Abrasion Resistance Properties Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROGENATED SBR-BASED VULCANIZATES WITH SUPERIOR TIRE TREAD PERFORMANCE

ABSTRACT Currently, the tire industry is exploring eco-friendly tires with improved rolling resistance, traction, abrasion resistance, and fatigue properties. By investigating the potential of hydrogenated SBRs (HSBRs) as a tire tread material, a special and modified grade of SBR was developed. The rheological, mechanical, and dynamic mechanical properties and abrasion, fatigue, aging, and ozone resistances of the developed HSBR-based composites were critically evaluated and compared with those of conventional rubber–based compounds, such as NR, emulsion SBR (ESBR), and solution SBR (SSBR). Interestingly, the HSBR-based vulcanizates exhibited superior modulus, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, fatigue crack growth resistance, resistance to thermo-oxidative aging, and ozone resistance compared with conventional SBR–based vulcanizates. The modulus at 300% elongation of the HSBR-based vulcanizates was approximately 74 and 11% higher than that of the ESBR- and SSBR-based composites, respectively, whereas the improvements in tensile strength were approximately 88 and 64% and the improvements in abrasion resistance were approximately 250 and 200% that of ESBR and SSBR, respectively. The tensile strength and fatigue resistance characteristics of the HSBR vulcanizates were also nearly similar to those of the NR vulcanizate. The findings demonstrate that HSBR can be a potential tire tread material with robust physico-mechanical properties and durability.

COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL AND SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF KNITTED FABRICS PRODUCED FROM BAMBOO, COTTON AND VISCOSE FIBER

Cotton, bamboo, and viscose fibers were examined in this study for their suitability in textile production. Bamboo, being a regenerated cellulosic fiber, has gained popularity in the industry due to its ecological properties. Fabrics made from bamboo exhibit comfort, wrinkle resistance, and thermal regulation. Additionally, they possess natural antibacterial, hypoallergenic, and biodegradable properties, along with high moisture absorption, shine, softness, and UV protection. The study compared knitted fabrics from these fibers, evaluating their water vapor permeability, air permeability, burst strength, water absorbency, abrasion resistance, and antibacterial properties according to international standards. Results showed that bamboo and cotton fibers have similar water vapor permeability, both higher than viscose fibers. Bamboo fiber's air permeability is notably higher than cotton and viscose fibers. Moreover, bamboo's water absorption surpasses cotton and viscose, leading to better sweat absorption. Bamboo fiber also demonstrated superior antibacterial properties compared to cotton and viscose, with higher bacterial eradication rates. Fabrics made from bamboo exhibited higher bursting strength and comparable pilling values to cotton, outperforming viscose. Overall, bamboo fiber demonstrated better air permeability, water absorbency, antibacterial properties, abrasion resistance, and bursting strength compared to cotton and viscose, making it a desirable choice for cool and comfortable textiles.

Abrasion Resistance and Microstructural Properties of Sustainable Geopolymer Mortar Produced with Hybrid Blends of GGBFS and Various Earth Materials

Abrasion Resistance and Microstructural Properties of Sustainable Geopolymer Mortar Produced with Hybrid Blends of GGBFS and Various Earth Materials

Optimization of composition parameter of Banana-Areca fiber epoxy based composite material for impact strength using Taguchi method

The use of natural fibers in various automotive, aerospace, marine, domestic, and electronic applications is increasing day by day for various reasons such as availability, high tensile, flexural, and impact strength, ease of fabrication, and abrasion-resistant properties. These fibers are replacing synthetic fibers due to harmless environmental risks. Natural fibers are commonly used as reinforcement materials in various thermoplastics. Therefore, in this study, a bio composite was prepared using a mixture of banana fiber and areca fiber. In this experimental work, various combination of Banana and areca fiber is used to prepare the composite for the impact strength of the material. The impact strength is performed for three different levels of volume of banana fiber, areca, and epoxy resin. Parameter optimization is performed using Taguchi analysis which forms an L9 orthogonal meshing of an array and the signal-to-noise ratio is used to optimize the control factors affecting the impact resistance of the material. For each group, the impact resistance is measured according to the ASTM D256 standard. Analysis of variance is done to determine the most significant factor influencing the impact strength of the material. The composition of banana fiber layer 1 turned out to be the most significant factor in achieving the high-impact strength of the material. A confirmation test was conducted to validate the predicted results of Taguchi analysis and experimental testing.

Effects of Thermal Cycling on the Mechanical Strength of TPU 3D-Printed Material

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is a three-dimensional (3D) printing technology known for its low-cost rapid manufacturing of parts. Nowadays, various industries such as automotive, aerospace, and maritime are using this technology to manufacture 3D-printed parts that have undergone high temperatures. The material used in this study is the Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU), which is the most commonly-used type of Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) in 3D printing. This material is a combination of substances from the qualities and characteristics of both thermoplastic and vulcanized thermoset rubber. TPU has excellent abrasion resistance, hardness, chemical, and thermal resistance properties. In addition, TPU is a great fit for making hoses, gaskets, and seals due to its oil and grease resistance properties. Due to the growing application of 3D-printed materials at elevated temperatures, this study aims to characterize the tensile strength of TPU 3D-printed materials when thermal cycled. The test results concluded that the tensile properties of TPU 3D-printed specimens were significantly influenced by the number of thermal cycles it was subjected to. The samples that underwent four thermal cycles exhibited the highest modulus of elasticity and stress at 200% strain. While samples which underwent 2, 8, and 16 thermal cycles resulted to a higher modulus of elasticity and tensile stress at 200% strain than the untreated specimen.

The effect of recycled fiber content on performance/quality properties of swimwear fabrics

Due to the decrease in natural resources all over the world and the increase in global CO2 emissions, which make the biggest contribution to global warming and climate change, the use of recycled materials has gained great importance in the textile industry, as in other application areas. Reducing the use of new raw materials and producing products from old raw materials not only minimizes environmental impacts such as lower CO2 emissions during the landfilling, reduced consumption of natural resources, reduced waste disposal, but also reduces costs and provides a longer product life. This study investigates the effect of recycled polyester fiber on the performance/quality properties of swimwear fabrics. Swimwear fabric samples were produced from 100% recycled polyester, 50% recycled polyester/50% polyamide, 100% polyester and 100% polyamide, and tested in terms of bursting strength, seam strength, abrasion resistance, air permeability and color fastness properties.

Preparation and Tribological Behaviors of Antigorite and Wollastonite Mineral Dual-Phase-Reinforced Polytetrafluoroethylene Matrix Composites

Research on polymer matrix composites with excellent tribological properties has received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, antigorite and wollastonite mineral dual-phase-reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) matrix composites were prepared by filling PTFE with mineral powders using ball-milling, cold-pressing, and pressureless sintering methods. The phase structure, microstructure, chemical composition, Shore hardness, and tribological behavior of the composites rubbed against steel balls under dry friction conditions were investigated. The results show that the composites have a dense structure and uniform distribution of mineral phases, with a Shore hardness of 62–68.8, an increase of 18.7–23.7% compared to pure PTFE. Compared with the addition of mono antigorite or wollastonite, the composites prepared by simultaneously filling the two minerals exhibited excellent tribological properties. The average friction coefficient and wear volume of the (10Atg + 20Wl)/PTFE composites were reduced by 44.2% and 71.4%, respectively, compared to those of pure PTFE. A dense and continuous tribofilm composed mainly of SiO2, MgSiO3, Mg2SiO4, MgO, CaO, CaMg(SiO3)2, and CaF2 was formed on the worn surfaces of both the dual-phase-reinforced PTFE matrix composites and counterpart steel balls during the friction process. The reduction in friction and wear is attributed to the reinforcement effect of the minerals on the PTFE matrix as well as the complex physical and chemical reactions at the friction interface stimulated by the synergistic effects between the two minerals. The addition of wollastonite reduced the phase transition temperature of antigorite, promoting more tribochemical reaction products with good abrasion resistance and friction-reducing properties, which contributed to the excellent tribological behavior of the composites.

Preparation of Ceramic Fiber Threads with Enhanced Abrasion Resistance Performance.

Ceramic fiber thread is one of the key components in flexible external thermal insulation blankets, and it has been applied in various fields as a flexible ceramic fibrous material with excellent deformability and high-temperature resistance. However, ceramic fiber threads are often subjected to reciprocating friction motion at specific bending angles, making them highly susceptible to abrade and fracture. Enhancing the abrasion resistance performance of ceramic fiber threads under bending conditions is the future trend and remains a significant challenge. Hence, we design and construct a novel polyurethane-modified coating on the ceramic fiber threads to improve their abrasion resistance performance. The effects of the types and concentrations of modifiers on the microstructure, abrasion resistance property, and tensile property of ceramic fiber threads are systematically investigated. The ceramic fiber threads, after modification with hexamethylene diisocyanate waterborne polyurethane (HDI-WPU) with a concentration of 3%, exhibit excellent abrasion resistance properties. The number of friction cycles at fracture of the modified ceramic fiber thread is more than three times, and the tensile strength is more than one and a half times, that of the original ceramic fiber thread, demonstrating the great potential of the HDI-WPU modifier for enhancing the abrasion resistance performance of ceramic fiber threads.

An Investigation on the Effect of the Surface Modifications and HNTs Loading on the Cure behaviours, Abrasion Resistance, Mechanical and Morphological Properties of NR/EPDM Nanocomposites

An Investigation on the Effect of the Surface Modifications and HNTs Loading on the Cure behaviours, Abrasion Resistance, Mechanical and Morphological Properties of NR/EPDM Nanocomposites

Spectroscopic probing of ultraviolet-induced degradation in elastomeric polyurea

Aromatic polyurea has garnered assiduous research due to its excellent impact, shock, abrasion, moisture, and chemical resistance properties. Polyurea can be used in protective coating and impact mitigation applications but is inevitably exposed to harsh deployment conditions such as extended ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Terahertz-time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS), and Excitation-Emission Matrix spectroscopy (EEMS) deciphered the effects of UV radiation on radiated polyurea samples under ambient and nitrogen-rich conditions. Samples were radiated continuously for up to 15 weeks in increments of 3 weeks. Comprehensive FTIR analyses revealed a monotonic increase in disordered hydrogen bonding as a function of exposure duration in an ambient environment. Otherwise, marginal changes were observed in UV-radiated samples under nitrogen. The hydrogen bond length exhibited significant variations in the former compared to their nitrogen atmosphere counterparts. The results infer the nitrogen shielding effect, protecting polyurea from the photodegradation and photo-oxidation observed in samples radiated under the ambient atmosphere. THz-TDS spectra affirmed the FTIR results by probing changes in the complex refractive index. Terahertz spectral peaks associated with torsional vibrations of intermolecular hydrogen bonds in polyurea were notably correlated with increased exposure duration in the ambient atmosphere. Changes in the complex index as a function of exposure duration under nitrogen are minimal. The excitation-emission spectra of polyurea samples reveal a strong fluorescent behavior in 9-week and 12-week ambient-exposed polyurea due to cluster-triggered emission mechanisms. The results synthesized based on three different spectroscopy techniques paint a holistic portrait of the adverse effects of extended ultraviolet radiation of macromolecules deployed in harsh environmental conditions.

Accelerated aging resistance, abrasion resistance and other properties of alkali-activated slag mortars containing limestone powder

The Earth's crust is widely recognized for its abundance of limestone (LS). Limestone powder (LSP) has a wide range of potential properties that make it suitable for various applications and fields. It has found extensive usage in Portland cement-based materials. Recently, the incorporation of LSP into geopolymers is becoming more of a concern than before and has become a hot topic. In this article, high range of LSP (2.5–50 wt%) was introduced into alkali-activated slag (AAS) mortars activated with NaOH and sodium silicate solution as a substitution of slag. For the first time, the effect of LSP on the accelerated aging resistance and abrasion resistance of AAS mortars was examined. In addition, the typical traditional routine properties such as flowability, setting time, mechanical strength, water absorption, and total porosity were studied. Sophisticated equipment was utilized to observe the changes in crystalline phases, hydration products, and microstructures of selected samples. The results showed higher flowability and longer setting time with including LSP. As the amount of LSP increased as the flowability and setting time increased. The introduction of 2.5–25% LSP positively affected the mechanical strength, aging resistance, abrasion resistance and transport properties. In contrast, the introduction of 35% did not show an essential change, whilst the introduction of 50% LSP negatively affected the mentioned properties.

Effect of arc-deposited diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating thickness on friction and size effects in high-speed micromilling of Ti6Al4V

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) can be considered one of the frontline coating materials for high-speed cutting tools owing to both abrasion resistance and solid lubricant properties. However, coating thickness increases the edge radius of the micro tools, which may result in adverse rubbing and plowing that need to be investigated. In this work, DLC coatings of 440, 640, and 1160 nm thicknesses with a ∼250 nm Cr interlayer are deposited on WC micro-end mills using a cathodic-arc system. DLC-coated surfaces exhibited enhanced tribological and mechanical properties compared to uncoated surfaces. Among the DLC-coated micro-end mills, the DLC-640 nm coated tool outperformed, manifesting the best machining performance by reducing friction and size effects together.

Improving abrasion resistance of low temperature enamel (LTE) coating by alumina addition

Low temperature enamel (LTE) coating has advantages in material durability, hardness, corrosion resistance, and high-temperature tolerance, but shows unsatisfying abrasion resistance due to its brittle nature. Here, alumina was added to the LTE coating with contents of 0, 5, and 10 wt%. The thermal stability of alumina in the LTE matrix and the microstructure, phase composition, microhardness, impact resistance, adhesion strength, abrasion resistance, and corrosion protection properties of different LTE coatings were investigated. Results indicated that alumina had high thermal and chemical stabilities in the LTE matrix without affecting the pore structure of the coating. As an abrasion-resistant filler, alumina increased the hardness and impact resistance of LTE coatings while reducing adhesion strength. In the abrasion test, alumina showed an advantage in delaying the formation and expansion of cracks, and the alumina-enhanced LTE coating demonstrated a 70 % reduction in mass and thickness losses when compared to pure LTE coating. In particular, all LTE coatings survived 8000 cycles of abrasion without significant degradation in corrosion protection. The findings of this study confirmed the feasibility of alumina as an abrasion-resistant filler and provided a modified LTE coating for coupled corrosion and abrasion conditions.

Effect of Using Recycled Colemanite Waste and Cathode Ray Tube Glass in the Cement Mortar on Physical and Mechanical Properties

In this study, the performance of colemanite, which is a valuable boron waste, and recycled cathode ray tube glass (CRT) in the cement mortar was examined by experimentally. Colemanite waste (CW) and CRT were replaced with cement and aggregate and used as mineral additives, and their effect on the physical and mechanical properties (PP and MP) of mortar was investigated. In addition to the reference sample that didn’t contain CW or CRT, seven more samples were used. In these samples, cement was used at a rate of 2.5% along with CW, and the aggregate was replaced with CRT at the rates of 10%, 20%, and 30%, and with the combination of CW and CRT. The workability, unit weight, and water absorption, compressive strength (CS), flexural strength (FS), and abrasion resistance properties of the mortars were compared. As a result of this study, it has been observed that the use of waste materials can make positive contributions to some of the PP and MP of the mortar. Thus, the goal of both improving the properties of the mortar and making it affordable by using waste materials were achieved.

Processing plastic waste via pyrolysis-thermolysis into hydrogen and solid carbon additive to ethylene-vinyl acetate foam for cushioning applications

A strategy for enhancing value creation from pyrolysis gas and oil, derived from plastic waste, through the generation of two additional outputs of solid carbon and hydrogen was investigated. Three types of hard-to-recycle plastic waste (marine plastic litter, household mixed plastics and cosmetic products packaging) were thermally treated in two stages: (i) decomposition of feedstock into gas and oil via pyrolysis at 600 °C; and (ii) thermolytic conversion of the pyrolysis gas and a fraction of oil into hydrogen and solid carbon at 1300 °C separately. The thermolysis of both pyrolysis gas and oil fractions predominantly resulted in the production of solid carbon (39–70 wt% per plastic feedstock and carbon content of 91.3–98.6 wt%) and H2-rich gas (H2 yield of 5.9–10.8 wt% per plastic waste feedstock and H2 content of 71.4–97.2 vol% per gas volume). The incorporation of pyrolysis oil into the thermolysis process could enhance the outputs of solid carbon and hydrogen. Characterizations of solid carbon and hydrogen obtained from pyrolysis gas and oil fractions were further conducted. The observed similar properties of H2 and solid carbon from pyrolysis gas and oil supported the feasibility of introducing all the pyrolytic products together into the thermolysis process without condensation of oil. To enhance the value of these solid carbon derived from plastics for practical usage, we utilized the obtained solid carbon as a reinforcing agent for polymer composite foam development. The solid carbon reinforced composite foam displayed great abrasion resistance (wear loss: 240 mg), compression strength (0.347 MPa), and dynamic impact properties (energy returned: 124 J/m and energy absorbed: 57.3 J/m), emphasizing the viability of solid carbon as a nucleating agent and reinforcing filler in polymer foam for cushioning applications. Overall, the strategy of pyrolysis-thermolysis, which harnesses both pyrolysis gas and oil, unlocks additional value creation by producing two new outputs from plastic waste. Depending on the market prices for solid carbon and hydrogen, this can substantially change the economics of plastic waste management and create new revenue streams, incentivizing plastic waste collection and processing.

Incorporation of Bottom Ash as Aggregates in High-Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) Concrete

Research has been conducted on the utilization of coal combustion residues, specifically fly ash and bottom ash, in order to produce concrete products that meet national standards. Fly ash is employed as a high-volume replacement for cement in what is known as high-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete. On the other hand, bottom ash is used as both fine and coarse aggregates, serving as a substitute for sand in the concrete mixture. Various characterizations were performed, encompassing the examination of the constituent minerals, crystallinity levels of bottom ash, water absorption, porosity, abrasion resistance, compressive strength, and morphological properties of the concrete specimens. Both fly ash and bottom ash exhibit significant proportions of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and CaO, which possess pozzolanic properties and contribute to the compressive strength of the concrete. Concrete samples were produced with varying amounts of bottom ash and other ingredients according to the mix design. The highest compressive strength achieved after 28 days of curing was 27.57 MPa (designated as code B5), accompanied by the lowest porosity of 6.25%. Specimens with code B5 also displayed the lowest abrasion rate of 0.02 mm/minute and water absorption of 1.1%. These results suggest that the formulated mixture has the potential for developing concrete products suitable for walls and paving, adhering to the requirements specified in standard SNI 03-0349-1989 and SNI 03-0691-1996.

Sustainable polylactic acid spunlace nonwoven fabrics with lignin/zinc oxide/water-based polyurethane composite coatings

In this paper, polylactic acid spunlace nonwoven fabrics were coated with lignin/zinc oxide/water-based polyurethane composite formulations, including five different ratios of lignin and zinc oxide, via a film applicator and thermally cured. The coated and thermally cured nonwoven fabrics were tested in terms of color values, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, ultraviolet protection, hydrophobicity, antibacterial activity, air, and vapor permeability properties. Characterization studies were conducted by FTIR, DSC, TGA, XRD, and SEM. The ultraviolet protection factor of 215.47 and a water contact angle of 90.27° were obtained with the fabric coated with WPU-1:5 formulation. Nonwoven fabric coated with the WPU-1:5 formulation showed evident antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria as 89 % and 100 %, respectively. With the addition of lignin/ZnO into water-based polyurethane coating paste, PLA nonwoven fabric exhibited improved antibacterial activity, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and ultraviolet light protection performance. However, composite coatings decreased air and vapor permeability and hydrophobicity of fabrics, but acceptable results were obtained. The results indicate that polylactic acid nonwoven fabrics, when treated with lignin/ZnO/WPU composite coatings, exhibit enhanced mechanical and functional properties, rendering them promising for applications in protective medical textiles.

Reinforcement mechanism of nano-SiO2 and polypropylene fibers on concrete abrasion resistance subject to dynamic sandy water

Abrasion resistance of concrete is essential for the safety assessment of hydraulic structures subject to sandy water scouring. In this study, ten types of concrete specimens were designed to investigate the effect of nano-SiO2 (NS) and polypropylene fibers (PF) on the abrasion resistance and mechanical properties of concrete. In view of the discreteness of the results, grey theory, Support vector machine (SVR) and artificial neural network (ANN) model were selected to explore the relationship between abrasion resistance and factors involving NS, PF, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and curing age. The results revealed that the appropriate addition of NS and PF promote the hydration process and remarkably enhanced the performance of concrete. And the grey relation analysis indicated that the optimal content of NS and PF were 3 % and 0.9 kg/m3, respectively. Compared with GM (1, N) and SVR, ANN model benefited from more comprehensive consideration of the effects of various factors to predict abrasion resistance more reliably. The results of grey relation analysis and ANN model showed that there was a close correlation between the mechanical properties, admixtures and the abrasion resistance.

Influence of Graphene oxide on abrasion resistance and strength of concrete

Graphene Oxide (GO) has recently gained significant attention as a new carbon-based nanomaterial (CBN) in the civil engineering industry due to its exceptional mechanical and functional properties. It has been increasingly gaining popularity due to its superior dispersibility characteristics in aqueous solutions compared to the other graphene-based derivatives due to attached oxygen functional groups. A majority of current studies are focused on investigating the effect of GO in cement composites. However, the more useful applications of GO lie in its incorporation into concrete, as it is the most widely used construction material. Therefore, the current study determines the performance of GO-incorporated concrete in terms of strength and abrasion characteristics. Industrially produced GO was added to the concrete mixes at percentages varying from 0.02% to 0.08% by weight of cement (bwoc). A polycarboxylate-ether-based superplasticiser (PS) was used to enhance the dispersibility of GO within the mix and the workability of concrete mixtures. The Standard slump tests were performed to evaluate the workability of the mixes. Compression and indirect tensile strength tests were conducted to obtain the mechanical properties, while abrasion tests were employed to investigate the durability properties. In addition, microstructural properties were obtained using scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The test results show that adding 0.08% GO bwoc in the concrete mix enhanced its compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, and abrasion resistance by 21%, 12% and 23% at 28 days compared to the control mix. At 56 days, results show 19%, 12% and 20% improvements, respectively. These findings confirmed that adding GO can enhance concrete's abrasion resistance and mechanical properties. Therefore, it demonstrates promising outcomes of utilising GO in applications such as road pavements, airport runways, industrial floorings and bridge decks where abrasion resistance and strength are key design parameters.

Cure characteristics, compression set, swelling behaviors, abrasion resistance and mechanical properties of nanoclay (Cloisite 15A, Cloisite 20A and Cloisite 30B) filler filled EPDM/NBR blend system

Cure characteristics, compression set, swelling behaviors, abrasion resistance and mechanical properties of nanoclay (Cloisite 15A, Cloisite 20A and Cloisite 30B) filler filled EPDM/NBR blend system