Abnormal Eating Patterns Research Articles

Examining Studies on the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Treating Eating Disorders: A Look at Both Western and Asian Studies

This paper explores the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of eating disorders, looking at the findings of the past three years by examining Western and Asian studies. Eating disorders (EDs), as a global health problem, cover a range of serious mental health conditions marked by abnormal eating patterns, unhealthy food-related behaviors, and intense or obsessive obsession with weight and body shape. The purpose of this article is to discuss the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of eating disorders. The article reviews the relevant Western and Asian studies and reviews a research result in the past three years. The result shows a more comprehensive assessment of clinical impairment, eating disorder symptoms, and anxiety symptoms in the context of the CBT-E intervention. However, there are limitations to the certainty of results in this literature due to differences between studies in design, follow-up period, sample size, and patient diagnosis and age. Future studies should further discuss the effects of treatment in different cultural contexts to more accurately understand the potential impact of treatment.

Exploring the Psychological Impact of Quarantine: An Investigation into Eating Patterns, Emotions, and Loneliness During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece.

The implementation of quarantine measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic presented challenges linked to adverse psychological effects, notably affecting individuals' eating patterns. This study aimed to investigate the eating patterns of individuals during lockdowns compared across sex, age, and income levels, and examine the influence of positive and negative emotions, as well as loneliness, on these patterns. Across-sectional online studywas conducted with 450 participants (aged 18-74 years old). One questionnaire about demographics, the Demographic Questionnaire, and three validated self-report scales (Eating Attitudes Test, comprising the Dieting, Bulimia, and Food Preoccupation, and Oral Control subscales, the Modified Differential Emotions Scale, and the UCLA Loneliness Scale) were employed. Convenience and snowball sampling were used. The data were collected between April and May 2021, primarily through social media platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. The survey questionnaire was shared via these platforms and users could answer if they wanted. Also, they were asked to send the questionnaire to their closecontacts. Additionally, the survey questionnairewas distributedface-to-face to 80 participants. The statistical analyses included linear regression and mediation analyses. Abnormal eating patterns (e.g. eating behaviors that tend to have signs of diet such as constant avoidance of fattening foods, the individual's involvement with becoming leaner, extreme control or preoccupation with food, overeating and purging methods)were identified in 25% of the 450 participants participated in this survey, aged 18-74 years. Moderate levels of negative/positive emotions and loneliness were predominantly reported.Female sexwas significantly associated withabnormal eating patterns (p=0.010), particularly dietary behaviors (p=0.029).Negative emotions (p=0.032) and loneliness (p=0.001) emerged as predictive factors for overall eating patterns and bulimic behaviors. Negative emotions exhibited a direct correlation with eating patterns, while loneliness played a significant mediating role (p=0.032). Furthermore, the association between negative emotions and bulimia was partially mediated by loneliness (p=0.018). This study underscores the pivotal roles of negative emotions and loneliness in shaping eating patterns during quarantine.Multilevel public health interventionsare needed to address the negative effects of quarantine and pandemics in general. Screening tests for mental health in the school and job environments could highlight the need for shaping interventions, such as counseling, group empowerment, and family support in order to mitigate the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating behaviors and mental health in general.

Potential Neurobiological and clinical markers in Extreme Weight Conditions: from Anorexia to Obesity

AbstractExtreme eating and weight conditions (EWC) are a construct that emerges as a dimensional and theoretical model that identifies individuals who exhibit inappropriate eating behaviours and abrupt weight fluctuations. According to this spectrum of EWC, one extreme can be represented by individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN), characterised by excessive food restriction and an extremely low body mass index (BMI), whereas the other end of this continuum is represented by individuals with obesity (OB), characterised by a BMI above 30. In addition to AN and OB, some eating disorders (EDs), namely bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder, are also part of this continuum, given the high risk of falling into one of the extremes, especially that of higher BMI. Studies have described similar changes at the psychological and neurobiological levels associated with their abnormal eating patterns, delineating vulnerability pathways related to the neurobiological basis.Based on previous literature, individuals suffering from EWC would show dysfunctional brain activity in regions associated with emotional reward processing and cognitive control compared to healthy controls (HC). Similarly, neuroendocrine alterations in EWC are expected to influence clinical symptomatology. It will also be discussed how impairments in executive function and differential brain activity observed in individuals with EWC may negatively impact their clinical course and treatment outcome.Disclosure of InterestF. Fernandez-Aranda: None Declared, S. Jimenez- Murcia Grant / Research support from: We thank CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya for institutional support. This research was supported by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (FIS PI20/00132) and co-funded by FEDER funds/European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), a way to build Europe. CIBERObn is an initiative of ISCIII. Additional support was received from the Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (2021I031) and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grant PID2021-124887OB-I00). Additional funding was received by AGAUR-Generalitat de Catalunya (2021-SGR- 00824), European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant agreement no. 847879 (PRIME/H2020, Prevention and Remediation of Insulin Multimorbidity in Europe) and the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation program under grant agreement No 101080219 (eprObes)., Consultant of: FFA and SJM received consultancy and speakers honoraria from Novo Nordisk.

Eating Behavior Disorders and Disordered Eating Habits in Spanish High-Performance Women's Olympic Wrestling Athletes.

Eating disorders (EDs) are a significant health issue in combat sports. This study investigated the differences between the different types of female wrestlers and the frequency at which EDs occur in the elite population, and it also sought to establish which factors are predictors of EDs. This study was comprised of 22 elite, female wrestlers who were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: having previously been the Spanish champion, being part of the Spanish national team, participating in at least one international championship, and having a history of ED. Data collection involved five questionnaires: demographic data, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), the Bulimic Investigatory Test, the Edinburgh (BITE), the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-3), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The results revealed diverse levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, with BITE scores indicating abnormal eating patterns. Group comparisons exposed significant distinctions in eating behaviors based on competition and training experience. Regression analyses showed competition and training experience as predictors of bulimia severity and symptoms. The study revealed prevalent extreme weight-control practices, including fasting, diuretic and laxative use, and binge eating. This research emphasizes the importance of EDs in Olympic wrestling, urging a comprehensive approach involving education, support, and policy implementation by coaches, health professionals, and sports organizations to prioritize athletes' well-being and discourage unhealthy weight-control practices.

The Nepean Belief Scale (NBS) as a tool to investigate the intensity of beliefs in anorexia nervosa: psychometric properties of the Italian version

BackgroundPeople with anorexia nervosa (AN) show a peculiar impairment of insight regarding their condition, often manifesting a denial of extreme emaciation and sometimes hiding or underreporting socially undesirable abnormal eating patterns. Sometimes the intensity of the beliefs held by patients with AN reach a delusional intensity.ObjectivesIn this study, the Italian version of the Nepean Belief Scale was applied to a sample of patients diagnosed with AN to investigate the intensity of their beliefs and convictions and its clinical correlates.MethodsThe Nepean Belief Scale (NBS) was translated and adapted to Italian and applied to a sample of patients diagnosed with AN based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5).ResultsThe Italian version of the 5-item NBS showed excellent reliability. Convergent validity was proved by negative association with levels of insight measured with the Schedule for the Assessment of Insight in Eating Disorders. Beliefs of delusional intensity were reported by 10% of participants. Those with a greater intensity of beliefs, either overvalued or delusional ideas, were more likely to report poorer general cognitive performances on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. No association was observed between NBS score and age, body mass index, symptoms of eating disorders, body dissatisfaction, or levels of depression. Fear of weight gain and control seeking were the most often reported themes at the NBS.ConclusionsThe Italian version of the NBS is a reasonably reliable, valid, and usable tool for the multidimensional assessment of insight in AN.Level of evidence Level III, Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies.

Specific neuropsychiatric symptoms are associated with functional decline trajectories in Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body dementia: a five-year follow-up study.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are often overlooked and under-identified symptoms associated with dementia, despite their significant impact on the prognosis of individuals living with the disease. The specific role of certain NPS in functional prognosis remains unclear. To determine the association of different NPS with functional decline in people living with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or Lewy body dementia (LBD). This is an analysis of data from the Dementia Study of Western Norway (DemVest) with 196 patients included of which 111 had AD and 85 LBD. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and the Rapid Disability Rating Scale (RDRS-2) for activities of daily living were administered annually for 5 years. NPI total score and individual items with RDRS-2 trajectories were analyzed with linear mixed models. The LBD group exhibited higher levels of functional impairment and a greater burden of NPS at baseline. Over the 5-year follow-up, hallucinations, aggression, depression, anxiety, apathy, disinhibition, aberrant motor behavior, nighttime behavior disturbances, and abnormal eating patterns were significantly associated with the decline in functional abilities in individuals with AD, as well as irritability and aberrant motor behavior in those with LBD. These results highlight the relevance of early detection and intervention of these particularly relevant NPS, due to its potential of also impacting physical function. Better detection and management of these NPS could improve functional prognosis in people living with dementia. Specific NPS demonstrate relevant distinct associations with Longitudinal trajectories of functional decline in AD and LBD.

Short term effects of semaglutide on emotional eating and other abnormal eating patterns among subjects living with obesity

ObjectiveEmotional eating (EE) and other abnormal eating patterns are highly prevalent among people living with obesity (PWO). In this sense, semaglutide, by acting on areas of the brain involved in the reward system and emotion regulation, could have the potential to ameliorate these eating patterns. Method69 PWO attending an obesity clinic were evaluated baseline and after 3 months since the beginning of semaglutide. To rule out abnormal EE, the Emotional Eating Questionnaire was administered, and a structured interview was conducted. Results: 69 PWO (82.6%♀, 43.7 ± 1years, and 34.3 ± 6 kg/m2) were included. After 3 months of semaglutide, there was a significant reduction in weight (96.1 ± 20.9 vs 91.3 ± 19.7 kg; p < 0.001) and BMI (34.3 ± 6 vs 32.4 ± 5.6 kg/m2; p < 0.0001). The proportion of patients with EE (72.5% vs 11.5%; p < 0.001), external eating (27.5% vs 10.1%; p < 0.001) cravings (49.3% vs 21.7%; p < 0.001) and savory cravings (53.6% vs 14.5%; p < 0.001) was significantly reduced after 3 months of semaglutide. Also, the proportion of PWO with regular exercise was increased (15.9% vs 39.1%; p < 0.001). However, Logistic regression analysis showed that only sweet cravings at baseline were the only factor associated, although not significant, with a poorer weight loss (p = 0.05). DiscussionSemaglutide is an effective weight-loss treatment in PWO at short term. Moreover, semaglutide was highly effective in ameliorating EE and other abnormal eating patterns that exert a negative influence on weight.

Prevalence of Risks for Eating Disorders among Undergraduate University Students: A Cross-sectional Study from the United Arab Emirates

Background: Eating disorders are disturbances that result in severe and long-lasting abnormal eating patterns and consequences to a variety of physical and psychological components of health. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of risks for eating disorders among Emirati female undergraduate university students at higher colleges in the United Arab Emirates. Methods: Utilizing a cross-sectional design, a total of 501 university students were recruited conveniently to participate in this study (the response rate was 90%). A questionnaire consisting of demographical and eating pattern sections and the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) (Arabic version) were used and shared online with the university students using Google Forms. This study was conducted in the spring semester of 2020/2021. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized. Results: The prevalence of female university students with risks of eating disorders was 13.97%. The most frequent (13.6%) statement chosen by university students was “I am terrified of being overweight.” Almost 50% of the university students were not satisfied with their weight and 48.1% were dissatisfied with their physical appearance. Only 8.18% of the female university students have a family history of eating disorders and 8.98% were confirmed cases of eating disorders. Yet, the study revealed no statistically significant correlations between age (r= 0.036, P= 0.416), body mass index (r= 0.015, P= 0.734) or meals/day (r= -0.076, P= 0.087) and EAT-26 scores. Conclusions: The risks of eating disorders in the current study were lower compared to those obtained by previous studies. Regardless of that, the awareness regarding eating disorders is required by multiple education programs utilizing reading materials, online education sessions, games, mass media and social communication methods. Implications for Nursing: Extended community-based educational programs are suggested to enhance female university students’ knowledge about EDs, their consequences on health and methods to promote healthy eating habits and positive attitudes toward body image. Keywords: Eating disorders, Higher colleges, University students, United Arab Emirates, Female adolescents, Anorexia nervosa, EAT-26.

Food addiction in anorexia nervosa: Implications for the understanding of crossover diagnosis.

ObjectiveFood addiction (FA) construct was introduced to reflect abnormal eating patterns that resemble behavioural ones found in substance use disorders. FA has been barely explored in anorexia nervosa (AN). This study evaluated FA occurrence and associated factors in a sample of patients with AN, distinguishing between restrictive and binge–purging subtypes and focussing on the influence of FA in the crossover diagnosis between them.MethodA sample of 116 patients with AN admitted for treatment seeking at an Bellvitge Hospital Eating Disorders Unit were included (72 restrictive [AN‐R]; 44 binge‐purge AN [AN‐BP]), and eating‐related, personality and psychopathological variables were assessed. Most participants were women (92.2%), mean age 27.1 years old (SD = 10.5).ResultsFA was more prevalent in patients with AN‐BP compared to the AN‐R group (75.0% and 54.2%, respectively). The patients with AN‐R FA+, presented more similar ED symptomatology, general psychopathology and personality traits, with the AN‐BP patients, than with the AN‐R FA‐.ConclusionsPatients with AN‐R FA+, exhibit more similarities with the AN‐BP subgroup than with the AN‐R FA‐. Thus, it is possible to hypothesise that the presence of FA might be an indicator of the possible crossover from AN‐R to AN‐BP.

GLP1 analogues among patients with overweight or obesity during lockdown

Background and objectivesOne of the potential negative effects of a lockdown are changes in dietary and lifestyle patterns, which can lead to weight gain. Our objective was to assess the changes on dietary habits and eating patterns in a lockdown situation and their impact on weight. We aimed to determine whether the treatment with GLP1 analogues (aGLP1) could impact on these parameters. Material and methods100 overweight/obese patients were consecutively recruited for a review at the end of the lockdown. A structured interview was designed to see changes in dietary habits, routines and exercise. Results52% patients gained weight during lockdown. The percentage of subjects with an active history of depression or anxiety was higher among the group of patients who gained weight. The percentage of patients who worsened their hyperphagia was higher in those who gained weight (71.2% vs 10.6%; P < .0001); similar results were observed with binge eating (92% vs 10.6%; P < .0001) and cravings, both sweet and salty (69.2% vs 21.3% and 69.2% vs 14.9%; P < .0001 and P < .0001 respectively). Of the 48 patients who did not gain weight, 30 were under aGLP1 treatment (61.7%). The worsening of abnormal eating patterns was lower among patients treated with aGLP-1. ConclusionsA lockdown is a vulnerable period to gain weight, especially in those patients with a psychopathological history. aGLP1 manage to control emotional eating, making them a valuable therapeutic option.

AACE2021-A-1011: Recurrent Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Can We Prevent It?

Diabetic ketoacidosis begets another attack. It's often a challenge in treating diabetic children. Factors associated with recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis include psychological disturbance, depression, antidepressant use, abnormal eating pattern, social deprivation, female sex especially in teen age, and uncontrolled diabetes. Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis is an independent predictor of short term mortality at 2-6 years. This retrospective study included review of medical records of 32 type 1 diabetic patients, 19 females and 13 males who were admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis to King Fahad hospital, Madina, Saudi Arabia. They aged 14 to 32 years. Data included for each patient included age, sex, number of attacks of diabetic ketoacidosis in last 2 years (from August 2018 to August 2020), HbA1c, and use of insulin pump or antidepressants. All cases presented with metabolic ketoacidosis and ketonuria. The largest number of attacks was 4 admissions per year in a female who was on antidepressant and has HbA1c 10.4% in her last admission. The mean HbA1c in females was 9.45% and in males 9.59%. 4 female patients are on insulin pump and 2 female patients have end stage renal disease. Adverse effects of recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis admissions include social burden, economic cost and patient morbidity/mortality. Suggested strategy for prevention of recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis include education of patient and care givers, multidisciplinary team composed of endocrinologist/diabetologist, dietician, psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker and diabetic educator. Continuous glucose monitors can also prevent or reduce recurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis.

Análogos de GLP1 en los pacientes con sobrepeso u obesidad durante el confinamiento

Background and objectivesOne of the potential negative effects of a lockdown are changes in dietary and lifestyle patterns, which can lead to weight gain. Our objective was to assess the changes on dietary habits and eating patterns in a lockdown situation and their impact on weight. We aimed to determine whether the treatment with GLP1 analogues (aGLP1) could impact on these parameters. Material and methods100 overweight/obese patients were consecutively recruited for a review at the end of the lockdown. A structured interview was designed to see changes in dietary habits, routines and exercise. Results52% patients gained weight during lockdown. The percentage of subjects with an active history of depression or anxiety was higher among the group of patients who gained weight. The percentage of patients who worsened their hyperphagia was higher in those who gained weight (71.2% vs. 10.6%; P<0.0001); similar results were observed with binge eating (92% vs. 10.6%; p<0.0001) and cravings, both sweet and salty (69.2% vs. 21.3% and 69.2% vs. 14.9%; p<0.0001 and p<0.0001 respectively). Of the 48 patients who did not gain weight, 30 were under aGLP1 treatment (61.7%). The worsening of abnormal eating patterns was lower among patients treated with aGLP-1. ConclusionsA lockdown is a vulnerable period to gain weight, especially in those patients with a psychopathological history. aGLP1 manage to control emotional eating, making them a valuable therapeutic option.

Exploring Patterns of Disturbed Eating in Psychosis: A Scoping Review.

Disturbed eating behaviours have been widely reported in psychotic disorders since the early 19th century. There is also evidence that antipsychotic (AP) treatment may induce binge eating or other related compulsive eating behaviours. It is therefore possible that abnormal eating patterns may contribute to the significant weight gain and other metabolic disturbances observed in patients with psychosis. In this scoping review, we aimed to explore the underlying psychopathological and neurobiological mechanisms of disrupted eating behaviours in psychosis spectrum disorders and the role of APs in this relationship. A systematic search identified 35 studies that met our eligibility criteria and were included in our qualitative synthesis. Synthesizing evidence from self-report questionnaires and food surveys, we found that patients with psychosis exhibit increased appetite and craving for fatty food, as well as increased caloric intake and snacking, which may be associated with increased disinhibition. Limited evidence from neuroimaging studies suggested that AP-naïve first episode patients exhibit similar neural processing of food to healthy controls, while chronic AP exposure may lead to decreased activity in satiety areas and increased activity in areas associated with reward anticipation. Overall, this review supports the notion that AP use can lead to disturbed eating patterns in patients, which may contribute to AP-induced weight gain. However, intrinsic illness-related effects on eating behaviors remain less well elucidated, and many confounding factors as well as variability in study designs limits interpretation of existing literature in this field and precludes firm conclusions from being made.

Interaction of alcohol with time of eating on markers of circadian dyssynchrony and colon tissue injury

BackgroundAlcohol increases the risk of developing colon cancer (CRC), in part via tissue inflammation and impaired barrier integrity. Circadian dyssynchrony (CD) is an understudied but common lifestyle associated factor that increases the risk of multi-organ tissue injury and number of malignancies including CRC. Our prior studies showed that the shift in light-dark cycle exacerbates barrier dysfunction and colonic inflammation in the setting of alcohol treatment, and increases the risk of CRC. Here we studied the interaction of alcohol with an abnormal eating pattern on markers of CD and colonic barrier integrity. MethodMice were subjected to day (rest-phase = wrong-time WT) or night-time (active-phase = right-time RT) access to food in combination with access to water or 15% alcohol for total duration of 10 weeks. The food and liquid intake was measured. The locomotor activity data was recorded throughout the study, using a beam-break system. Mice were euthanized at two time points (ZT2 and ZT14). Time variation in the expression of the molecular marker of circadian clock (per2 gene) was measured in the central (hypothalamus) and intestinal (colon) tissue. Colonic protein expression of barrier markers (Occludin and Claudin-1) was studied. ResultsNo significant differences were present in the weight gain and alcohol intake among the groups over the study period. We observed an interaction of WT eating with alcohol on behavioral markers of circadian rhythm. Compared to the RT + Water treated animals (“reference group”), combination of WT eating and alcohol consumption (WT + Alcohol) significantly changed the per2 oscillatory pattern, that was different between the colon and hypothalamus, indicative of worsening circadian dyssynchrony. This was associated with an overall impaired expression of barrier integrity markers in the colon. ConclusionsAlcohol induces circadian dyssynchrony which is worsened by abnormal food timing, associated with impaired barrier integrity in the colon. Future studies on the interaction of alcohol and food timing could provide further insights into alcohol associated CRC pathophysiology.

Relationship between night shift work, eating habits and BMI among nurses in Lebanon

BackgroundThe objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the relationships between night shift work, eating habits and body mass index (BMI) among Lebanese nurses.MethodsA total of 307 nurses were randomly selected from five hospitals located in Beirut. Data about demographic and professional characteristics, anthropometric measures, dietary habits and intakes were collected through a validated questionnaire. To study the relationship between night shift work, eating habits and BMI, chi-square test, t-test and logistic regressions were used.ResultsThe majority of nurses (78. 2%) had irregular meals timing with a significant decrease in the number of complete meals consumed during the day and an increase in the number of snacks consumed during night (p < 0. 05). The most consumed snacks during night shifts were sweets and potato chips. The findings highlighted that BMI and waist circumference significantly increased with the number of years of work (r = 0.175; p < 0.05) and the cumulative number of night shifts hours over the entire work history (r = 0.135/p < 0. 05).ConclusionNight shift work is positively associated with abnormal eating patterns and BMI among Lebanese nurses. However the increase in BMI is not related to eating habits.

The influence of attractiveness and convenience cues on food appeal in adults with and without ADHD

ObjectivePrevious research on adults with ADHD revealed high rates of overweight and obesity, as well as unhealthy diet habits. Other studies demonstrated that social-affective contexts can influence food choice. This study examines the sensitivity of adults with ADHD to cues of food attractiveness and convenience, for healthy and unhealthy foods. MethodOne hundred and seventy-two university students with (n = 59) and without (n = 113) ADHD, aged 19–40, participated in the study. Participants rated the level of appeal of 32 pictures of healthy and unhealthy foods, which varied in the degree of attractiveness and convenience. ResultsThe findings reveal a higher level of appeal of attractive food items compared to non-attractive ones (p < .001), as well as of convenient compared to non-convenient food items (p = .005). Type of diagnostic group did not have an effect on the level of appeal. ConclusionIncreasing the attractiveness and convenience of food items increased the level of appeal for both students with and without ADHD. These findings emphasize the importance of environmental health intervention to potentially reduce abnormal eating pattern in the ADHD adult population, which may contribute in preventing the reported higher risk of obesity in this population.

Oral cavity and eating disorders: An insight to holistic health.

Oral health is vital to the general well being and is a time-tested indicator of the systemic health of an individual. Oral cavity may be the primary site affected in endocrine disorders, renal disorders, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, hematological, autoimmune cutaneous disorders, and psychosomatic disorders. Eating disorders (primarily Anorexia nervosa and bulimia) are psychosomatic disorders having multifaceted etiology, and characterized by abnormal eating patterns. In many cases, the oral cavity may be the only site of the manifestations of eating disorders. An oral physician may often unveil the mystery of this underlying systemic pathology by a vigilant and meticulous examination of the oral cavity. This not only helps in nabbing the disease in its early course but also prevents the patients from the appalling consequences due to the disease. This article aims to highlight the etiopathogenesis and various oral features in eating disorders. The oral physician should be familiar with the bizarre oral features of eating disorders and should work in close connection with other healthcare physicians to prevent the psychosomatic and systemic consequences.

Abnormal Eating Patterns Cause Circadian Disruption and Promote Alcohol-Associated Colon Carcinogenesis.

Background & AimsAlcohol intake with circadian rhythm disruption (CRD) increases colon cancer risk. We hypothesized that eating during or around physiologic rest time, a common habit in modern society, causes CRD and investigated the mechanisms by which it promotes alcohol-associated colon carcinogenesis.MethodsThe effect of feeding time on CRD was assessed using B6 mice expressing a fusion protein of PERIOD2 and LUCIFERASE (PER2::LUC) were used to model colon polyposis and to assess the effects of feeding schedules, alcohol consumption, and prebiotic treatment on microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acid levels, colon inflammation, and cancer risk. The relationship between butyrate signaling and a proinflammatory profile was assessed by inactivating the butyrate receptor GPR109A.ResultsEating at rest (wrong-time eating [WTE]) shifted the phase of the colon rhythm in PER2::LUC mice. In TS4Cre × APClox468 mice, a combination of WTE and alcohol exposure (WTE + alcohol) decreased the levels of short-chain fatty acid–producing bacteria and of butyrate, reduced colonic densities of regulatory T cells, induced a proinflammatory profile characterized by hyperpermeability and an increased mucosal T-helper cell 17/regulatory T cell ratio, and promoted colorectal cancer. Prebiotic treatment improved the mucosal inflammatory profile and attenuated inflammation and cancer. WTE + alcohol–induced polyposis was associated with increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 expression. Decreased butyrate signaling activated the epithelial signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in vitro. The relationship between butyrate signaling and a proinflammatory profile was confirmed in human colorectal cancers using The Cancer Genome Atlas.ConclusionsAbnormal timing of food intake caused CRD and interacts with alcohol consumption to promote colon carcinogenesis by inducing a protumorigenic inflammatory profile driven by changes in the colon microbiota and butyrate signaling. Accession number of repository for microbiota sequence data: raw FASTQ data were deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive under project PRJNA523141.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes.

To present current data on the coexistence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults and children and to discuss possible mechanisms. Emerging data suggest that risk factors for obesity and insulin resistance such as diabetes during pregnancy and intrauterine growth failure may also have a role in the development of ADHD. Furthermore, ADHD and obesity share lifestyle factors, such as abnormal eating patterns, binge eating, and a sedentary lifestyle. ADHD is a risk factor for components of the metabolic syndrome, particularly obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and also hypertension, both in adults and youth. Associations of ADHD with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension have been ascertained, and various mechanisms have been proposed. Research is needed to decipher the shared genetic, pharmacological, and lifestyle risk factors. Individuals with ADHD should be treated as a high-risk group for cardiometabolic complications.

Impact of omega-3 fatty acids on calorie intake and certain anthropometric measurements in children with sickle cell disease in Saudi Arabia.

The nutritional status and growth in children with sickle cell disease is compromised due to intake of diet that is low in calories as well as deficient in nutrients. Growth stunting and a low body mass index have been observed in these children. Some children exhibit pica, which is an abnormal eating pattern by ingesting things other than food, like paper, wood etc. This also was found to correlate to lower hemoglobin values. Interventions with certain essential nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids are known to benefit these children in terms of lowering their complications due to the disease. We therefore wished to see if omega-3 fatty acids exhibit positive effects on their nutritional intake and growth parameters too. Hence, we supplemented these children with omega-3 fatty acids for a period of six months. Both the male and female children with the disease significantly improved their calorific intake as well as body mass index. Also a lowering of pica status was distinctly observed.