Abnormal Menstrual Patterns Research Articles

Efficacy of Homoeopathy in the Management of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding: A Review

Background: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is a prevalent condition affecting women during their reproductive years. It is characterized by irregular or abnormal menstrual bleeding patterns and can significantly impact a woman's quality of life. Studies suggest it affects around 1 in 5 women during their reproductive years. Homoepathic approach can prove to be efficient in successfully treating and managing cases of DUB. Aims and Objectives: This study was aimed to critically evaluate the existing evidence on the efficacy of homoeopathy in treating DUB. Specific outcome parameters, therapeutic approach, criteria for assessment and treatment outcomes were noted and compared having variable impact in cases of DUB. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted through databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. Search criteria was focused on targeting analysis from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), clinical studies, observational studies and case reports. Results: 6 articles having an in depth relation to action of homeopathy on DUB were identified. It included one(01) randomized controlled trial, one(01) experimental study, one(01) prospective and observational study, one(01) prospective clinical study and two(02) case reports. All studies were obtained from peer-reviewed journals. Conclusion: This study aimed at contributing valuable insights into the current state of knowledge regarding homoeopathy's role in managing DUB and exploring the need for enhanced value based research in the field of homoeopathy.

Reproductive functions and pregnancy outcome in female patients with celiac disease.

Abnormalities in the reproductive functions are often ignored while evaluating a patient with celiac disease (CeD). We evaluated the entire reproductive functions in female patients with CeD. In a case control study between 2020 and 2021 using detailed questionnaire, we evaluated reproductive functions (age at menarche, menstrual pattern, fertility, pregnancy outcome and menopause) in biopsy-proven female patients with CeD of age >10years. The questionnaire was administered either in person or telephonically. Age-matched healthy female controls (twice the number) were also recruited. Of 1086 CeD patients, 470 were females and 288 were included. As compared with controls (n=586), females with CeD had higher age at menarche (14.6±2.0 vs 13.6±1.5years; P=0.001), delayed menarche (30.8% vs 11.4%; P=0.001), abnormal menstrual pattern (39.7% vs 25.8%; P<0.001), involuntary delay in conception at >1year (33.8% vs 11.8%; P=0.01), current infertility rate (10.5% vs 5.2%;P=0.028), and poorer overall pregnancy outcomes (abortion [23.5% vs 12.8%; P=0.001], pre-term birth [16.3% vs 3.7%; P=0.001]). Either one or more aspect of reproductive functions and pregnancy outcome is affected adversely in three-fourth female patients with CeD.

Effect of Dietary Habits and Physical Activities on Abnormal Menstrual Cycle Pattern Amongst School-going Adolescent Girls Residing in the Foothills of the Himalayas: An Age-matched Case–Control Study

Abstract Background: The menstrual cycle pattern in women is related to high variability in cycle length of 21–35 days, flow lasts 4–7 days with an average loss of 15–80 ml of blood. The abnormal menstrual pattern is influenced by several factors, including dietary habits, physical exercises, family history of obesity and anthropometric parameters. Objectives: This research was carried out to establish numerous risk elements that depict abnormal menstrual cycle patterns amongst school-going adolescent girls in urban areas of Rishikesh, India. Methods: An age-matched case–control research was implemented in schools in the urban areas of Rishikesh between May and December 2019. A simple random sampling technique was carried out to choose urban wards and schools, and data were assembled in two steps. Adolescent girls (10–19 years) studying in the government and private schools (both Hindi and English medium) of urban Rishikesh areas were included and screened for abnormal menstrual patterns. Equal numbers of age-matched controls were also selected. Data were assembled using a self-scrutinised pre-designed pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The independent t-test, Mann–Whitney test, McNemar test, Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact tests were applied for data analysis using the SPSS software version 23.0. Results: A total of 200 school-going adolescent girls (100 cases and 100 age-matched controls) were included in this study. The strength of getting symptoms of menstruation was high amongst cases, and it was found that adolescent girls with high menstrual symptoms had more chances of developing menstrual abnormalities (odds ratio = 6.6; confidence interval = 2.9–17.2). Menstrual abnormality was found significantly associated (P &lt; 0.05) with reduced physical activity, unhealthy dietary patterns and family history of obesity amongst school-going adolescent girls. Conclusions: Unhealthy lifestyles, improper diet, reduced physical activity and family history of obesity were strongly associated with the abnormal menstrual cycle pattern.

HUBUNGAN POLA MENSTRUASI DENGAN KEJADIAN ANEMIA PADA SISWI MA PERGURUAN ISLAM NURUL KASYSYAF (PINK)

Anemia is a condition where the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood is lower than normal, someone who has anemia will experience conditions such as weakness, fatigue, lethargy and loss of concentration. And carried out on students who have experienced menstruation. Research Objectives: To know about the relationship between menstrual patterns and the incidence of anemia in SMA PINK 03 Tambun Selatan students. Methods: The design of this study used an analytical survey with a cross sectional design. Sample: The research sample was 127 students using purposive sampling technique. Research Results: The results obtained in this study were 73 (57.5%) female students who experienced anemia and (52%) 66 female students who experienced abnormal menstruation. The relationship between menstrual patterns and the incidence of anemia in female students through the chi-square test results in a p-value of 0.000, p value &lt; a (0.05). Conclusion: Students who have anemia are likely to experience abnormal menstrual patterns. Suggestion: It is expected that students consume nutritious food and contain lots of iron, even though they experience abnormal menstruation.&#x0D;

Ayurveda management of Bulky Uterus &amp; Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) associated with Hypothyroidism: A Case Report

Many women are suffering from dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB). DUB is defined as a state of abnormal uterine bleeding without any clinically detectable organic, systemic, and iatrogenic causes (pelvic pathology e.g. tumour, inflammation or pregnancy is excluded). The prevalence varies widely but an incidence of 10% amongst new patients attending the outpatient seems logical. As the diagnose is based with exclusion of “organic lesion”, so with the care and facilities to exclude such a lesion, the incidence varies. Currently DUB is defined as a state of abnormal uterine bleeding following anovulation due to dysfunction of hypothalamus-pitutary-ovarian axis (endocrine origine).[1] Abnormal menstrual bleeding pattern have been traditionally expressed by terms like menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, polymenorrhea, and oligomenorrhea. In order to create a universally accepted nomenclature to describe abnormal uterine bleeding, International federation of gynecology and obstetrics (FIGO) and American college of obstetrician and Gynecologists (ACOG) introduce newer system of terminology to describe AUB.

Factors Associated with the Incidence of Anemia in Girls at SMPN 17 Tangerang in 2022

Background The problem of anemia still exists today, although there have been many treatments for adolescent anemia. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with the incidence of anemia in adolescent girls at SMPN 17 Tangerang in 2022. Methods This study uses a cross-sectional design. The sample is 150 students with Quota Sampling. Collecting data using a questionnaire and direct measurements on hemoglobin levels, weight, and height. The instruments used were filling forms for hemoglobin levels, weight, and height and questionnaires for the variables of knowledge, mother's education, parents' income, menstrual patterns, eating patterns, and consumption of blood-added tablets (TTD). The analysis in this study is univariate and bivariate (Chi-square). Results The results of the univariate analysis showed anemia (40%), poor knowledge (56.0%), high maternal education (74.7%), high parental income (59.3%), abnormal menstrual pattern (61.3% ), poor diet (73.3%), normal nutritional status (70.7%), consumption of Blood Supplementary Tablets (TTD) was not good (97.3%). The results of the bivariate analysis obtained four variables related to the incidence of anemia in adolescent girls at SMPN 17 Tangerang, namely the variables of knowledge (p=0,048), mother's education (p=0.042), parents' income (p=0.038), dietary habit (p=0.038). However, there were unrelated ones, namely menstrual patterns, nutritional status, and consumption of blood-added tablets. Conclusions Variables related to the incidence of anemia were knowledge, the mother's education, the parent's income, and eating patterns (dietary habits).

Menstrual changes after the thrombo-prophylaxis or anticoagulants used during the COVID-19 infection.

To detect the menstrual changes after the thrombo-prophylaxis or anticoagulants used during the COVID-19 infection. A total of 176 diagnosed with COVID-19 infection, were included in this retrospective study after giving informed consent. Participants were asked to complete an online questionnaire, and the collected participants` data were analysed using the χ2 test to detect the menstrual changes after the thrombo-prophylaxis or anticoagulants used during the COVID-19 infection. The number of participants` number who reported menstrual flow for 2 to < 5 days, and menstrual flow > 7 days after the COVID-19 infection [31/176 (17.6%), and 42/176 (23.9%), respectively] was significantly higher compared to the number of participants` who reported menstrual flow for 2 to < 5 days, and menstrual flow > 7 days before the COVID-19 infection [12/176 (6.8%), and 15/176 (8.5%), respectively], (p = 0.005, and 0.0009, respectively). The use of thrombo-prophylaxis or anticoagulants during the COVID-19 infection was also associated with significant menstrual pattern changes (37.8% increased menstrual flow, 18.5% menstrual flow for 2 to < 5 days, 59.7% menstrual flow > 7 days, 5.9% contact bleeding, and 6.7% abnormal menstrual pattern for one cycle). Significant menstrual changes were observed in this study after the COVID-19 infection infection (17.6% reported menstrual flow for 2 to < 5 days, and 23.9% reported menstrual flow > 7 days). The use of thrombo-prophylaxis or anticoagulants during the COVID-19 infection infection was associated with significant menstrual changes (37.8% increased menstrual flow, 18.5% menstrual flow for 2 to < 5 days, 59.7% menstrual flow > 7 days, 5.9% contact bleeding, and 6.7% abnormal menstrual pattern for one cycle).

Hubungan Pola Menstruasi dengan Kejadian Anemia pada Remaja Putri di Wilayah Pesisir Kota Bengkulu

Anemia is a severe global public health problem, especially in the age range of 15-49 years. Indonesia ranks 5th (22.331%) with the most anemia globally. Anemia can occur in adolescent girls. Adolescent girls have a higher risk of anemia than teenage boys. Anemia happens because young women experience menstruation which causes blood loss every month, so they need twice as much iron during menstruation. An abnormal menstrual pattern is a risk factor for anemia. SMKN 6 Bengkulu City and SMAN 7 Bengkulu City are the 1st and 2nd highest coastal areas with risk factors for anemia in adolescent girls in Bengkulu City. Determine the relationship between menstrual patterns and the incidence of anemia in adolescent girls in the coastal area of Bengkulu City. This research design implemented a cross-sectional approach. The research sample amounted to 60 respondents. Further, the study used an accidental sampling technique. The data analysis employed chi-square. 31 young women (51,67%) experienced abnormal menstrual patterns, 29 people (48, 33%) experienced normal menstrual patterns, 34 people (56.66%) were not anemic, and 26 people (43, 34%) had anemia. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that the p-value = 0.000 &lt; a = 0.05. This study concludes that Ha is accepted, so there is a relationship between menstrual patterns and the incidence of anemia in adolescent girls in the coastal area of Bengkulu City. Young women are expected to increase their knowledge and be willing to take Fe tablets every month.

POLA MENSTRUASI REMAJA SMAN X KAMPAR KIRI TENGAH

Menstruation is a physiological change in a woman's body that occurs periodically and is influenced by reproductive hormones. This period is important in reproduction. Ideally, the menstrual cycle should be regular every month with a span of 28-35 days for each menstrual period. Menstrual cycle is said to be abnormal if &lt; 28 days and &gt; 35 days . This study aims to describe menstrual patterns in high school adolescents. This type of research is quantitative with a descriptive research design. The population of this research is high school youth, by cluster sampling. The research instrument used a questionnaire. The results of this study showed that the majority of adolescents in SMA N X Kampar Kiri Tengah experienced normal menstrual patterns, namely 104 respondents (62%), and abnormal menstrual patterns, namely 64 respondents (38%). Suggestion: The results of this study can be useful for the community, especially students of SMA N X Kampar Kiri Tengah to know the importance of menstrual patterns, so that it can be an early anticipation to prevent menstrual pattern disorders in adolescent students of SMA X Kampar Kiri Tengah

PMON226 Primary Ovarian Insufficiency: A Case of a Missed Puberty

Abstract Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) is a loss of ovarian function in women less than 40 years old. We present a case of a female with primary amenorrhea due to autoimmune primary ovarian insufficiency (APOI), in which diagnosis was delayed as she had normal breast and pubic/axillary hair development. A 18-year-old female presented to endocrine clinic for evaluation of primary amenorrhea and hypoplastic uterus and ovaries. During her regular follow ups with her pediatrician it was noted that she had not undergone menarche but since her breast development was normal, further evaluation was not pursued. She had a complicated social history and missed several of her follow up appointments. However, further evaluation was done after she presented with severe pain during intercourse. During her physical exam, it was found she had a vaginal opening of 4 cm with an unpalpable cervix. She did however have pubic/axillary hair and breast development consistent with Tanner stage V. Pelvic MRI showed hypoplastic uterus/ovaries. Her lab work revealed she had a total testosterone of 28ng/dL, prolactin 11.1ng/mL, TSH 1.68iIU/mL, LH 42.2mIU/mL, FSH99.77 mIU/mL, estradiol29.36 pg/ML, AMH 3.1ng/mL. Her karyotype was 46XX. Testing for Fragile×Syndrome and 21 hydroxylase antibodies were negative. Anti-ovarian antibody (AOA) was obtained and found to be positive (1: 160). She was diagnosed with APOI and started on estrogen with a goal to increase to adult doses over 1.5-2 years. Progestins are planned to be introduced once she reaches adult doses of estrogen or develops breakthrough bleeding. Typical presentation of patients with POI is primary amenorrhea and lack of breast development during puberty. However, it is important to remember that there can be a broad spectrum of presenting symptoms with variable breast, uterine, and ovarian development as not all patients have the same degree of estrogen deficiency. This is a case of a patient with POI with hypoplastic uterus and ovaries who had Tanner V breast development. Given this patients ovarian atrophy it is likely that the majority of estrogen production originated from adrenal glands and fat cells, which contributed to the normal development of secondary sexual characteristics delaying her diagnosis. Therefore, identification of abnormal menstrual patterns in adolescence should always raise concern for POI even in the setting of normal breast and pubic/axillary hair development. POI is due to premature deprivation of estrogen with subsequent amenorrhea and compensatory elevations in FSH/LH. Early diagnosis of this condition can prevent potential health complications in such as decreased bone mineral density, psychological complications, and extremely painful intercourse as our patient had. It is important to note that fertility in patients with POI is also unpredictable, however earlier diagnosis/treatment can improve fertility preservation, especially in women with normal AMH levels such as this patient. Presentation: Monday, June 13, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.

Irregular Menstruation, Acne, Hirsutism, and the Possibility with PCOS

Background: PCOS was a common hormonal disorder caused by hyperandrogenism so the ovaries enlarged with many small follicles appear like cysts. The aetiology still unknown, but mounting evidence suggests that can be complex multigenic disorder with strong epigenetic and environmental influences. Therapeutic options include combined oral contraception, antiandrogens, etc. Case Presentation: Ms. N, 17 years old, came to polyclinic of RSAL Mintohardjo evaluated for amenorrhea. Her parents didn’t have comorbid conditions. The patient started Menarche at the age of 14, soon thereafter developed a secondary amenorrhea. On examination her BMI was 18.4kg/m², pulse-92/min and BP-115/80 mm of hg. She had a hirsute score (Ferriman-Gallway) of 8 and had no acanthosis nigricans. No abnormality on the other systemic examination and no laboratory tests were carried out. Patient given with combination hormonal pills. Hormonal birth control can help with PCOS symptoms, but it is not the only option. Lifestyle changes, such as losing weight and exercising more, may help. Discussion: PCOS involves primary defects in hypothalamic–pituitary axis, insulin, and ovarian function. Excess LH levels lead to hyperandrogenism in PCOS. Conclusion: All women with abnormal menstrual patterns should be evaluated for underlying PCOS, signs of hyperandrogenism, hormone profile, and pelvic ultrasonography to visualize the ovaries. Early diagnosis and treatment can avoid potential complications. Birth control pills (combined hormonal) can used for long-term treatment in women who didn’t want to pregnant. The birth control pills may help regulate menstrual bleeding, reduce excessive hair growth and acne, and decrease the risk of endometrial cancer.

Health Education on Stress Levels Facing Changes in Menstrual Patterns among Adolescents

Introduction: Current health education efforts through counseling are the right and acceptable way to increase young women's knowledge about stress so that it can affect menstrual patterns. Based on the data found, it shows that changes in abnormal menstrual patterns are related to psychological stress. The purpose of this service is to increase respondents' knowledge about how to manage stress when dealing with changes in menstrual patterns. Method: the method used in this service is counseling using Power Point media. which was held at SMA Denpasar with the number of respondents as many as 30 students. The evaluation used is by conducting questions and answers between the presenter and the respondent. Results: the results obtained are that after being given counseling the students better understand how to manage stress levels in dealing with menstrual patterns. From the results of the post test evaluation given, 26 students have understood the health education provided. It is hoped that by doing this counseling the students already have good knowledge and can be applied to everyday life.

Cushing’s disease recurrence in two patients in the postpartum period: A case report

Introduction: Few reports are available on Cushing’s Disease (CD) occurrence in pregnancy. We report two cases of pituitary macroadenoma with initial remission, who experienced uneventful pregnancies in the setting of CD recurrence in the postpartum period. Case presentation: The cases were two women in their 30s with irregular menses, weight gain, and other CD symptoms. The laboratory and imaging workups indicated the diagnosis of CD, and subsequently, the patients were treated with Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery (ETSS). After one and four years of remission, the patients became pregnant, and no signs or symptoms of CD were present in the meantime; 5-6 months after the delivery of healthy babies, the patients attended our clinic with complaints of weight gain and abnormal menstrual patterns. Findings from the workups confirmed CD recurrence. The patients underwent surgery and are now in the phase of remission. Conclusion: Overall, patients in remission seem to have a higher risk of CD recurrence in gestation and the postpartum period. This may raise the hypothesis that hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis hyperactivity and hypercortisolism result in ACTH pituitary adenoma during pregnancy. Regarding negative results for estrogen receptors in the patients’ pathology, the association of hyperestrogenemia with hypercortisolism tends is questioned. Thus, the precise mechanism of CD recurrence in pregnancy is unknown, and further studies need to be performed.

Description of The Event of Anemia in Women of Real Age of Coral Cadets in Ciseeng, Bogor City 2021

Nutrition is one of the determining factors to achieve excellent and optimal health. Anemia is still a nutritional problem in the world, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. Anemia is a condition in which a person's hemoglobin (Hb) level in the blood is lower than normal. Infertile women are one of the groups at risk for anemia. Several research results in several regions in Indonesia show that the prevalence of anemia infertile women is still high. We aim to describe the incidence of anemia in women of childbearing age in Ciseeng, Bogor, 2021. Using a qualitative study design, employing FGD, in-depth interviews, and active observation. All informants suffer from moderate anemia with Hb levels between 8.7 g/dl to 10.8 g/dl and have several symptoms or signs of anemia, namely 5L, dizziness, fatigue, pale nails, lips, and eyelids. The lack of iron-containing foods and the presence of tea in the breakfast menu of the informants is one of the factors that make the informants suffer from anemia, due to the disruption of iron absorption by the tannins contained in tea. Most of the informants have abnormal menstrual patterns and this is one of the determinants of the incidence of anemia experienced by the informants. An overview of matters relating to the incidence of anemia in women of childbearing age at youth organizations in Ciseeng Bogor, including a description of nutrient intake, breakfast behavior, tea/coffee drinking behavior, menstruation, nutritional knowledge. All key informants had Hb levels below 12 g/dl, ie 8.7 – 10.8 g/dl. Three informants had Hb levels below 10 g/dl, 12 others had Hb levels 10-11 g/dl. The results of this Hb examination indicate that all informants suffer from anemia which is classified as moderate anemia according to the classification of anemia according to WHO.

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents: A Multidisciplinary Approach.

Abnormal uterine bleeding is the most common complaint that motivates female adolescents to seek medical advice. Abnormal uterine bleeding has a significant impact on quality of life, promoting school absenteeism and limitations in social life. Moreover, episodes can vary from mild to life threatening events if not recognized and treated promptly. Healthcare providers should be able to distinguish between a normal and abnormal menstrual pattern, as this may provide early diagnosis of a potential health concern. The PALM-COEIN classification system should be used in the evaluation. Anovulation is the most frequent cause, frequently due to immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. A careful history and physical examination are crucial in the differential diagnosis. Management is based on both the underlying cause and the severity of bleeding. Most patients improve with pharmacological treatment, frequently requiring a multidisciplinary approach. First line treatment consists of hormonal therapy. Surgery is rarely needed. Although the prevalence of abnormal uterine bleeding is higher in adolescents compared to adults, most recommendations are not specific for this age, which makes the diagnosis and management challenging. The literature reveals lack of standardized care for adolescents and regimens vary widely. Future studies on efficacy and safety of treatments specifically in adolescents are needed.

Menstrual characteristics of sickle cell disease patients seen at a tertiary institution in North Western Nigeria.

Introduction:The burden of sickle cell disease (SCD) is high in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria, and with improved care and survival, reproductive health issues, including menstruation, have become increasingly important and may impact on long-term health and social wellbeing.Objectives:This study was carried out to characterize the menstrual characteristics of SCD patients.Methodology:Using a cross-sectional study design, a semi-structured questionnaire was administered and information collected on bio-demographic data, medical history of SCD, reproductive, and menstrual history.Results:One hundred and sixty female patients participated in the study. The mean age was 24.9 years (standard deviation [SD] ± 8.8). The mean age at menarche was 15.6 years (SD ± 2.7) for those menstruating. Most respondents had regular menstrual cycles 120 (82%); normal menstrual cycle lengths 120 (81%) significantly associated with respondent's age (P < 0.05); normal duration of flow 140 (97%); light menstrual flow 104 (71%) significantly associated with body mass index BMI (P < 0.05). Overall, however, 114 (78%) had abnormal menses and 32 (22%) had normal menses. Eighty-one respondents (56%) experienced menstrual pain, which was severe in only 28 cases (35%). The presence of menstrual pain did not significantly affect the annual frequency of crisis (P > 0.05).Conclusion:The mean age at menarche was high at 15.6 years. Most respondents had light menstrual flow and overall abnormal menstrual patterns. Menstrual pain was common but was not significantly associated with the frequency of crisis.

A CASE REPORT ON EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF ASRIGDARA

Any uterine bleeding outside the normal volume, duration, regularity or frequency is considered as abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). Nearly thirty percent of all gynaecological outpatient attendants are for AUB. Abnormal menstrual bleeding pattern have been traditionally expressed by terms like menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, polymenorrhagia &amp; oligomenorrhoea. Normal menstrual cycle interval is 28 days (21-35 days), menstrual flow duration 4-5 days and normal menstrual blood loss should be 35ml (20-80 ml). Any deviation in the above criteria comes under abnormal uterine bleeding, means excessive amount of bleeding or increased duration of bleeding during menstruation or both termed as AUB. In Ayurveda same is described as Pradara. A female patient aged 22 years visited OPD of Prasuti Tantra and Stri Roga department of NIA, with complaints of heavy menstrual bleeding and prolonged menstrual bleeding more than seven days since six months. Pictorial blood loss assessment chart was used to assess the amount of blood loss before and after treatment. SF-36 questionnaire was assessed to know the improvement in quality of life. Patient was given Kutajashtakaleha 10 gm BD with cows milk.

Incidence and Patterns of Menstrual Irregularities in Pediatric Patients After Concussion

Determine the incidence and patterns of menstrual irregularities in pediatric patients after a concussion and whether this is associated with prolonged recovery time. Abnormal menstrual patterns have been observed in women following a traumatic brain injury, which may be the result of disruption in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. The incidence and clinical significance of menstrual irregularities (MI) in pediatric patients after concussion is not well understood. A retrospective cohort chart review of female pediatric (11-20 years of age) concussion patients (n = 97). Questionnaire survey provided at each visit. The survey asked for number of years since first menses, hormonal contraceptive use, if any MI since the concussion, and type of MI if applicable. Data collected from 11/1/2018 to 5/30/2019. Patients with menarche less than 2 years and/or had experienced irregularities prior to concussion were excluded from study. MI was reported in 26.8% of pediatric patients. The majority of pediatric cases with MI were between the ages of 16 and 20 (73.1%). 84.6% of pediatric patients with reported MI had prolonged post concussive symptoms (PPCS). Other self-reported irregularities included painful dysmenorrhea, more frequent cycles in a short amount of time, or menstruation after prolonged period of amenorrhea due to hormonal contraceptive use. Recovered pediatric patients with reported MI had an average recovery time of 142 days, while recovered pediatric patients without reported MI had an average of 133 days of recovery time, which was not statistically significant (p = 0.825). Menstrual irregularities are common after pediatric concussions and most common in the PPCS population with the highest rates in the older adolescent (16-20) age group. MI may be an important predictor of PPCS and should be reviewed by clinicians in the setting of head trauma. Recovery time after pediatric concussion was longer in the recovered menstrual irregularity group but was not statistically significant.

Psychosocial and stress-related risk factors for abnormal menstrual cycle pattern among adolescent girls: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND:Menstruation is a normal physiological process among reproductive age group females. Although some of them show the abnormal menstrual pattern, which is influenced by several factors, including sociodemographic status, psychosocial stress, improper sleep level, etc. The identification of these risk factors associated with abnormal menstrual patterns may permit risk stratification among adolescent girls. This study was planned to determine various factors which depict menstrual cycle pattern among adolescent girls in urban India.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A school-based case–control study was carried out in urban India from May to December 2019. Urban locality and schools were randomly selected, and data were collected in two phases. Adolescent girls in the age group of 10–19 years studying in government and private (both Hindi medium and English medium) schools of urban India were screened for the abnormal menstrual pattern. Equal numbers of age-matched controls were also enrolled. Data were collected with the help of self-administered predesigned pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, unpaired t-test, and McNemar tests were used to analyze data using SPSS version 23.0.RESULTS:A total of 100 cases and 100 age-matched controls (mean age 14.8 ± 1.5 years) were included in the study, almost half of the cases and controls have normative menarche. Improper sleep patterns increased stress levels, and low education status of mothers show statistically significant (P = 0.047) association with abnormal menstrual patterns.CONCLUSION:More stress, improper sleep levels, and low education status of mothers among school-going adolescent girls were strongly associated with abnormal menstrual patterns with more symptoms during menstruation.

Dysmenorrhea and menstrual patterns among adolescent school girls in Kano

Background: Dysmenorrhea is a periodic cramping lower abdominal pain which occurs at menstruation. It could be primary when there is no organic basis and secondary when its due to underlying pelvic pathology. The primary dysmenorrhea frequently begins during adolescence. Abnormal menstrual patterns can also be encountered among adolescent. Objective: The objective of the study is to determine the rate of dysmenorrhea and menstrual patterns among adolescent school girls. Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional survey that was carried out among female adolescent girls in three secondary schools at Kano. Approval for the study was obtained from Kano State Ministry of Health. Consent/assent was obtained from all the participants/guardians. Information on dysmenorrhea and menstrual patterns was recorded on a pretested structured questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS Version 19, Statistics (SPSS Inc., IL, Chicago, USA). P