Ablution Area Research Articles

WOMEN FRIENDLY MOSQUE: AN OVERVIEW

Mosque is a place where people prostrate to Allah S.W.T and Islamic religion greatness symbol, that stand firm in every corner of the world. The mosque is also a place for muslims gather with no differences in gender, ethnicity and status. In the time of Prophet Muhammad, peace upon him, has raised awareness of the mosque’s role as community builder without ignoring the women. In Malaysia, some mosque designs less emphasize the need for woman comfort and this raises problems towards women while in the mosque. Prayer area, ablution area, toilet and safety which are the main components that are needed to be emphasized in designing a mosque. Nevertheless, there are still a numbers of muslim women voices their frustration towards the facilities provided to them in mosque. Therefore, this research identifies the problems faced by women using the secondary data which is media content analysis. Besides that, field observation which involved some mosques in Johor to identify issues in facilities and design of mosque. From the field observation, it was clearly seen that the mosques’ facilities provided for the women users still do not comply with ‘women-friendly’ mosque. Some suggestions were provided to improve the mosque's design and to act as reference by future researchers, architects and designers in designing a mosque.

DESIGN FRAMEWORK FOR ABLUTION SPACES OF ICONIC MOSQUES IN MALAYSIA

Mosques are places where Muslims perform prayers and other social activities. Those are built as a place for humans to worship the Almighty Allah at all times, as well as to provide an environment that responds to the needs of devotees and educates the future generation by the Quranic verses and the Prophet's teachings. Derived from the Holy Quran and the Prophet, purity is compulsory at all times for Muslims, and has many meanings that are applicable during prayers and the day. The ablution room is integrated into all mosque designs because it is an unseparated element. However, Malaysian mosques have been questioned in their application of some Islamic regulations to uniform a hygienically clean space that can respond the needs of Muslims. The design of the ablution rooms in Malaysian mosques is encountering a serious issue regarding the spaces' cleanliness. Although the ablution room has been designed to respond the Muslim's need to conduct the ablution practice and to cleanse a person spiritually and physically, several problems related to its design aspects were revealed. This research investigates the cleanliness of the Malaysian ablution space. It examines how the design aspects of the ablution rooms of the Iconic Malaysian Mosques impact the area's cleanliness and its users. Five case studies were selected for this study. Three methods of study were utilized: physical observation, architectural drawing analysis, and interviews. Aspects of design form, ventilation, cleaning status, and user experience were discussed. This research suggested that the larger mosques in Malaysia were suffering from serious hygiene issues that resulted from many aspects, including poor design, ventilation systems, and users' abuse. The research suggested some design guidelines for future and existing ablution areas that will improve the cleanliness.

Pelaksanaan Pekerjaan Finishing pada WC dan Tempat Whudu Masjid A-Ikhlas Thumburuni Kab. Fakfak Papua Barat

Al-Iklas Mosque is one of the public mosques in Fakfak City which is still active and has a fairly large number of worshipers, namely 300 people. However, currently the mosque has supporting facilities for building facilities, namely toilets and ablution places whose floors and walls have not been tiled and painted. As well as the damage to water channels and faucets where wudu. Therefore, the PKM team provided solutions to carry out work on installing ceramic floors, repairing drains and painting the walls of the WC and the ablution area of ??the Al-Iklas Thumburuni Fakfak Mosque. The method used is the first method, the ceramic installation service method is by immersing ceramics, installing ceramics by applying cement to the floor to which ceramics will be affixed and applying ceramic grout. The second method, the method of painting the walls, is by cleaning the walls first, mixing the paint with a water base or solvent, and using the zigzag technique in painting. The third method, the method of repairing the water channel where the wudu is located, is by welding the iron pipe which is damaged and leaking. So in this finishing work, collaborating using 2 disciplines from the POLINEF institution, namely civil engineering, namely ceramic installation and painting work, while machine maintenance techniques, namely plumbing repair work.
 Keywords: Ceramic Installation, Painting Work, Plumbing Welding Work. Al-Iklas Mosque, Fakfak

RENOVATION OF MUSHOLLA AL IKHLAS AT JL. RAWASARI TIMUR NO.18, RT.18/RW.2, CEMPAKA PUTIH TIMUR, JAKARTA PUSAT

The current condition of Mushollah Al Ikhlas needs to be developed because the congregation of Mushollah Al Ikhlas is increasing and increasingly unable to be accommodated. In addition to the height of the bathroom floor which is not comfortable to use, the number of toilets is only one, there is only one ablution area, there is no division of ablution areas for men and women. When Friday prayers are often not accommodated, the congregation is often not accommodated, especially when the month of Ramadan arrives, the congregation is not accommodated so that they are forced to worship in the road area around the Al Ikhlas Mosque. To overcome this problem, the manager of the Al Ikhlas Mushollah wants to increase the Mushollah room to 2 floors. Based on these conditions, it is necessary to develop and add facilities for the Mushollah Al Ikhlas, thus it is necessary to design the renovation of the Mushollah Al Ikhlas as a first step before the construction of the renovation of the Mushollah Al Ikhlas. The method of implementing the activities uses the Architectural Design Process. Where the design of the renovation of the Mushollah Al Ikhlas is adjusted to the input from the manager of the Mushollah, while the working drawings of the design of the renovation of the Mushollah are adjusted to architectural standards. The purpose of the Mushollah renovation design is so that the Mushollah is able to accommodate worshipers when performing Friday prayers and tarawih activities during the month of Ramadan in accordance with architectural standards and in accordance with the concept of the Cempaka Putih Mushollah, so that provide comfort for the congregation of Mushollah. The stages of implementing the activity begin with licensing the implementation of activities, site surveys or location observations, coordination with the mosque management, measuring and drawing the mosque to be renovated, making working drawings, Budget Plans, and 3D drawings of buildings, drawing consultations, construction of mosque renovations, monitoring development progress. The result of this activity is the application of architectural design in the construction of the renovation of the Al Ikhlas mosque in Cempaka Putih, Central Jakarta.

Investigation on the Ergonomics Design of Wudhu' (Ablution) Station at a Mosque in a Higher Learning Institution

The ablution area is compulsory for each mosque, and it is essential for Muslims to perform ablution ritual. Supposedly, the well-design of ablution station is one of the crucial aspects to be considered in prayer facility infrastructure, but certain mosques provide poor ablution. The objectives of the study were to investigate if there is a mismatch between the design of the existing ablution station with Malaysian anthropometry measurement, to identify the user’s satisfaction on existing ablution design through survey and to propose the improvement of the existing ablution station based on suitable anthropometry dimension and ergonomic aspects. The quantitative appraoch study was adopted. The ablution stations’ existing design are observed and measured to compare with the related anthropometric data. Experinced users satisfaction towards the ablution station is also invstigated. As the result, Design 2 either male or female ablution unit, had ergonomics characteristics and acceptable measurement dimensions compared to Design 1. Henceforth, it becomes preferable design among a Higher Learning Institution users compare to Design 1. In conclusion, an ablution station that has ergonomic characteristics and acceptable measurements based on anthropometric dimensions will result in high satisfaction among users.

ترشيد إستهلاك الكهرباء والمياه المستخدمة في الوضوء بالمساجد بإستخدام تقنيات المتحكم المنطقي القابل للبرمجة (PLC) (Rationalization of Electricity and Water Consumption Used in Mosques for Ablution Using the Techniques of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC))

Arabic Abstract: لو تأملنا آيات القرآن الكريم لوجدنا الكثير من الآيات الحكيمة التي تبين للإنسان أهمية وجود الماء في حياته، وإنها نعمة كبيرة من الله بها على البشر؛ يقول تعالى في كتابه العزيز وترى الأرض هامدة فإذا أنزلنا عليها الماء اهتزت وربت وأنبتت من كل زوج بهيج، ويقول أيضا في موضع آخر وجعلنا من الماء كل شيء حي أفلا تؤمنون. يهدف هذا البحث الى ترشيد إستهلاك المياه المستخدمة في عملية وضوء المصلين في المساجد وإستغلالها في ري حدائق هذه المساجد وتنظيف مرافقها الصحية بدلا من المياه العذبة الثمينة والتي يكلف تجهيزها الجهات المسؤولة عبء إقتصادي هائل, وكذلك التقليل من إستهلاك الطاقة الكهربائية المستخدمة في تدفئة مياه الوضوء في الأوقات الباردة للمحافظة على هذين العنصرين المهمين في إستمرار الحياة البشرية. لقد تم إختيار هذا المجال لإجراء هذا البحث لأهمية هذين العنصرين المذكورين أعلاه, ولتنوع الفئات الإجتماعية والعمرية المستخدمة لأماكن الوضوء في المساجد مما يجعلها أماكن خصبة للهدر و اللامبالاة في إستخدام المياه والكهرباء عند الوضوء. لقد تمت الإستعانة بتقنيات المتحكمات المنطقية القابلة للبرمجة لغرض تصميم ومحاكاة عمليتي مراقبة هذين العنصرين- المياه والكهرباء- والتحكم في إستخدامهما في عملية الوضوء. English Abstract: If we look at the verses of the Holy Quran, we can find a lot of wise verses that shows man the importance of the presence of water in his life, and it is a great blessing from God to the human beings; this research aims to rationalize the consumption of water used in the ablution process by the worshipers in mosques and use it to irrigate the gardens of these mosques and clean sanitary facilities instead of precious fresh water; as well as reducing the consumption of electrical energy used in ablution for water heating in the cold period of the years. The researcher chooses this area to conduct his research due to the importance of these two vital elements (water & electricity) and due to the variety of social and age groups using the ablution area in the mosque every day making it fertile places of wasting water and electricity during the ablution process. The PLC techniques are used in this research to simulate the operations of monitoring and controlling the usage of water and electricity in the ablution area.

Space Provision and Privacy Quality of Women’s Praying Area in Mosque: Case Study of Masjid Raja Haji Fii-Sabilillah, Cyberjaya

Woman participation in mosque is allowable although it is non-compulsory in Islam. For some other culture, this may seem at awe thus leads to the ignorance towards the design quality of the women’s praying area in the mosque. In Malaysia, besides for the main purpose of praying, woman participation in mosque for community, and educational activities is a common scenario. Never the less, it is identifiable in some mosques that the design sensitivity of the women praying area are still questionable. This research examines the space provision and the privacy issues of the woman’s praying area of Masjid Raja Haji Fii-sabilillah, Cyberjaya. The objectives of this paper is to investigate the space provision and spatial quality of the women praying quarters of the studied mosque. Due to its exploratory nature, qualitative methods were employed through observation of the case study and analytical analysis of the mosque layout. Data collected are analysed in order to derive on the planning and design quality of the women praying area of the mosque. The findings indicate that the praying area of the mosque is of the insensitive state towards women in terms that of it lacks of privacy through the screening material selection and accessible route from the ablution area to the praying hall.

The Ergonomics of the Islamic Ablution: Exploring Considerations for the Elderly in the Mosque

A general observation on the state and condition of the ablution area at some mosques in the country has pictured the place as slippery and unsafe and not properly used and maintained. This has led to the assumptions that the design of the place had not thoroughly considered the ergonomic factors and right anthropometric of the users which has created discomfort in positioning oneself and accessing the fixtures during the act. The impact of the problems has never been rationalized and always overlooked particularly on how it may affect the elderly group that is has become very common and being repeated in the provision of the ablution area in other mosque’s design and development. In consideration of the pressing issues and needs for an appropriate ablution area as part of safety and cleanliness measures at Mosque or Surau, the design of the facility must be emphasized and be based on the needs and physical abilities of the users. This particular study on the ablution area is necessary as it has uncovered salient and common problem of the current design of the place. The methodology selected for the study was a combination of several methods. It encompassed onsite observation on the practical use and performance of the ablution area, interview survey on users’ practical experience and design assessment focusing on the ergonomic and anthropometric considerations of the place through measured drawing method. The results were triangulated to determine the overall performance of the present design of ablution area in facilitating spiritual obligation of the people. For the purpose, three different mosques in Kuala Nerus district namely Masjid UNiSZA (Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin), Masjid UMT (Universiti Malaysia Terengganu) and Masjid Tok Jembal were selected as case studies. The study on the 3 sites of ablution area has displayed results indicating problems generally based on the location and proximity of water faucet and seating provision at the area which apparently were not based on the right ergonomic. This has created discomfort to the users and leaving messy and slippery ground after use.

Are mosque carpets’ reservoirs for fungi causing superficial foot mycosis? A cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

The possibility of superficial foot mycoses to spread through contaminated mosque carpets between worshipers imposes a great health burden and is never addressed in Riyadh, SA. We aimed to assess the prevalence of fungal infections, especially human dermatophytosis acquired from mosque carpets, in five different regions of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and establish a means of contamination control. A cross-sectional study of 100 mosques in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, was conducted, using a multistage random cluster sampling technique. The study included mosques that had an ablution area and regularly hosted five prayers a day. Sterile swabs were used for sampling, and the samples were transported to the laboratory for culture and analysis using a micro-scan system. A total of 199 (65%) samples contained several fungal species. Rhodotorula (74%), Cladosporium (47%), Bipolaris (46.6%), other yeasts (43.7%), Alternaria (40%), dematiaceous molds (34%), Curvularia (32.4%), and Candida (31%) were the most frequently isolated species. Species belonging to several other genera were also detected. This study revealed a relatively high prevalence of fungal organisms in mosque carpets in Riyadh, suggesting the need for implementing new strategies and laws to increase the level of hygiene awareness among worshipers and mosque caretakers to limit the spread of foot fungal infections.

DESIGN OF MOSQUE ABLUTION AREAS FOR DISABLED: EVALUATION OF MINISTERIAL REGULATION OF PUBLIC WORKS AND PUBLIC HOUSING NO. 14/2017

Equality for disabled is regulated in Indonesia including the right to embrace religion, to access, and to use worship facilities. Disabled in Indonesia still becomes a minority group even though the number of disabled is considerably large. The Province of Special Region of Yogyakarta is ranked second as the highest number of disabled, the high number of people with disabilities should be directly proportional to the providing of disability-friendly worship facilities. Ablution area is one of the facilities that the presence is very much needed to cleanse ourselves before performing worship. This study aims to determine the elements that affect the accessibility of the ablution area for the disabled and to recommend a design that has been considered with the ability of the disabled. This study uses a qualitative method with a naturalistic approach, which is following the existing conditions toward a case study of the Great Mosque of Manunggal Bantul. Data collection is conducted by simulating the access to ablution area by the disabled and expert interviews, which are architects to help researchers produce a design that is disabled-friendly, the validity of the data is done by triangulation between the simulation results and the results of expert interviews compared to the Ministerial Regulation of Public Works and Public Housing No. 14/2017. Simulation results that are followed by expert interviews show several elements that affect the accessibility of the ablution area: ramp, steering tile, handrail, information on space, stair, chair for ablution, faucet, grill, floor material, and place of good. Comparative results of the regulations show that some elements that have not explained yet about the ablution area that is disabled-friendly, the regulation only describes the ablution area for the disabled by sitting with and without wheelchair equipped with handrails. Recommended designs are ramp, directional tile, handrail, room information, stair, chair for ablution, faucet, grill, floor surface, and items that have been considered with disability. Keywords : accessibility, differential disabled, ablution area, ablution, ministerial regulation

CLEANLINESS INSPECTION OF THE ABLUTION SPACES OF THE FEDERAL TERRITORY MOSQUE

Muslims go to mosques to congregate in prayers; some Malaysian mosques carry historical value, whereas some are simply fine works of art. The term "Iconic Mosque" has been defined by the Islamic Tourism Centre in Malaysia as “having a design which represents the modern architecture and the cultural identity of the country”. Some evidence shows that the ablution spaces in Malaysian Mosques encountered many issues regarding their cleanliness. Three methods of study were used to analyse the Federal Territory Mosque ablution spaces: physical observation, architectural drawing analysis, and interview. The research aims to improve the cleanliness of the ablution areas by studying their design aspects. The study’s significance is to evaluate the cleanliness of ablution spaces at the Federal Territory Mosque. The findings of this research revealed that using a natural ventilation system could significantly improve the cleanliness of the ablution areas if accompanied by a mechanical system. The investigation analysis discovered that a smaller ablution room design could result in an unhygienic space. The users’ abuse is one of the crucial factors that impact the ablution room cleanliness.

CLEANLINESS INSPECTION OF THE ABLUTION SPACES OF THE FEDERAL TERRITORY MOSQUE

Muslims go to mosques to congregate in prayers; some Malaysian mosques carry historical value, whereas some are simply fine works of art. The term "Iconic Mosque" has been defined by the Islamic Tourism Centre in Malaysia as “having a design which represents the modern architecture and the cultural identity of the country”. Some evidence shows that the ablution spaces in Malaysian Mosques encountered many issues regarding their cleanliness. Three methods of study were used to analyse the Federal Territory Mosque ablution spaces: physical observation, architectural drawing analysis, and interview. The research aims to improve the cleanliness of the ablution areas by studying their design aspects. The study’s significance is to evaluate the cleanliness of ablution spaces at the Federal Territory Mosque. The findings of this research revealed that using a natural ventilation system could significantly improve the cleanliness of the ablution areas if accompanied by a mechanical system. The investigation analysis discovered that a smaller ablution room design could result in an unhygienic space. The users’ abuse is one of the crucial factors that impact the ablution room cleanliness.

Compliance of Water Closet Facilities in Mosques with Malaysian Standards, Guideline and Legislation

A mosque often has a main prayer hall and other ancillary spaces. These spaces include water closets that provide general facilities, such as wash-hand basins, ablution areas, shower areas and water cubicles (including those for the disabled). The specifications for the design of these ancillary components are defined in various Malaysian standards and guidelines relevant to water closet design. They are namely, Malaysian Standard MS 2577: 2014 (Architecture and Asset Management of Masjid – Code of Practice), Malaysian Standard MS 2015: Part 1: 2006 (Public Toilet – Part 1: Minimum Design Criteria), Malaysian Standard MS 1184: 2014 (Universal Design and Accessibility in the Built Environment – Code of Practice, Second Revision ), JKR 1999 (Guidelines on Buildings Requirements for Disabled Persons) and UBBL: 1984 (Unit Building By-Laws – Part III: Space, Light and Ventilation). Access audit was conducted in this study to investigate the compliance of mosque water closets with these national standards and guidelines and to obtain insights into the actual situation. A five-point rating scale was developed for the access audit (1=not provided; 2=provided but below the recommendation; 3=provided and exactly as the recommendation; 4=provided but above the recommendation; 5=provided but not in the recommendation). The scores of every criterion were computed to determine the compliance percentage. The study was conducted in five mosques to assess the on-site and as-built compliance of their water closets. The results showed that compliance percentages of the studied mosques ranged from only 43% to 64%, which indicated that the provisions of water closet facilities were not fully in compliance with the stipulated national standard, guidelines and legislation due to the lack of awareness and less prioritization on the requirements for water closet facilities.

Developing Standards for Mosque Design in Lahore, Pakistan

Mosque has always been the most prestigious and important building for the Muslims.However, no standards or guidelines are available in Pakistan for the design and details of Mosque, therefore, mosques are being designed and built as per the existing examples or personal wisdom of the architects, financers,decision makers, and individuals or groups responsible for its execution. It has been generally observed that there are many flaws found everywhere in terms of plot orientation, placement of different functions of mosque, planning layout , interior spaces , opening of doors/windows, design of ablution area, adequate no. of toilets and shoe storage racks etc. The major problem that worshipers face are related to insufficient width of row (saff) and clearance from walls to perform physical actions of prayer and to carryout ablution in comfortable manner. The aim of this research is to set- out the planning and design guidelines and to develop standards for a religiously and socially acceptable, efficient and comfortable design for all features of a mosque. The methodology includes study of religious literature and survey of existing mosques selected in different localities of Lahore to obtain standards being practiced and comments of end users. Methodology also included physical demonstration to experiment the actual space needed during performance of prayer by worshippers. The paper suggests solutions to some of the issues related to this topic. The developed guidelines/standards would be a source of information for students, practicing architects and academicians. Mosques constructed on the basis of these standards will provide better utilization of space and more comfortable environment to the end users

Physical and Safety Features Of Ablution Spaces in the Mosques of Selangor and Kuala Lumpur

This study aims to explore the condition of physical and safety features of existing ablution platform and spaces of selected Malaysian mosques which are located in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the physical condition of ablution platforms and spaces focusing on the ergonomic aspects, user-friendly and safety features. Direct observation was conducted at the 15 selected mosques to examine the design aspects of the ablution platforms and spaces. The focus of analysis on the physical elements of the ablutions including design forms; ergonomic aspects, and safety features. The study found that most of the mosques have provided ablution seat with an ergonomic aspect; the appropriate size of seats and allocation of the water faucet. However, most of the mosques have their ablution areas with inappropriate distance among the seats and platform height. In addition, there is a lack of design consideration towards the needs of PwDs (Person with Disability) in providing the ablution platforms. These include the ablution area are not easily accessible and there is no special seats or area provided for PwDs to perform their ablution. This study recommends improving the ablution platform and spaces to be more user-friendly with ergonomic design and safety features to ensure the smoothness of ablution activity.

Analytical Study of Ablution Platforms and Spaces in Selected Mosques of Selangor and Kuala Lumpur

This research aims to explore the various ablution platform found in Malaysian mosques focusing on those located in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor areas as case studies. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to determine the existing types of ablution platforms and spaces, and to analyze the design features and criteria of ablution platform and areas. Observation on physical studies of the collected samples from case studies has been done regarding its physical elements found at the mosques. Data collection has been analyzed by photo elicitation and line-up studies on the physical elements including design forms, dimensions, materials and safety. The results showed that there are two types of ablution platform; with seats and without seat. Both types of ablution platform are not user-friendly to the users especially PwDs. These includes inappropriate position of the seats and materials used at the ablution platform. In addition, the ablution platforms are lack of safety, cleanliness and hygiene.The study found that the ablution areas are not ergonomic and not well accessible for users particularly for elderly. This study recommends to improve the ablution platform to be more user-friendly facilities including the designs and arrangements of seats to ensure the smoothness of ablution activity.

From Japanese to Cairene Houses: A Contribution to the Design of Socially Responsible Housing in Egypt

Abstract This article represents a contribution to social and spatial problems of low-income housing units in Egypt. It is an illustrated product of work previously accomplished in several separate studies. In this article, I attempt to offer more tangible solutions and architectural drawings inspired by ideas from traditional Cairene homes and traditional small-scale urban Japanese residences (to which I was exposed during my research in Japan) in light of surveys conducted among housing-unit residents in Egypt. The article first takes a brief look at the history of the emergence of apartments and housing units in Egypt. Second, it explores examples of small-scale apartments and housing units attempting to incorporate traditional patterns and elements into their design. Third, it proposes a 70m 2 unit plan showing architectural and structural modules, a suggested combination of four units, and proposed spatial organizations and architectural solutions for unit interiors: entrance zone, guestroom, living and sleeping zones, prayer area, washing and ablution area, kitchen, bathroom and guest toilet, and doors and partitions, while incorporating a suggested latticework device that has been proposed and discussed in detail in my previous studies.

Tinea pedis et unguium in the Muslim community of Durban, South Africa.

In a pilot study performed in eight mosques in the Durban area, it was found that the prevalence of tinea pedis et unguium in the adult Muslim male population regularly attending mosques was higher than in the nonMuslim male population. The aims of the present study were: (i) to determine the prevalence of tinea pedis et unguium in the adult Muslim male population regularly attending mosques; (ii) to investigate the role of mosque carpets and ablution areas in the spread of infection; and (iii) to develop strategies to combat the infection. Seventy-eight regular worshippers comprising adult Muslim males, chosen at random from five mosques in the Durban area, were examined for clinical evidence of tinea pedis et unguium. Skin scrapings and nail clippings were taken from clinically infected individuals and submitted for microscopy and culture for fungal organisms. A control group, comprising 72 nonMuslim adult male office workers from the administration departments of King Edward VIII Hospital, was similarly examined. In addition, scrapings from high traffic areas of the mosque carpets and swabs from the ablution areas were cultured for fungi. In the mosque group, it was found that the prevalence of tinea pedis et unguium was 85%, taking either microscopy or culture positivity as indicative of infection. In the control group, the prevalence was 41%. Thus a statistical difference of 44% (P < 0.0001) between the two groups was demonstrated. Dermatophytes and yeasts were isolated from the carpets and/or floors of the ablution areas in all the mosques under investigation. The high prevalence of tinea pedis et unguium among regular male worshippers in the Muslim community can be attributed to the spread of fungal organisms in the communal ablution areas and prayer carpets of the mosques. Strategies to combat this spread of infection are being developed. These strategies are expected to find important practical applications in other communal environments, such as gymnasia, health spas, swimming pools, changing rooms of sports clubs, public showers, and even hotels.