ABO Blood Group Typing Research Articles

Body-wide chimerism and mosaicism are predominant causes of naturally occurring ABO discrepancies.

Routine ABO blood group typing of apparently healthy individuals sporadically uncovers unexplained mixed-field reactions. Such blood group discrepancies can either result from a haematopoiesis-confined or body-wide dispersed chimerism or mosaicism. Taking the distinct clinical consequences of these four different possibilities into account, we explored the responsible cause in nine affected individuals. Genotype analyses revealed that more than three-quarters were chimaeras (two same-sex females, four same-sex males, one sex-mismatched male), while two were mosaics. Short tandem repeat analyses of buccal swab, hair root and nail DNA suggested a body-wide involvement in all instances. Moreover, genome-wide array analyses unveiled that in both mosaic cases the causative genetic defect was a unique copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity encompassing the entire long arm of chromosome 9. The practical transfusion- or transplantation-associated consequences of such incidental discoveries are well known and therefore easily manageable. Far less appreciated is the fact that such findings also call attention to potential problems that directly ensue from their specific genetic make-up. In case of chimerism, these are the appearance of seemingly implausible family relationships and pitfalls in forensic testing. In case of mosaicism, they concern with the necessity to delineate innocuous pre-existent or age-related from disease-predisposing and disease-indicating cell clones.

The Distribution Patterns of Rhesus (Rh) Antigens.

The determination of one's blood group is dictated by the inheritance-based diversity in the presence or absence of RBC antigens on the surface. Extended Rhesus (Rh) antigens are the most clinically relevant antigens of blood group systems after the ABO blood group system in transfusion medicine. The aim of this study was to serologically assess the prevalence of extended Rh antigens across diverse blood group systems. A total of 2043 samples were tested for the ABO blood group and Rh typing with monoclonal antisera. The Rh phenotyping (C, c, E, e ) was performed on all the samples. The most frequently observed ABO blood group was O (36.5%), while AB (13.6%) was identified as the least prevalent. Positive Rh D antigen was found in 91.6% of tested samples, while 8.4% were Rh D-negative. The most frequently encountered antigen was e, followed by D, while the least prevalent was E. Establishing a Rh phenotype repository for blood donors and conducting Rh phenotype assessments as part of pretransfusion testing before initiating the initial blood transfusion for each patient could significantly lower the patients' incidence of alloimmunization.

Effect of ABO blood group on the severity and clinico-pathological parameters of COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to understand the factors affecting disease severity. Prior research has indicated the potential roles of the ABO blood group system in disease susceptibility and progression. Our objective was to investigate the association between ABO Blood groups and the severity of COVID-19 and clinicopathological parameters. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted across three locations of Ziauddin University Hospital, including COVID-19 outpatient departments (OPDs), wards, and intensive care units (ICUs) from May 2020 to December 2020.The study utilized a non-probability convenient sampling technique with a sample size of 120 PCR-positive adult patients, as calculated by OpenEpi with a 95% confidence interval. Patients were excluded if they were under 14, intellectually impaired, post-chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or had a malignant condition. Disease severity was determined based on clinicopathological parameters and associated with blood group data using ANOVA and Chi-square tests in SPSS version 21. A significant association was found between the ABO blood groups and COVID-19 severity. Blood group-A was notably overrepresented in patients with severe COVID-19 and correlated with higher inflammatory markers and coagulation parameters. ABO blood group, particularly Blood Group-A significantly associates with the severity of COVID-19. This finding suggests the potential utility of ABO blood group typing as a predictive marker for disease severity, which could contribute to personalized patient management strategies. Further research is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying this association.

Association between histo-blood group antigens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-associated diarrheal diseases.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not a common enteric pathogen. The association between human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) and P. aeruginosa enteric infection has not yet been studied. We collected stool samples from healthy children under 2 years of age for P. aeruginosa gut colonization rate. Saliva samples were collected from patients with P. aeruginosa-associated diarrheal diseases and normal healthy children. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples for ABO blood group typing and FUT2 genotyping. Lewis phenotype was detected using ELISA assay. A total of 85 patients with P. aeruginosa-associated diarrheal diseases and 105 healthy children were enrolled for collecting saliva specimens. The stool colonization rate was 5/101 (5%) in healthy children, 4/58 (6.9%) in infants, and 1/43 (2.3%) in children 1-2 years old, respectively. Blood group A was more frequent in patients with P. aeruginosa-associated diarrheal diseases 24/77 (31.2%) than in healthy children 18/102 (17.6%) (P=0.035). All patients and healthy children were secretor positive. The distribution of weak-secretor genotype Se385/Se385 was 23/84 (27.4%) in patients with P. aeruginosa-associated diarrheal diseases and 17/104 (16.3%) in healthy children, respectively (P=0.06). Patients with P. aeruginosa-associated diarrheal diseases had a higher percentage of Lea+b+phenotype 25/81 (30.9%) than healthy children 17/105 (16.2%) (P=0.018). There was no association between ABO or secretor or Lewis status with the clinical severity of P. aeruginosa-associated diarrheal diseases. Infants had a higher gut P. aeruginosa colonization rate than children. Children with blood group A and Lea+b+phenotype are prone to P. aeruginosa-associated diarrheal diseases.

Clinical application of ABO blood typing.

The ABO blood group is closely related to clinical blood transfusion, transplantation, and neonatal hemolytic disease. It is also the most clinically significant blood group system in clinical blood transfusion. The purpose of this paper is to review and analyze the clinical application of the ABO blood group. The most common ABO blood group typing methods in clinical laboratories are hemagglutination test and microcolumn gel test, while genotype detection is mainly adopted in clinical identification of suspicious blood types. However, in some cases, the expression variation or absence of blood type antigens or antibodies, experimental techniques, physiology, disease, and other factors affect the accurate determination of blood types, which may lead to serious transfusion reactions. The mistakes could be reduced or even eliminated by strengthening training, selecting reasonable identification methods, and optimizing processes, thereby improving the overall identification level of the ABO blood group. ABO blood groups are also correlated with many diseases, such as COVID-19 and malignant tumors. Rh blood groups are determined by the RHD and RHCE homologous genes on chromosome 1 and are classified as Rh negative or positive according to the D antigen., the agglutination method is often used in clinical settings, while genetic and sequencing methods are often used in scientific research. Accurate ABO blood typing is a critical requirement for the safety and effectiveness of blood transfusion in clinical practice. Most studies were designed for investigating rare Rh blood group family, and there is a lack of research on the relationship between Rh blood groups and common diseases.

Von Willebrand factor levels in healthy blood donors and their association with blood group: A tertiary care hospital-based study.

von Willebrand disease is a common inherited bleeding disorder caused by the deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF).[1] The levels of vWF depend on several factors, including exercise, hormones, and ABO blood type.[2] This study was planned to evaluate plasma vWF levels and factor VIII (fVIII) levels in healthy blood donors and its association with the ABO blood group. The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma vWF levels and fVIII levels in healthy donors and its association with the ABO blood group. This study was done in 2016 healthy adult blood donors. Complete history and relevant examination were done along with ABO and Rh (D) blood group typing, complete blood count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, vWF antigen (Ag) level, fVIII coagulant assay, and other tests for hemostasis. Data were expressed in proportions and mean, median, and standard deviation, respectively. An appropriate test of significance was applied. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. vWF level of donors ranged from 24 to 186 IU/dL with a mean of 96.31 IU/dL. Low vWF Ag level (below 50 IU/dl) was found in 2.5% of donors while 0.1% (2/2016) had level <30 IU/dL. O Rh (D)-positive blood group donors had the lowest vWF level (87.85 IU/dL), while ARh (D)-negative donors had the highest vWF level (117.27 IU/dL). fVIII level of the donor population ranged from 22% to 174%, with a mean of 98.82%. About 2.48% of donors had fVIII levels below 50%. There was a statistically significant correlation between fVIII level and vWF level (P < 0.001).

Prevalence of Weak D Antigen in Rh Negative Blood Group: An Experience at a Tertiary Blood Centre in Bengaluru, Southern India

Introduction: The Rh blood group system, consisting of more than 50 different antigens, is the most polymorphic among human blood types. Among them, D is the most important antigen. The incidence of weak (Du) antigens ranges from 0.2 to 1%. Routine screening for RhD does not cause agglutination with anti-RhD serum; therefore, it must be detected using anti- human globulin serum. Due to the potential immunological reaction of Du-positive cells in RhD-negative individuals, it is crucial to emphasise the therapeutic implications of this finding and its relation to the risk of alloimmunisation. Aim: To determine the frequency of the Du antigen among RhD- negative individuals. Materials and Methods: This five-year hospital-based cross- sectional study was conducted from January 2017 to January 2022 in the Department of Transfusion Medicine at ESIC MC and PGIMSR, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. ABO and Rh blood group samples were collected in EDTA vacutainers from the blood collection centre and sent to the Department of Transfusion Medicine. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel. Results were presented as numbers and percentages. ABO and Rh blood group typing were carried out using the tube method (immediate spin tube technique), and negative samples were further tested for weak D (Du) using the Gel card system. The Rh-negative cases with Du testing were recorded, and the frequency of the Du antigen in Rh-negative blood group types was determined. Results: A total of 69,282 blood samples were analysed, of which 66,442 (95.90%) were Rh positive, and 2,840 (4.10%) were Rh negative. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.79. Out of the total 2,840 Rh-D negative samples, 31 samples were weak D positive. Among them, 06 (0.85%) belonged to the A blood group, 12 (1.63%) to the B blood group, 12 (1.01%) to the O blood group, and 1 (0.47%) to the AB blood group. The Du positivity noted among the Rh-negative cases was 1.09%. The overall Du positivity noted among all the samples was 0.045%. Conclusion: To prevent RhD mismatches, which can lead to life-threatening complications, it is advised to retype all Rh- negative blood samples using a Du test during routine grouping. This is because weak D antigen is immunogenic and capable of producing alloimmunisation if transfused to RhD-negative individuals.

Resolving discrepancies in forward and reverse ABO blood group typing

Background/Aim: There is a need of investigation of high frequency of the cases of ABO discrepancy revealed by forward and reverse typing. The aim of the study was to reveal optimal methods for detection of weak subgroups of group A and B antigens on erythrocytes. Methods: Sixteen persons with A blood group and anti-B antibody adsorbing ability (weak Bel, Bm and B3 antigens), 5 persons with B blood group and anti-A antibody adsorbing ability (weak Ax antigen) and 2 persons with O blood group and anti-B antibody adsorbing ability (weak Bel antigen) were investigated as the cases of type II-III of ABO discrepancy and weak B antigen. Liquid chromatography, agglutination, inhibition of agglutination and adsorption reactions at 4 °C and 37 °C with prolonged incubation (12 hours) were used in the study. Results: The persons with A blood group revealed by forward typing at 4 °C and O blood group detected by reverse typing at 37 °C showed the ability of the erythrocytes to adsorb anti-B antibody. The persons with B blood group revealed by forward typing with presence of anti-B antibodies reactive at 37 °C showed the ability of erythrocytes to adsorb anti-A antibody. Prolonged incubation at reverse typing, adsorption-elution tests, inhibition of haemagglutination and liquid chromatography were used to define blood group specificity. Conclusion: Prolonged incubation during reverse typing at 4 °C and 37 °C, adsorption at 4 °C, heat elution and liquid chromatography might help to detect blood group type in cases of type II-III of ABO discrepancy.

Relationship between maternal abo blood group and rh typing with maternal and perinatal outcome

The ABO blood group type has been considered an independent risk factor in pregnancy-related complications leading to significant morbidity and mortality in pregnant mothers and neonates.&#x0D; Aim: To study the relationship between maternal ABO blood group and Rh typing with maternal and perinatal outcomes.&#x0D; Materials and methods: Prospective Observational study was carried out for 24 months from November among 1000 pregnant women attending outpatient for ABO blood group and Rh typing with maternal and perinatal outcome.&#x0D; Results: Among 1000 subjects, 43.5 % belonged to blood group O, followed by 30 % in blood group B. 20.7 % had blood group A, and 5.8 % had AB blood group. In the present study, 95.4 % had Rh+ve, and 4.6 % had Rh-ve typing. The incidence of preterm labour was high at 6.3 % in the O+ve blood group, followed by 1.8 % in the AB +ve, 0.6 % in the A+ve and 0.3 % in the B+ve blood group. A statistically significant association was found between blood grouping and preeclampsia with high incidence among the A+ve blood group. A statistically significant association was found between blood grouping and imminent eclampsia with high incidence among the AB+ve blood group. There was a statistically significant association found between blood grouping and intrauterine death.&#x0D; Conclusion: The findings in the present study will help clinicians to identify the patients at risk of developing adverse pregnancy outcomes like preeclampsia and imminent eclampsia; hence, the timely intervention will help to improve maternal and perinatal outcome and also helps to reduce the complications of preeclampsia and imminent eclampsia.

Analysis of ABO subgroups which result in ABO discrepancies in Iranian blood donors

The ABO blood group system plays a vital role in the blood transfusion and transplantation medicine [ [1] Hosseini‐Maaf B. Hellberg Å. Chester M.A. Olsson M.L. An extensive polymerase chain reaction–allele‐specific polymorphism strategy for clinical ABO blood group genotyping that avoids potential errors caused by null, subgroup, and hybrid alleles. Transfusion. 2007; 47: 2110-2125 Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar ]. It consists of the major A, B, O alleles and many of subtypes with weak expression of A or B antigens on red blood cells. The results of both forward and reverse ABO typing are necessary for ABO blood group typing, as they are both necessary for interpreting the results [ [2] Arumugam P. Hamsavardhini S. Ravishankar J. Bharath R. Resolving ABO discrepancies by serological workup‐an analysis of few cases. Int J Res Med Sci. 2017; 5: 893-900 Crossref Google Scholar ]. ABO discrepancies may be due to technical or human errors, weak subgroups, the transient expression of antigens in some disease like carcinomas and mixed-filled agglutination after massive or chronic transfusion [ 3 Kaur G. Kaur P. Basu S. Kaur R. Blood group discrepancies at a tertiary care centre–analysis and resolution. Int J Lab Hematol. 2014; 36: 481-487 Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar , 4 Meny G. Recognizing and resolving ABO discrepancies. Immunohematology. 2017; 33: 76-81 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar , 5 Storry J.R. Condon J. Hult A.K. Harrison A. Jørgensen R. Olsson M.L. An age‐dependent ABO discrepancy between mother and baby reveals a novel A weak allele. Transfusion. 2015; 55: 422-426 Crossref PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar ]. The incidence of ABO discrepancies among blood donors was reported from 0.02 % to 0.06 %, Also the ABO subgroups are considered the most common cause of ABO discrepancies [ 3 Kaur G. Kaur P. Basu S. Kaur R. Blood group discrepancies at a tertiary care centre–analysis and resolution. Int J Lab Hematol. 2014; 36: 481-487 Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar , 6 Sharma T. Garg N. Singh B. ABO blood group discrepancies among blood donors in Regional Blood Transfusion Centre GTB Hospital, Delhi, India. Transfus Apher Sci. 2014; 50: 75-80 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar , 7 Makroo R.N. Kakkar B. Agrawal S. Chowdhry M. Prakash B. Karna P. Retrospective analysis of forward and reverse ABO typing discrepancies among patients and blood donors in a tertiary care hospital. Transfus Med. 2019; 29: 103-109 Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar ]. Weak ABO subgroups are categorized as type II (Weak/missing antigen) or type IV (due to presence of Anti–A1) ABO discrepancy [ [8] Jain A. Gupta A. Malhotra S. Marwaha N. Sharma R.R. An ABO blood grouping discrepancy: Probable B (A) phenotype. Transfus Apher Sci. 2017; 56: 459-460 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar ]. Mistyped A and B weak blood group as O and B(A) as cisAB and AxB during routine serologic tests can have serious consequences, such as hemolytic adverse transfusion reactions [ [9] Jiao L.X. Zhang J.Y. Chen L. Yu X.L. Han Y. Yang F. et al. Gene identification of rare B (A) blood group. Transfus Apher Sci. 2017; 56: 855-857 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2) Google Scholar ].

P8.129: Description of the Process of Inclusion and Kidney Transplantation Waiting List - Uruguay

Introduction: In Uruguay with 3,286,314 inhabitants (2011 census), renal transplantation is performed in 3 transplant centers, is regulated by the Instituto Nacional de Donación y Trasplante (INDT) and financed by the Fondo Nacional de Recursos. The allocation is made on a national algorithm and it is an INDT´s responsibity. In the last 5 years, including the Health Emergency, an average of 139 kidney transplants were performed per year. The average rate for these 5 years of renal transplantation is 42.33 pmp. Objective: Describe the renal waiting list (WL) admission process and the recipient population. Methods: The study algorithm for admission to the WL include: □ABO and Rh blood group typing. □HLA typing by PCR-SSO (Luminex) for A, B, C, DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 locus. □HLA antibody screening (Luminex), class I and/or II. If positive, a specificity search is performed. □Search for autoantibodies by microlymphocytotoxicity technique (MLCT). □Patient’s serum is preserved (serum collection). □PRA (wall reactive antibodies) by MLCT, defining hyperimmunized PRA>80%. During the period in WL the following procedures are performed: □serum collection update every 3 months or after sensitizing events. Failure to comply with this requirement excludes recipients from the allocation. □HLA antibody screening and specificity analysis are performed annually and PRA every six months. Results: There are currently 434 patients in the WL, including one vascular emergency. Distribution - by age: 1.8% <18 years old, 85% 18-64 years old and 13.2%>65 years old; by sex: 43.8% female, 56.2% male. Blood group distribution: 54% are 0.35% A, 8% B and 2% AB. The highest immunological risk group: 18%, who aspire to be retransplanted, 1.4% hyperimmunized. There are 26.5% with positive HLA antibody screening, see table and distribution in graphs. Conclusions: A single national protocol is applied at the inclusion on the WL. In the renal WL, the adult population (18 to 65 years old), blood group 0, with a male/female ratio of 1.3 prevails. The immune risk group does not present significant changes with respect to previous evaluations. The prevalence of sensitized to both classes and hyperimmunized is maintained.

Analysis of Blood Group Discrepancy in Healthy Blood Donors at a Tertiary Care Referral Hospital from Eastern India: A Retrospective Study.

Objective ABO typing constitutes cell grouping and serum grouping. The discrepancy may arise in ABO typing due to a mismatch in cell grouping and serum grouping. It may be due to technical errors, missing or weak ABO antibodies (type I), weak ABO subgroups (type II), Rouleaux formation (type III), or other miscellaneous reasons (type IV). This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and cause of ABO blood group discrepancy in donor samples at our center. Methods A retrospective study of ABO blood group typing of blood donors was conducted at our center. The blood group typing was routinely performed using gel cards and a microcentrifuge system (Tulip Diagnostics(P) Ltd, Goa, India). If any discrepancy in ABO typing was noted, the test was repeated using the conventional tube technique. After sorting clerical/technical error, the causes of discrepancy were analyzed and resolved using anti-A 1 , anti-H, anti-AB, and other immunohematological tests like antibody screening and identification, saliva inhibition test, adsorption-elution studies. Results A total of 12,715 (98.6% males and 1.4% females) donor samples were tested. The number of ABO discrepancies detected were 15 (0.12%). The discrepancies were characterized as type I (6 cases; 40%), type II (1 case; 6.7%), type III (0 cases; 0%), and type IV (8 cases; 53.3%). Three cases, each of anti-M and anti-Le b , were detected in the study population. A single case of A 3 , a subgroup of A blood group, was found during the study. Conclusion The prevalence of ABO group discrepancy was 0.12% at our center. Discrepancy arising during ABO typing of blood donor must be resolved before reporting ABO blood group to minimize the recipient's chances of transfusion reaction. The serum grouping is equally crucial as cell grouping for reporting the ABO group of an individual.

Retrospective analysis of molecular biology mechanism of ABO blood group typing discrepancy among blood donors in Jinan blood station.

To accurately identify ABO blood typing in pre-transfusion testing is very important to ensure blood transfusion safely, which is a major responsibility of blood station. Eighty-one blood donors samples with ABO blood group typing discrepancy was collected among 61952 donor samples in our blood station from January 2019 to July 2020. Blood group serological method was used to detect ABO blood group. DNA Sequencing was used to determine the genotype. The antibody screening test detects antibodies other than ABO. In total, 61,952 donor samples were analysed for ABO typing discrepancies. The incidence among blood donors was 0.13% (81/61952). The most common reason of ABO typing discrepancies was due to specific antibody or non-specific agglutination (54.32%, 44/81), mainly anti-M antibody, cold autoantibody, anti-D antibody, anti-N antibody and anti-Lea antibody. The major cause of forward typing discrepancies among blood donors was ABO subgroups (25.93%, 21/81), including 10 cases of A subtype (1 case of A2, 2 cases of A3, 2 cases of Ax, 3 cases of AxB, 1 case of Ael, 1 case of Ahm), 6 cases of B subtype (2 cases of B3, 1 case of Bel, 3 cases of AB3), 2 cases of B subtype (A), 1 case of cisAB, and 2 cases of acquired B. The serum antibody was weakened in 16 cases (19.75%). The blood types should be correctly identified by combining serology with gene sequencing to ensure the safety of clinical blood transfusion, when the forward and reverse typing discrepancies among the blood donors.

Prevalence of HDNF due to ABO, Rh (D) and Other Blood Groups among Newborns, Sudan

The determination of the frequency of HDFN found in jaundiced newborns in Sudan was the goal of the analysis. In Omdurman maternity inside a Sudanese hospital, 220 mothers and their babies who had jaundice altogether were received in hospital-Sudan and a prospective cross-sectional hospital-based analysis was carried out them. In addition to ABO and Rhesus blood group typing, indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) and direct coomb&#39;s test (DAT) was applied for mothers and their jaundiced newborns,

Rhesus Blood Typing within a Few Seconds by Packing-Enhanced Nanoscattering on Individual Erythrocytes.

A method for the ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood group typing from individual erythrocytes is proposed in this study. Blood-group-specific antibodies immobilized to gold nanoparticles (BG-AuNP) were utilized for the identification of blood groups from individual erythrocytes by objective-type dark-field microscopy (OTDFM). The scattering of free BG-AuNP and their Brownian motion as well as BG-AuNP attached on erythrocytes is easily observed by OTDFM. The strong scattering intensity caused by BG-AuNP packing-enhanced nanoscattering (PENS) on erythrocytes is first demonstrated. PENS combined with OTDFM allows us to identify blood groups within 5 s for all blood group antigens including A, B, D, C, c, E, and e. This was immediately identified by mixing with BG-AuNP without any washing step or waiting for hemoagglutination. Therefore, PENS combined with OTDFM demonstrates feasibility and advantages for use in emergency transfusions where the blood group of patients is unknown. Moreover, matching RhD+ in the case of emergency transfusions may also be beneficial in reducing the shortage of RhD- red blood cell concentrate in the case of a population with a high frequency in RhD-.

Portable paper-based device for ABO and RhD typing using smartphone interpretation: Optical answer sheet reading concept

The slide method for ABO blood group typing is commonly used for mobile blood donation and field applications because the test is easy, cost-effective, can be completed in a few minutes and requires a small volume of reagents. However, the reaction must be observed by an individual with expertise within 2 min; otherwise, drying of the reagent will give a false positive result. Moreover, the blood typing reagents must be stored at 4 °C. The present study aimed to create a paper-based device for ABO and RhD blood typing and combine an optical answer sheet reading concept to read and interpret the results with Android smartphones. The invention of this device involved the use of simple filter paper and conjugate pads that were treated with anti-A, -B and -D antibodies. Blood type can be visually identified from the detection zone at the end of the filter paper. An Android smart phone was designed to read the detection zone, interpret the data and subsequently report the results on the user's smartphone. A helpful color chart was also designed for blood typing interpretation by the naked eye. The use of smartphones can reduce human error in data reading and interpretation. In conclusion, ABO and RhD typing with paper-based devices using a smartphone interpretation may provide further advantages for home-based users, mobile blood donation sites and field applications.

Statistical model for prediction of ABO hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn inIndia.

Abstract ABO incompatibility is the most common cause of immune hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). The American Academy of Pediatrics lists blood group incompatibility as one of the major risk factors for severe hyperbilirubinemia in newborns. We have estimated the risk of ABO HDFN to determine the need for its routine screening. Blood group data from all blood donors who donated in the last 10 years were collected and analyzed. The population prevalence of ABO blood group genes using the phenotype data of blood donors was estimated. This information was further used to calculate an incidence of ABO HDFN requiring intervention in the population. ABO blood group typing was analyzed in 425,743 blood donors. The ABO phenotypes of A, B, O, and AB were 22.48, 36.73, 31.59, and 9.2 percent, respectively. The gene frequencies were 0.1733, 0.2647, and 0.5620 for A, B, and O, respectively. It was estimated that 13.84 percent of group O women would give birth to a non–group O baby and that approximately 2.77 percent of deliveries would likely have ABO HDFN in the study population. In India, the estimated risk of ABO HDFN is 2.9 percent, with a daily 2196 babies at risk of ABO HDFN requiring intervention. This analysis estimates the overall burden of ABO HDFN in the population, which could aid in the decision-making of policymakers, physicians, and community health practitioners to improve neonatal care.

Silk cocoon membrane-based immunosensing assay for red blood cell antigen typing

Accurate and fast identification of blood groups is a critical step in the blood transfusion procedure. In this study, we reported a rapid and reliable immunosensing assay for ABO and RhD blood group typing based on natural free-standing silk cocoon membranes. Natural silk cocoon membranes were punched into discs (SMDs) and were treated with heat and detergent to increase wettability. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against silk proteins were successfully prepared through animal immunization. The SMDs were functionalized by affinity binding with specific silk mAbs and crosslinking antibodies. Blood grouping antibodies were coupled with functional SMDs to form the immunosensor for blood typing. Only three pipetting steps were required to perform the assay, without the need for any external analytical equipment. Results could be obtained and distinguished by the naked eye within 30 s, making this immunosensor suitable for point-of-care testing. A positive result was obtained when the SMD showed a visualization red spot after washing, no red spot was observed if there was no reaction. We compared our sensing results with those from the gold-standard tube test on 112 real blood samples. The accuracy was 100 %. Due to the availability of the cocoon membranes-based immunosensor and the facile fabrication process, the SMART can be scaled up easily for mass production.

ABO Blood Groups and Thrombophilia Markers in Patients With Unstimulated Thrombosis in Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

Thromboembolism (TE) is a complex disease caused by various acquired and inherited factors. The common mutations; factor V Leiden G1691A (FVL G1691A), prothrombin G20210A (PTG20210A), and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase C677T (MTHFR C677T) are important inherited causes in both venous and arterial thrombosis. The association between ABO blood groups and thrombophilia has been noted by researchers. We aimed to determine the frequency and association of ABO blood groups as a risk factor along with 3 thrombophilia mutations and another 3 thrombophilia markers in a group of patients with unstimulated thrombosis. In a prospective case-control study, we focused on 100 samples, 50 patients with documented thrombosis as well as 50 healthy age-matched controls. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction and reverse hybridization to oligonucleotide particular probes were employed to detect FVL G1691A, PT G20210A, and MTHFR C677T mutations. Analysis of other thrombophilia markers including protein C (PC), protein S (PS), and antithrombin (AT) assays was also performed. ABO blood group typing was done according to standard methods. Non-O blood group was significantly more frequent among cases than controls (76% vs 54%) with high odds of TE (odds ratio [OR] = 2.69). Positivity for at least 1 thrombophilia marker was more in cases (60%) than controls (34%; OR = 2.9). The combined effect of non-O blood group and thrombophilia markers raised the risk of TE (OR = 4.16, P = .001), particularly FVL (OR = 6.76). This study illustrates that harboring the non-O blood group poses an additive effect with other thrombophilia markers in the causation of TE.

Features of interpretation of the results of studies of ABО and Rhesus antigens and antibodies in patients with hematological diseases

Aim. To assess the aspects of interpretation of pre-transfusion tests in patients with hematological diseases. Material and Methods. We performed an analysis of the results of serological studies of ABО, Rh blood groups in blood samples of 857 patients with oncohematological diseases. ABO blood group determination and typing of D, C, c, E, e, К antigens were carried out using a gel agglutination test. Results. The decrease in strength of the agglutination of standard red blood cells by the patient’s anti-A and/or anti-B antibodies was observed in 112 patients (13.07% of the total number of patients). Abnormal agglutination strength in ABO and Rh antigens testing was observed in 17 patients (1.98% of the total number of patients), among them were 7 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 6 - with сhronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 2 – myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), 2 – polycythemia vera (PV). Double populations of red blood cells were mainly detected in patients with MDS (45.61 %), aplastic anemia (AA) (27.27 %), primary myelofibrosis (PMF) (22.73 %), acute leukemia (AL) (22.2 %). In most cases double populations were associated with previous transfusions of blood products, meanwhile, three patients from this group (two patients with CML and one patient with PV) had never received blood transfusions before. Conclusion. Differences in anti-A and anti-B antibodies content were much more common in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) than in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) (85.71% and 8.04%, respectively), while decrease of expression of red blood cell antigens was more typical for MPNs and did not occur in patients with LPDs.