various additives on the quality of laboratory coke, including the electrical resistance of its structure. Inorganic powders of silicon and silicon carbide (carborundum), as well as an organic additive of petroleum coke, were used as charge modifiers. It is shown that the use of inorganic powder additives will be especially relevant for coal charges with poor coking properties. The obtained results show that the introduction of non-sintering inorganic additives in the amount of 0.125 to 0.5 % by weight allows regulating the processes in the plastic state in order to increase the strength of coke. In particular, the addition of SiC leads to a significant increase in the hot strength index (CSR) and a decrease in the reactivity index (CRI). The improvement of these coke parameters using SiC additives was confirmed by the analysis of other physical and chemical properties of coke. The specific effect of such a modification on coke quality depends on the grade composition of the coal charge. The data presented in the article indicate an increase in the degree of orderliness of the coke structure and the appearance of a larger number of nanostructures when petroleum coke additive is introduced into coal blends in the amount of 5 % by weight. Such modification of the charge also leads to an increase in the yield of gross coke by 1.2-1.3 %; an increase in the total sulphur content in coke by 0.15-0.23 %; a decrease in the ash content of coke by 0.2-0.3 %; deterioration of mechanical strength (P25 – оby 0.1-0.6 %; I10 - by 0.1-0.2 %) and coke strength after reaction (CSR – by 0.6-1.0 %), coke reactivity (CRI – by 0.2-0.3 %), as well as structural strength (SS – by 0.3-0.4 %), abrasive hardness (AH – by 0.7-1.0 mg) and resistivity (ρ – by 0.002-0.007 Ohm×cm). Due to the positive impact of Svyato-Varvarinskaya coal on the quality of blast furnace coke, the quality of coke produced with a higher share of this coal in the charge is improving. On the other hand, when using a coal charge characterised by the lowest content of the aforementioned coal, the quality of the coke produced is rapidly decreasing. Keywords: coal charge, blast furnace coke, quality, modification, additives, petroleum coke, silicon carbide. Corresponding author O.L. Borysenko, e-mail: zd@ukhin.org.ua

Influence of Citrus Fruit Waste Filler on the Physical Properties of Silicone-Based Composites.

Silicones have been used as protective coatings due to their resistance to hydrolytic degradation and UV (ultraviolet) degradation. There is a growing problem with managing organic waste, which can be used as fillers in composites. This research demonstrated the use of organic waste from citrus peels, including grapefruit, lime, lemon, and orange peels. Silicone-based composites were prepared by gravity-casting using 2.5, 5, and 10 wt.% waste filler. Samples made from the composite panels were subjected to static tensile, density, hardness, pin-on-disc, and Schopper-Schlobach abrasion tests. The test results showed that lower tensile strength values characterized the composite materials compared to the silicone used as a filler. All materials had greater hardness than the silicone without the addition. At the same time, composites with a mass density of the filler of 2.5 and 5 wt.% showed more excellent abrasion resistance than the silicone used as a matrix. This research showed that the samples containing 2.5 wt.% grapefruit filler had the best mechanical properties and the lowest abrasive wear.

Numerical simulation of rock-breaking mechanisms by triple-ridged PDC cutter in hard rocks

As basic cutting element of PDC bit, PDC cutters play crucial roles in breaking rocks for PDC bit. Conventional PDC cutter usually gets broken when drilling into deep formations due to high hardness and strong abrasion. To help solve such a problem, triple-ridged PDC cutters have been developed and utilized in the design of hybrid-cutters PDC bit, which have achieved enhanced rate of penetration and high life cycle. Nevertheless, few researches have focused on the rock-breaking mechanisms of triple-ridged PDC cutter. Thus, this research carries out a series of numerical simulations to reveal the rock-breaking mechanisms of the triple-ridged PDC cutter. The numerical analysis and the visualization of the rock-breaking process are shown in the paper. Parametrical analyses have also been conducted to reveal effects of cutting parameters, rock strength, and cutter structural parameters on the rock-breaking performances of the triple-ridged PDC cutter. Numerical results show that the triple-ridged PDC cutter is more easily to break the rock than the conventional PDC cutter by combining the shearing and the crushing effects, predominantly leading to much smaller cutting force. Given the same cutting depth and the cutting angle, the triple-ridged PDC cutter can exhibit higher rock-breaking efficiency than that of the conventional PDC cutter. Also, optimal analysis should be done for the structural design of the triple-ridged PDC cutter. These research findings help the readers understand the rock-breaking mechanisms and the further application of the triple-ridged PDC cutter in deep hard formations.

Ti6Al4V 800C Farklı Sürelerde Borlama Etkilerinin İncelenmesi

This study investigates boronization of 800 degree Ti6Al4V alloy at different times. Ti6Al4V alloy has a wide range of industrial applications due to its light weight, high strength and corrosion resistance. Boronizing is a surface modification method used to improve the surface properties of the alloy. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of boriding process carried out at 800 degrees on the structural and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V alloy. In this study, various analysis methods were used to determine the effect of boriding process. Microstructural analysis of the examined samples was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, the mechanical properties of boronized samples were evaluated by hardness tests and abrasion resistance tests. The results show that 800 degree Ti6Al4V boronizing significantly improves the surface properties of the alloy. As a result of boriding process, surface hardness increases and wear resistance improves. Microstructural analysis revealed that boride phases such as TiB2 were formed with the increase of boriding temperature. These phases are important factors that increase the hardness and wear resistance of the surface of the alloy. In conclusion, this study presents the important results of the 800 degree boronizing process of Ti6Al4V alloy. This information can be used to optimize the surface modification to increase the durability of the Ti6Al4V alloy in industrial applications.

Novel designed mechanical-mechanochemical synergistic micro-grinding technology and compounded abrasive micro-grinding tools

The mechanical and mechanochemical synergistic micro-grinding technology was proposed for grinding hard and brittle materials, especially for fused silica micro parts in this work. Compounded abrasive micro-grinding tools with diamond abrasives on the outer layer and cerium oxide abrasives on the inner layer were designed and fabricated. Efficient grinding was initially achieved by mechanical processing of super hard abrasives, and then ultra-precision processing was obtained by mechanochemical process to remove surface or subsurface damage. This study firstly analyzed the contact model of single diamond abrasive particle and theoretically evaluated ground surface roughness. The mechanism of abrasive layer wear was investigated for accurate error compensation. The formulation of cerium oxide abrasive layer and its processing efficiency were further analyzed. The material removal mechanisms of fused silica during mechanochemical grinding were also studied. Results showed that the material removal rate was 1.924 μm/min and the surface roughness Ra was 0.248 μm after mechanical processing. Subsequently, the surface roughness Ra was improved to 38 nm after mechanochemical processing. The study indicates that this technique is a promising approach for high-efficiency and high-quality grinding of fused silica.

Double-Glow Plasma Surface Alloying of BTi-62421S Alloys: Regulation of Microstructure Properties

In order to meet the design requirements of lightweight artillery and adopt the method of double-glow plasma nitriding to solve the problem of low hardness and poor abrasion resistance of Ti alloy, the BTi-62421S high-performance titanium (Ti) alloy was selected as the experimental material to replace gun steel. To study the effect of different nitrogen (N) concentrations on the heat resistance scouring performance of BTi-62421S high-performance Ti alloy and investigate the influence of alloying elements on the heat resistance scouring performance under the same parameters compared with the commonly used TC4 Ti alloy, argon was used as the protective gas by continuously increasing the N concentration (Ar/N2 = 1:1, 1:2, 1:3). It was found that the honeycomb structure on the surface of the sample and the thickness of the coating increased continuously, reaching a thickness of 15 μm, while the depth of the nitride particles extending from the coating to the substrate also increased, reaching a maximum depth of 26 μm. The orientation of TiN changed from 37° to 62°. The hardness of the coating showed a negative correlation with the coefficient of frictional abrasion, which significantly improved the heat-resistant scouring performance of BTi-62421S high-performance Ti alloy.

Preliminary Study of New Low-Temperature Hard Abrasion Resistant Fe-P and Fe-P-X (X = C or/and B) Casting Alloys.

This article analyses the as-cast state of practically unknown Fe-P-based cast alloys with or without an addition of carbon and/or boron, cast into a grey cast iron mould. The melting intervals of the alloys were determined by DSC analysis, and the microstructure was characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy with an EDXS detector. The hardness and microhardness of the alloys were also measured. Their hardness reached values between 52 and 65 HRC depending on chemical composition and microstructure, showing their high abrasion resistance. The high hardness is a consequence of the eutectic and primary intermetallic phases of Fe3P, Fe3C, Fe2B or mixed type. By increasing the concentration of metalloids and combining them, the hardness and brittleness of the alloys were increased. The alloys with predominantly eutectic microstructures were the least brittle. Depending on the chemical composition, the solidus and liquidus temperatures ranged from 954 °C to 1220 °C and were lower than those of the well-known wear-resistant white cast irons.

Influences of process parameters on chemical mechanical polishing effect of ZnGeP2 crystal

To obtain the ultra-smooth surface of ZnGeP2 crystal (ZGP), the workpiece-abrasive-polishing pad contact model during polishing was established to calculate the load Fw and the cutting depth hw of a single abrasive. The influences of polishing methods, abrasive hardness, abrasive size, polishing pressure, polishing time and other factors on the polishing effect were studied, and the mechanism underpinning the formation of surface morphology after polishing was revealed, and the mathematical model between material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra) was established. The results show that the critical cutting depth hc of ZnGeP2 crystal is 95.21 nm, when the polishing load is 5 N, the material removal under mechanical polishing and chemical mechanical polishing entails plastic removal. Compared with mechanical polishing, the MRR of chemical mechanical polishing is increased by 23.4% and Ra is decreased by 26.5%. The increases of abrasive hardness, abrasive size and polishing load will increase the cutting depth hw of the abrasive, resulting in the increases of MRR and Ra, but the influence forms of various factors are different. After optimizing the process parameters, the minimum Ra of ZnGeP2 crystal is 0.76 nm. MRR and Ra will decrease significantly with the increase of polishing time, and there is a significant correlation between them.

Investigation of MAF for Finishing the Inner Wall of Super-Slim Cardiovascular Stents Tube.

The internal wall of cardiovascular stent tubing produced by a drawing process has defects such as pits and bumps, making the surface rough and unusable. In this research, the challenge of finishing the inner wall of a super-slim cardiovascular stent tube was solved by magnetic abrasive finishing. Firstly, a spherical CBN magnetic abrasive was prepared by a new method, plasma molten metal powders bonding with hard abrasives; then, a magnetic abrasive finishing device was developed to remove the defect layer from the inner wall of ultrafine long cardiovascular stent tubing; finally, response surface tests were performed and parameters were optimized. The results show that the prepared spherical CBN magnetic abrasive has a perfect spherical appearance; the sharp cutting edges cover the surface layer of the iron matrix; the developed magnetic abrasive finishing device for a ultrafine long cardiovascular stent tube meets the processing requirements; the process parameters are optimized by the established regression model; and the inner wall roughness (Ra) of the nickel-titanium alloy cardiovascular stents tube is reduced from 0.356 μm to 0.083 μm, with an error of 4.3% from the predicted value. Magnetic abrasive finishing effectively removed the inner wall defect layer and reduced the roughness, and this solution provides a reference for polishing the inner wall of ultrafine long tubes.

Investigation of Spherical Al2O3 Magnetic Abrasive Prepared by Novel Method for Finishing of the Inner Surface of Cobalt-Chromium Alloy Cardiovascular Stents Tube.

In this investigation, spherical Al2O3 magnetic abrasive particles (MAPs) were used to polish the inner surface of ultra-fine long cobalt-chromium alloy cardiovascular stent tubes. The magnetic abrasives were prepared by combining plasma molten metal powder and hard abrasives, and the magnetic abrasives prepared by this new method are characterized by high sphericity, narrow particle size distribution range, long life, and good economic value. Firstly, the spherical Al2O3 magnetic abrasives were prepared by the new method; secondly, the polishing machine for the inner surface of the ultra-fine long cardiovascular stent tubes was developed; finally, the influence laws of spindle speed, magnetic pole speed, MAP filling quantities, the magnetic pole gap on the surface roughness (Ra), and the removal thickness (RT) of tubes were investigated. The results showed that the prepared Al2O3 magnetic abrasives were spherical in shape, and their superficial layer was tightly bound with Al2O3 hard abrasives with sharp cutting; the use of spherical Al2O3 magnetic abrasives could achieve the polishing of the inner surface of ultra-fine cobalt-chromium alloy cardiovascular bracket tubes, and after processing, the inner surface roughness (Ra) of the tubes decreased from 0.337 µm to 0.09 µm and had an RT of 5.106 µm.

Effect of applied pneumatic pressure on the polishing spot size and the total normal force in pneumatically configurable polishing

The present study pertains to a compliant polishing technique called Pneumatically Configurable Polishing (PCP) which uses the precise inflation of a thin elastomeric diaphragm or membrane using pneumatic pressure for generating nano level surface finish on substrate surfaces. The PC polishing tool which has a cup shape is made to contact the workpiece surface such that its flexible nature can adapt itself to the macro features on the workpiece. This inflated tool-work contact leads to the entrapment of the hard abrasives preplaced in the interface zone in the form of a slurry. The rotary motion of the tool along with the relative motion between the workpiece and tool, help to generate an improved surface finish in the interface area. The area of the finishing zone is an important outcome of the polishing regime because it defines the dimensions of the area which will be affected by the tool. It also helps to estimate the time needed for polishing a large area. Also, the force transmitted to the workpiece surface is an important measure to estimate the functional life of the tool. In the current study, the variation of the spot size and total normal force are modelled mathematically in terms of the physical and geometrical properties of the tool as well as the applied fluid pressure. The Hertz theory of contact is used to model the contact conditions in the polishing interface zone. The model studies the effect of pneumatic pressure on membrane inflation and its influence on the area of the polishing spot at varying working gaps. The effect of the applied fluid pressure is studied on the normal force experienced by the workpiece, and the results obtained from the model are validated with experimental verification under identical polishing conditions. The values obtained experimentally show a close agreement with the theoretical results obtained from the model.

Molecular dynamics simulation and experimental study into effect of temperature on hardness of ice abrasives

Ice abrasive jet technology is a green and environmentally friendly process with wide application prospects in the field of surface treatment. Ice abrasive jets constitute an essential technical parameter of the process, and temperature affects the hardness of ice. Therefore, in this paper, we investigated the hardness of ice at different temperatures. The dynamic characteristics of ice at different temperatures were simulated using molecular dynamics methods, and the laws of the dynamic characteristics of ice with temperature were analysed. Hardness testing experiments were carried out to grade the hardness of ice and then linearly fitted the hardness versus temperature. The results show that as the temperature increased, the dynamic characteristics of ice changed correspondingly, and the intermolecular hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions of ice weakened. From a chemical perspective, with the increase in temperature the intermolecular force weakens, the lattice energy of the crystal decreases, the resistance required to destroy the crystal decreases, and the crystal exhibits low hardness. Temperature affects the hardness of ice by changing the strength of the intermolecular force. The experimentally measured ice hardness was classified into five classes, and the fit revealed a strong linear correlation between ice hardness and temperature. In this study, numerical simulations were performed and experimental results were analyzed to identify the effect of temperature on the hardness of ice by changing the force between ice molecules, which is crucial for improving the erosion efficiency of ice abrasive jets.