Aboriginal Boy Research Articles

Yaws: The forgotten tropical skin disease

Yaws is a rare skin disease endemic to tropical countries caused by Treponema pertenue. It is highly infectious and spreads through physical contact. In Malaysia, it was presumably eradicated during the 1960s, with the last reported case published in 1985. Due to its rarity, the disease often goes unrecognised and misdiagnosed. Here, we report the case of a 5-year-old aboriginal boy diagnosed with secondary yaws who presented with fever and an incidental finding of chronic painless ulcerated nodules and plaques on his lower limbs and gluteal region. His diagnosis was confirmed serologically with a venereal disease research laboratory lab test and he was successfully treated with a single dose of intramuscular benzathine penicillin G. Primary care physicians should not ignore this disease since its early recognition and appropriate treatment is vital to its eradication, especially in high-risk communities.

Clonidine for pain-related distress in Aboriginal children on a penicillin regimen to prevent recurrence of rheumatic fever.

Indigenous children and adolescents in Australia and globally bear the burden of acute rheumatic fever (ARF). It has been virtually eliminated in well-resourced, developed settings. ARF is an autoimmune response to infection with group A Streptococcus. The mainstay of management is long-acting intramuscular penicillin injections to prevent recurrence of ARF and development of rheumatic heart disease (RHD), comprising valvular pathology and attendant complications. In Australia, penicillin injections are currently prescribed every 28 days for 5-10 years after diagnosis of ARF, depending on cardiac involvement. Adherence to this regimen reduces ARF recurrences and RHD progression. 'Days at risk' of ARF recurrence are calculated as the number of days after day 28 that an injection is not received. Adherence to the injection schedule has been reported as difficult in most global locations due to the painful nature of the injections, the long timeframes of the prescription, young age of patients, access problems and costs in some locations. The newly updated Australian guideline on the prevention, diagnosis and management of ARF and RHD has a chapter dedicated to secondary prophylaxis. This chapter takes into account cultural considerations and advises on ways to minimise pain and distress of injections in children such as pain gate strategies, distraction techniques and concurrent injection of local anaesthetic. Some children continue to find the injection regimen traumatising despite strategies to reduce pain and fear. Clinicians providing the injections to children also find the injecting episodes distressing if pain is not effectively minimised. An Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service in a remote setting in northern Australia addressed the issue of severe trauma of injection episodes experienced by an Aboriginal boy aged 7 years. Usual strategies were not effective, so advice was sought from an expert anaesthetist at a tertiary hospital. As a result, oral clonidine 3 µg/kg was trialled 45 minutes prior to the penicillin injection. Procedural coaching and monitoring protocols specific to administration of clonidine in children under their care were created by the health service. The initial dose of clonidine was delivered with the child as an inpatient. Clonidine was successful in reducing pain related distress and facilitating adherence to the penicillin regimen. Subsequent doses were delivered and monitored in a remote setting by nurses. After 18 months, the boy no longer required clonidine due to his increased coping capacity. A second child was recognised with similar trauma and has been taking clonidine for pre-procedural sedation for 6 months with good effect and no adverse effects. An additional child was similarly prescribed clonidine without success. Failure in that instance was attributed to lack of procedural coaching and receiving the initial dose of clonidine in an emergency department in hurried circumstances. Individualised child-focused and culturally appropriate care in remote settings is feasible: in this instance team planning for use of clonidine and procedural coaching when other measures have failed. However, for children with RHD, or other comorbidities, advice from the child's treating cardiologist is required prior to prescribing clonidine due to possible adverse consequences. These include hypotension and atrioventricular block, which could lead to haemodynamic compromise in the setting of moderate to severe RHD.

From You and Me to Us and We

Drawing on a wide body of theory, including work on trauma and art therapy, this paper calls for art therapy to be considered a seminal player in the healing of childhood trauma across a range of service providers. The paper reflects on a therapeutic relationship between a recently graduated art therapist and a 7-year-old Aboriginal primary school boy living in rural Australia. Written from the therapist's point of view, this paper considers the responses of both the client and the therapist, and the transformative nature of this particular therapeutic relationship. The paper focuses on ‘Jannali’ (pseudonym) who was referred to the art therapy programme in the school, as he was distracted, difficult and disruptive in class. Struggling with his identity, his place in the community, his family and his skin, the relationship between the art therapist and Jannali developed through art and play. Reconciliation, not in terms of black and white, but in terms of relationship was a main theme: therapist and client moved from a state of ‘you and me’ to one of ‘us and we’. The paper shows how, through art making and play in a specific therapeutic context, cross-cultural relationships were forged, opening up liminal spaces in which the client's presenting issues and difficulties were both explored and supported and he was able to begin his journey as a learner where previously he was not. These changes also indicate that breaking the transmission of transgenerational trauma and its effects may be possible through art therapy.

Tetanus of the Child after Extraction of <i>Tunga penetrans</i> in Brazzaville: One Case

Tetanus has become rare even exceptional in the West. On the contrary, it is common in developing countries such as Congo because of low immunization coverage. Its diagnosis, which is essentially clinical, is easy but necessitates a fine semeiological analysis under certain circumstances. We are reporting here a case of tetanus involving an 8-year-old unvaccinated, indigenous aboriginal boy that was caused by the extraction of a Tunga penetrans. The symptomatology of abdominal contractures led to an exploratory laparotomy. The evolution was favorable.

Septic arthritis of the pubic symphysis in an 8-year-old boy

In January 2012, a previously healthy 8-year-old aboriginal boy presented to our pediatric department with a 2-week history of bilateral thigh pain after running 1000 m. The pain progressed, initially confined to his left inner proximal thighs and extended to the right thighs. The pain was dull, constant, and aggravated by activity. There was no fever, trauma, rash, or genitourinary or respiratory infections. On examination, the inner proximal thighs were tender, and the tenderness radiated into both sides of the groin and lower abdomen. He walked with an antalgic gait. The Patrick test and prone internal rotation of hip were limited by pain. The boy had marked proximal muscle weakness in both thighs, but with normal distal power, deep tendon reflexes, and sensation elsewhere. Blood tests showed a high concentration of C-reactive protein (51.4 mg/L) and his leukocyte count was 13.7 10/L. Serum creatinine kinase was within normal limits. Pelvic radiography was unremarkable. Two days later he had a spiking fever (38.6 C) and leukocytosis remained, with an elevated

Witness to Frontier Violence: An Aboriginal Boy before the Supreme Court

In October 1846 a ten-year-old Aboriginal boy witnessed a large scale Aboriginal attack on a station north of Brisbane. Although he survived the attack, the boy had the terrifying experience of observing the brutal killings of his employer and acting guardian and a female station worker. From the very next day he was called upon to relive the attack for the inquest and between 1846 and 1854 he was a material witness, and in some cases the only witness, in one coronial inquest, three committal hearings and three Supreme Court trials of Indigenous men for attacks on Europeans. This paper how colonial law was effectively manipulated to suit frontier interests in these years.

Sydney James Cook/Duguid and the importance of ‘being Aboriginal’

Charles and Phyllis Duguid, well-known campaigners for Aboriginal rights agreed to adopt a six-year-old Aboriginal boy named Sydney James Cook in 1944 and brought him up with the same love and affection as their own children until 1950 when they sent Cook to live with Aborigines at Roper River Mission in the Northern Territory for assimilation of Aboriginal culture. A brief biographical and scene-setting sketch that underlines the circumstances surrounding Cook's placement in the Duguid home and description of Cook's relocation to Aboriginal society in terms of Charles and Phyllis Duguid's unconventional approach to Aboriginal assimilation is discussed.

“She Is Hostile to Our Ways”: First Nations Girls Sentenced to the Ontario Training School for Girls, 1933–1960

When industrial schools were initially proposed in late nineteenth-century Canada, they were perceived to be a common solution for the neglected and delinquent working-class boy of the urban slums and for the Aboriginal boy in need of similar education, discipline, and moral and vocational training. This undertaking briefly encapsulated the twinned aims of Canada's nation-building project: to civilize and acculturate both the poor and the colonized to middle-class, Western, white and Anglo norms. As John Comaroff and Jean Comaroff remark of nineteenth-century British imperialism, the taming of the “uncivilised and immoral” indigenous African and British slum dweller were overlapping projects, with the “primitive and the pauper” seen as “one in spirit. …the sacred task of the colonizing mission was to reconstruct the home lives of both” by inculcating in their daily lives the bourgeois values of “modern domesticity.”

Early diagnosis of murray valley encephalitis by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

A 4-year-old aboriginal boy developed encephalitis due to Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE) following an earlier infection with Kunjin virus (KUN). The illness was severe, resulting in cerebral atrophy and profound physical and intellectual disability. The earlier KUN infection complicated his serological profile and delayed antibody responses to MVE. By contrast, the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay detected MVE in serum 3 days after the onset of illness and 4 days before the appearance of MVE-specific IgM. We suggest that MVE-specific RT-PCR provides rapid and specific diagnosis of MVE and should be used more widely for the diagnosis of acute viral encephalitis in cases originating from flavivirus endemic areas.

John White A.M., M.D., F.LS. (c. 1756–1832), Surgeon-General of New South Wales: a new biography of the messenger of the echidna and waratah

John White, Surgeon-General of New South Wales, is best remembered for his handsome book Journal of a voyage to new South Wales published in London during 1790. He was a native of County Fermanagh in northwestern Ireland. He became a naval surgeon and in this capacity was appointed to serve as surgeon on the First Fleet which left England for New South Wales (Australia) in 1787. While living in New South Wales, White adopted Nanberree, an aboriginal boy, and fathered a son by Rachel Turner, a convict, who later married Thomas Moore. John White returned to England in 1795, became a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London and was granted the degrees of Doctor of Medicine and Master of Arts by the University of St Andrews. White was married twice, and was survived by his second wife and his four children, including his illegitimate, Australian-born son, Captain Andrew Douglas White. Dr John White died in 1832 aged 75 and is buried in Worthing, Sussex, England. While serving as Surgeon-General at Sydney Cove, New South Wales, between 1788 and 1794 John White collected natural history specimens and assembled a series of paintings of plants and animals. After returning to England, White lent these paintings to botanists and zoologists, and permitted copies to be made. Thus, he contributed substantially to European knowledge of the indigenous flora and fauna of Australia.

Why are Aboriginal Children Labelled as a Special Needs Group?

In a large urban centre in North Queensland, a young five year old Aboriginal boy enters the classroom, wide-eyed and silent. Behind him come his mother and grandmother, seemingly reluctant to enter the classroom. The school year commenced two weeks earlier, so the other children have developed some routine. Having not been to pre-school, Joseph takes his place at the desk assigned by the teacher and silently watches the other children talk, laugh and skilfully use the available equipment.